• 농업과학연구
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.221-226
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• 2013

Degrees of hydrolysis by alkaline protease produced from Serratia marcescens S3-R1 is 3.95-6.30% of whey proteins during 5, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120,180, 240 min incubation at $40^{\circ}C$. Proteolytic pattern of the whey proteins showed that various low molecular weight peptides were generated during the incubation periods. The biological function of in Raw 264.7 cells treated with whey protein hydrolytic peptides, anti-inflammatory effect showed exhibit in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6, COX-2 and iNOS by PCR analysis. COX-2 and iNOS gene expression inhibited in Raw 264.7 cells on whey protein hydrolysates below 3,000 dalton. The protease from Serratia marcescens S3-R1 showed a potential in production of low molecular weight whey protein hydrolysates which could be used for industrial application.

• 한국표면공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국표면공학회 2016년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.156-156
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• 2016

The effect of nitrogen doping on the mechanical and tribological performance of single-layer tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C:N) coatings of up to $1{\mu}m$ in thickness was investigated using a custom-made filtered cathode vacuum arc (FCVA). The results obtained revealed that the hardness of the coatings decreased from $65{\pm}4.8GPa$ to $25{\pm}2.4GPa$ with increasing nitrogen gas ratio, which indicates that nitrogen doping occurs through substitution in the $sp^2$ phase. Subsequent AES analysis showed that the N/C ratio in the ta-C:N thick-film coatings ranged from 0.03 to 0.29 and increased with the nitrogen flow rate. Variation in the G-peak positions and I(D)/I(G) ratio exhibit a similar trend. It is concluded from these results that micron-thick ta-C:N films have the potential to be used in a wide range of functional coating applications in electronics. To achieve highly conductive and wear-resistant coatings in system components, the friction and wear performances of the coating were investigated. The tribological behavior of the coating was investigated by sliding an SUJ2 ball over the coating in a ball-on-disk tribo-meter. The experimental results revealed that doping using a high nitrogen gas flow rate improved the wear resistance of the coating, while a low flow rate of 0-10 sccm increased the coefficient of friction (CoF) and wear rate through the generation of hematite (${\alpha}-Fe_2O_3$) phases by tribo-chemical reaction. However, the CoF and wear rate dramatically decreased when the nitrogen flow rate was increased to 30-40 sccm, due to the nitrogen inducing phase transformation that produced a graphite-like structure in the coating. The widths of the wear track and wear scar were also observed to decrease with increasing nitrogen flow rate. Moreover, the G-peaks of the wear scar around the SUJ2 ball on the worn surface increased with increasing nitrogen doping.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.9-13
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• 2007

Antioxidant properties have been proposed as a mechanism for the putative anti-inflammatory effects of phenolic compounds. To reveal the relationship between antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory effects of various antioxidants, we measured 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryhydrazyl(DPPH)-reducing activity and examined the inhibitory effects on LPS-induced inflammation-related gene expression in the BV2 microglial cell line. Lipopolysaccharide(LPS)(0.2 ${\mu}g/ml$) was used with or without antioxidants to treat cells, and the regulation of iNOS and cytokine gene expression was monitored using an RNase protection assay(RPA). Although, all tested antioxidants had similar DPPH-reducing activity and inhibited nitrite production, but the curcuminoid antioxidants(ferulic acid, caffeic acid, and curcumin) inhibited LPS-induced gene expression(iNOS, $TNF-\alpha,\;IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, and IL-1 Ra) in a concentration-dependent manner. Other tested antioxidants did not exhibit the same effects; N-acetylcysteine(NAC) only began to suppress $IL-1{\beta}$ gene expression just below the concentration at which cytotoxicity occurred. Moreover, the antioxidant potency of curcuminoids appeared to have no correlation with anti-inflammatory potency. Only curcumin could inhibit LPS-induced microglial activation at a micromolar level. These data suggest that curcumin may be a safe antioxidant possessing anti-inflammatory activity.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.411-416
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• 2023

