• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.741-750
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• 2010

The objective of this paper is to study if the EEG spectral relative power would be a reasonable measure of expertise level. EEG electrodes were placed on the locations of Fp1, Fp2, F3, F4, T3, T4, O1, O2 while 5 subjects were playing 4 kinds of game on PC. EEG spectral relative power was significantly related with expertise level on the locations of Fp1, T3, T4, O1, O2. And the results showed that the $\theta$ and $\alpha$ activities were decreased, while $\beta$ and $\gamma$ activities were increased. The results indicated that the EEG spectral relative power would be applicable as a quantitative measure of expertise level.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.516-528
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• 2001

In the educational study, the measure of EEG(brain waves) can be useful method to study the functioning state of brain during learning behaviour. This study investigated the changes of neuronal response according to four times repetition of audio-visual learning. EEG data at the prefrontal$(Fp_{1},Fp_{2})$ were obtained from twenty subjects at the 8th grade, and analysed quantitatively using FFT(fast Fourier transform) program. The results were as follows: 1) In the first audio-visual learning, the activities of $\beta_{2}(20-30Hz)$ and $\beta_{1}(14-19Hz)$ waves increased highly, but the activities of $\theta(4-7Hz)$ and $\alpha$ (8-13Hz) waves decreased compared with the base lines. 2). According to the repetitive audio-visual learning, the activities of $\beta_{2}$ and $\beta_{1}$ waves decreased gradually after the 1st repetitive learning. And, the activity of $\beta_{2}$ wave had the higher change than that of $\beta_{1}$ wave. 3). The activity of $\alpha$ wave decreased smoothly according to the repetitive audio-visual learning, and the activity of $\theta$ wave decreased radically after twice repetitive learning. 4). $\beta$ and $\theta$ waves together showed high activities in the 2nd audio-visual learning(once repetition), and the learning achievement increased highly after the 2nd learning. 5). The right prefrontal$(Fp_{2})$ showed higher activation than the left$(Fp_{1})$ in the first audio-visual learning. However, there were not significant differences between the right and the left prefrontal EEG activities in the repetitive audio-visual learning. Based on these findings, we can conclude that the habituation of neuronal response shows up in the repetitive audio-visual learning and brain hemisphericity can be changed by learning experiences. In addition, it is suggested once repetition of audio-visual learning be effective on the improvement of the learning achievement and on the activation of the brain function.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.101-110
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• 2014

High-frequency is sound produced in non-audible area, which couldn't be heard in daily life. The frequency range above 22Khz is called 'high-frequency' and its components are called 'HFC(High-Frequency Components)'. It is known that ocean wave sound is rich in HFC, because it brings serenity and causes ${\alpha}$-waves in human mind. When this natural sound is combined with high-frequency, it seems to give a pleasurable feeling, indicated by an ${\alpha}$-wave increase and a ${\beta}$-wave decrease. We call this phenomena "the hypersonic effects". In this experiment, subjects listened to the ocean wave sound simultaneously with corresponding frequencies similar to ocean wave frequency components created artificially in a electric circuit. Brain waves were measured by an EEG system with 8 channels using 8 electrodes on Fp1, Fp2, F3, F4, T3, T4, O1, and O2. The results showed that ${\alpha}$-wave increase and ${\beta}$-wave decrease were statistically significant while subjects were listening to the ocean wave sound along with the high frequency components, reflecting the hypersonic effect.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.227-233
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• 2017