Methamphetamine (METH) is a powerful neurotoxic psychostimulant affecting dopamine transporter (DAT) activity and leading to continuous excess extracellular dopamine levels. Despite recent advances in the knowledge on neurobiological mechanisms underlying METH abuse, there are few effective pharmacotherapies to prevent METH abuse leading to brain damage and neuropsychiatric deficits. α-Pinene (APN) is one of the major monoterpenes derived from pine essential oils and has diverse biological properties including anti-nociceptive, anti-anxiolytic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory actions. In the present study, we investigated the therapeutic potential of APN in a METH abuse mice model. METH (1 mg/kg/day, i.p.) was injected into C57BL/6 mice for four alternative days, and a conditioned place preference (CPP) test was performed. The METH-administered group exhibited increased sensitivity to place preference and significantly decreased levels of dopamine-related markers such as dopamine 2 receptor (D2R) and tyrosine hydroxylase in the striatum of the mice. Moreover, METH caused apoptotic cell death by induction of inflammation and oxidative stress. Conversely, APN treatment (3 and 10 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly reduced METH-mediated place preference and restored the levels of D2R and tyrosine hydroxylase in the striatum. APN increased the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 to pro-apoptotic Bax ratio and decreased the expression of inflammatory protein Iba-1. METH-induced lipid peroxidation was effectively mitigated by APN by up-regulation of antioxidant enzymes such as manganese-superoxide dismutase and glutamylcysteine synthase via activation of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2. These results suggest that APN may have protective potential and be considered as a promising therapeutic agent for METH-induced drug addiction and neuronal damage.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.42-48
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• 1995

Bacillus megaterium이 생산하는 ${\gamma}-cyclodextrinase({\gamma}-CDase)$ 염석, DEAE-trisacryl, Ultrogel AcA 24 및 Ultrogel HA column chromatography 등의 방법으로 부분정제한 결과 specific activity는 120.4 units/mg protein으로 조효소액에 비하여 125.4배 정제되었다. 부분정제한 ${\gamma}-CDase$는 SDS-ployacrylamide gel 전기영동에 의해 2개의 band로 나타났으며 band I과 band II의 분자량은 각각 64,000과 50,000이었다. ${\gamma}-CDase$의 최적 pH는 6.0, 최적 온도는 $60^{\circ}C$이었고, $45^{\circ}C$ 이하의 온도와 pH $6.0{\sim}9.0$에서 안정하였으며, ${\gamma}-CD$에 대한 Km값은 0.903 mM이었다. $Mg^{2+}$와 $Mn^{2+}$ 이온에 의해 활성이 증가한 반면, $Hg^{2+}$와 $Cu^{2+}$에 의해서는 활성이 현저하게 감소되었다. ${\gamma}-CDase$는 ${\alpha}-CD$와 ${\beta}-CD$에는 거의 활성이 없었고, ${\gamma}-CD$에는 매우 높은 활성이 나타내었으며, 이의 분해 생성물은 주로 glucose와 maltose이었다.

• 공업화학
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• 제8권6호
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• pp.994-999
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• 1997

참치 뼈로부터 추출한 hydroxyapatite [$Ca_{10}(PO_4)_6(OH)_2$] 와 여기에 소결성 증진을 위해 wollastonite($CaSiO_3$)를 첨가하여 고상반응시킨 세라믹 소결체의 결정상, 미세구조와 꺽임강도(bending strength) 등의 특성을 고찰하였다. 참치 뼈에서 추출한 hydroxyapatite자체의 소결성은 매우 취약하였는데, 이는 건식법의 입자분쇄 한계 때문으로 보인다. Hydroxyapatite에 wollastonite가 첨가된 경우 소결온도가 $1250^{\circ}C$이하에서는 hydroxyapatite와 pseudowollastonite(${\alpha}-CaSiO_3$)가 혼재된 결정상을 보였으나, 온도가 증가할수록 hydroxyapatite의 분해에 따른 whitlockite [$Ca_3(PO_4)_2$] 상이 관찰되었다. 소결온도가 $1250^{\circ}C$이하에서는 미세한 입자들과 많은 기공들이 분포하였으며, 소결온도가 증가할수록 입자의 크기는 증가하여 소결이 상당히 진행된 미세구조를 나타내었다. Wollastonite가 첨가된 소결시편의 평균 꺽임강도는 18MPa로서 해면골(cancellous bone)의 최대 꺽임강도인 20MPs에 근접한 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제42권5호
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• pp.426-433
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• 2009

Fish scales have potential in functional food preparation due to their antioxidant and antihypertensive properties. We investigated the angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity of Tilapia mossambica scale extracts. Hydrolysates of tilapia scales were prepared by enzymatic extraction using five proteases (${\alpha}$-chymotrypsin, Alcalase, Kojizyme, Protamex and trypsin) after scales were treated with hot water for 3 hr. Scale enzymatic hydrolysates prepared using both hot water and enzyme treatments exhibited elevated hydrolysis (about 25%-55%) compared to only enzyme treatment (about 15%-45%). Enzymatic hydrolysates (1 mg/mL) prepared by both hot water and enzyme treatments also showed significantly increased ACE inhibitory activities from about 20%-75%. The pattern of ACE inhibitory activities was similar to the degree of hydrolysis. Alcalase and ${\alpha}$-chymotrypsin hydrolysates displayed the highest ACE inhibitory activities ($IC_{50}$ = 0.83 mg/mL and 0.68 mg/mL, respectively). In addition, the ACE inhibitory effects of $IC_{50}$-chymotrypsin hydrolysates increased with decreasing molecular weight (5 kDa>, 10 kDa> and 30 kDa>), with the 5 kDa> fraction displaying the highest ACE inhibitory activity (about 89.9% and $IC_{50}$ = 0.1 mg/mL). We suggest that the peptide compounds of enzymatic hydrolysates prepared from tilapia scale enhances ACE inhibitory activity and might be useful as an antihypertensive material.

• 천문학회보
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.97.2-97.2
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• 2012

The main payload of Science and Technology Satellite 3 (STSAT-3), Multipurpose InfraRed Imaging System (MIRIS) is the first Korean infrared space mission to explore the near-infrared sky with a small astronomical instrument developed by KASI. The 8-cm passively cooled telescope with a wide field of view (3.67 deg. ${\times}$ 3.67 deg.) will be operated in the wavelength range from 0.9 to $2{\mu}m$. It will carry out wide-band imaging and the Paschen-${\alpha}$ emission line survey. After the calibration of MIRIS in our laboratory, MIRIS has been delivered to SaTReC and successfully assembled into the STSAT-3. The main purposes of MIRIS are to perform the observation of Cosmic Infrared Background (CIB) at two wide spectral bands (I and H band) and to survey the Galactic plane at $1.88{\mu}m$ wavelength, the Paschen-${\alpha}$ emission line. CIB observation enables us to reveal the nature of degree-scale CIB fluctuation detected by the IRTS (Infrared Telescope in Space) mission and to measure the absolute CIB level. The MIRIS will continuously monitor the seasonal variation of the zodiacal light towards the both north and south ecliptic poles for the purpose of calibration as well as the effective removal of zodiacal light. The Pashen-${\alpha}$ emission line survey of Galactic plane helps us to understand the origin of Warm Ionized Medium (WIM) and to find the physical properties of interstellar turbulence related to star formation. Here, we also discuss the observation plan with MIRIS.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.101-107
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• 2022

본 연구는 패션 프룻(passion Fruit) 열매의 과육과 씨 추출물의 항염증, 항산화, 항노화 및 피부 미백의 기능성 효과에 관한 것이다. 패션 프룻 열매의 추출물은 피부 첩포에 의한 일차 자극 인체적용시험 결과 피부 자극 지수는 0.00으로 판정되었다. 또한 염증매개물질 LPS (Lipopolysaccharides)를 처리하여 Raw 264.7 대식세포를 활성화시켜 NO를 유발하고 패션 프룻 열매 추출물과 반응시켰을 때 LPS만 처리한 그룹의 NO 발생량 보다 현저히 낮은 NO 발생량을 보임으로써 패션 프룻 열매 추출물의 우수한 항염증 효과를 확인할 수 있었다. 그리고 DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) 시험을 통해 패션 프룻 열매 추출물이 5.11%의 ABTS 라디칼 소거능을 보이면서 항산화 효과가 있음을 확인하였다. 피부의 콜라겐 I 형의 합성은 노화와 다양한 피부 질병의 척도인데 인간의 프로콜라겐 I 알파 1 활성도 분석을 통하여 패션 프룻은 프로콜라겐의 합성을 약간 감소시킴을 확인하였다. 또한 멜라닌 억제 시험을 통하여 패션 프룻 열매 추출물의 미백 효능을 확인하였는데 대조군으로 식약처에서 고시한 미백 기능성 성분인 알부틴(arbutin)을 2% 이상 배합한 시료는 월귤나무에서 얻은 히드로 퀴논을 반응시켜 얻은 유기화합물로 일반적으로 백색 분말의 형태로 존재하며 멜라닌 생성을 촉진하는 티로시나아제를 억제하는 효능 효과가 있어 미백 개선의 기능성 성분으로 사용된다. 그러므로 이러한 자연에서 얻은 패션 프룻 열매 추출물의 미백 기능성 효능 확인은 화장품 및 식품의 기능성 원료의 개발에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.343-357
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• 1992

Tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$(TNF), a polypeptide hormone secreted primarily by activated macrophages, was originally identified on the basis of its ability to cause hemorrhagic necrosis and tumor regression in vivo. Subsequently, TNF has been shown to be an important component of the host responses to infection and cancer and may mediate the wasting syndrome known as cachexia. These systemic actions of TNF are reflected in its diverse effects on target cells in vitro. TNF initiates its diverse cellular actions by binding to specific cell surface receptors. Although TNF receptors have been identified on most of animal cells, regulation of these receptors and the mechanisms which transduce TNF receptor binding into cellular responses are not well understood. Therefore, in the present study, the mechanisms how TNF receptors are being regulated and how TNF receptor binding is being transduced into cellular responses were investigated in rat liver plasma membranes (PM) and ME-180 human cervical carcinoma cell lines. $^{125}I$-TNF bound to high ($K_d=1.51{\pm}0.35nM$)affinity receptors in rat liver PM. Solubilization of PM with 1% Triton X-100 increased both high affinity (from $0.33{\pm}0.04\;to\;1.67{\pm}0.05$ pmoles/mg protein) and low affinity (from $1.92{\pm}0.16\;to\;7.57{\pm}0.50$ pmoles/mg protein) TNF binding without affecting the affinities for TNF, suggesting the presence of a large latent pool of TNF receptors. Affinity labeling of receptors whether from PM or solubilized PM resulted in cross-linking of $^{125}I$-TNF into $M_r$ 130 kDa, 90 kDa and 66kDa complexes. Thus, the properties of the latent TNF receptors were similar to those initially accessible to TNF. To determine if exposure of latent receptors is regulated by TNF, $^{125}I$-TNF binding to control and TNF-pretreated membranes were assayed. Specific binding was increased by pretreatment with TNF (P<0.05), demonstrating that hepatic PM contains latent TNF receptors whose exposure is promoted by TNF. Homologous up-regulation of TNF receptors may, in part, be responsible for sustained hepatic responsiveness during chronic exposure to TNF. As a next step, the post-receptor events induced by TNF were examined. Although the signal transduction pathways for TNF have not been delineated clearly, the actions of many other hormones are mediated by the reversible phosphorylation of specific enzymes or target proteins. The present study demonstrated that TNF induces phosphorylation of 28 kDa protein (p28). Two dimensional soidum dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(SDS-PAGE) resolved the 28kDa phosphoprotein into two isoforms having pIs of 6.2 and 6.1. The pIs and relative molecular weight of p28 were consistent with those of a previously characterized mRNA cap binding protein. mRNA cap binding proteins are a class of translation initiation factors that recognize the 7-methylguanosine cap structure found on the 5' end of eukaryotic mRNAs. In vitro, these proteins are defined by their specific elution from affinity columns composed of 7-methylguanosine 5'-triphosphate($m^7$GTP)-Sepharose. Affinity purification of mRNA cap binding proteins from control and TNF treated ME-180 cells proved that TNF rapidly stimulates phosphorylation of an mRNA cap binding protein. Phosphorylation occurred in several cell types that are important in vitro models of TNF action. The mRNA cap binding protein phosphorylated in response to TNF treatment was purifice, sequenced, and identified as the proto-oncogene product eukaryotic initiation factor-4E(eIF-4E). These data show that phosphorylation of a key component of the cellular translational machinery is a common early event in the diverse cellular actions of TNF.