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine if Pilates gymball exercise can change the electroencephalogram and cognitive function of mentally disabled people. Methods: Twenty-one mentally disabled people were enrolled in this study. They were assigned randomly to one of two groups: Pilates gymball exercise group (PGEG, n=11), and control group (CG, n=10). The subjects in the PGEG group performed the exercises for 50 minutes a day, three days per week for 6 weeks. The PGEG program consisted of warm up (10 minutes), main workout (30 minutes), and cool down (10 minutes). The main workout consisted of 10 exercise programs. The electroencephalogram (EEG) of Fp1, Fp2, F3, F4, C3, C4, O1, and O2 were measured using an PolyG-I system. The cognitive function was evaluated using a mini-mental state examination (MMSE). The measurements were performed before exercise, and 6 weeks after exercise. Covariance analysis (ANCOVA) was performed to determine the difference between the two groups Results: A significant difference in Fp1, Fp2, and F3 on the relative alpha power was observed between the PGEG and CG groups (p<0.05). A significant difference in Fp1 on the relative beta power was observed between the PGEG and CG groups (p<0.05). No significant difference in the MMSE score was observed between the PGEG and CG groups. Conclusion: Pilates gymball exercise did positively change the EEG in the frontal lobe. On the other hand, the effect related to cognitive was limited. Pilates gymball exercise appears to be more effective in facilitating brain stimulation related to cognition.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.258-264
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• 2019

Objectives: The perceptions of family-planning (FP) acceptors regarding contraception influence the reasons for which they choose to switch their method of contraception. The objective of this study was to analyze the perceptions of contraception and rationales for switching contraceptive methods among female FP acceptors in West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Methods: This study involved the analysis of secondary data from the Improve Contraceptive Method Mix study, which was conducted in 2013 by the Center for Health Research, University of Indonesia. The design of the study was cross-sectional. We performed 3 stages of sampling using the cluster technique and selected 4819 women who were FP acceptors in West Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia as the subjects of this study. The data were analyzed using multiple logistic regression. Results: The predominant pattern of switching contraceptive methods was switching from one non-long-term method of contraception to another. Only 31.0% of the acceptors reported a rational pattern of switching contraceptive methods given their age, number of children, and FP motivations. Perceptions of the side effects of contraceptive methods, the ease of contraceptive use, and the cost of the contraceptives were significantly associated (at the level of ${\alpha}=0.05$) with rational patterns of switching contraceptive methods. Conclusions: Perceptions among FP-accepting women were found to play an important role in their patterns of switching contraceptive methods. Hence, fostering a better understanding of contraception through high-quality counseling is needed to improve perceptions and thereby to encourage rational, effective, and efficient contraceptive use.

• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.519-525
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• 2023

The human brain constantly emits electrical impulses, which is called brain waves, and brain waves can be defined as the electrical activity of the brain generated by the flow of ions generated by the biochemical interaction of brain cells. There is a study that emotion is one of the factors that can cause stress. Brain waves are the most used in the study of emotions. This paper is a study on whether emotions affect stress, and showed two images of fear and joy to four experimenters and divided them into three stages before, during, and after watching. As a measurement tool, brain waves at the positions of Fp1 and Fp2 were measured using the NeuroBrain System, a system that can automate brain wave measurement, analysis, brain wave reinforcement, and suppression training with remote control. After obtaining the brain wave data for each emotion, the average value was calculated and the study was conducted. As for the frequency related to stress, the values of Alpha and SMR, Low Beta, and High Beta were analyzed. Brainwave analysis affects stress depending on the emotional state, and "fear" emotions cause anxiety by raising Beta levels, resulting in higher Mind Stress levels, while "joy" emotions lower Beta levels, resulting in a significant drop in Mind Stress.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.61-70
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• 2012

Recently, the government has been working feverously to save energy and reduce greenhouse gas emission by enacting Basic Act on Low Carbon Green Growth at the national level. Improving the insulation performance of building exterior and insulator can reduce the energy in the building sector. This study is about developing light-weight foamed concrete insulation panel that can be applied to buildings to save energy and to find the optimal condition for the development of insulation materials that can save energy by enhancing its physical, kinetic and thermal characteristics. Various experimental factors and conditions were considered in the study such as foam agent types (AES=Alcohol Ethoxy Sulfate, AOS=Alpha-Olefin Sulfonate, VS=Vegetable Soap, FP=Fe-Protein), foam agent dilution concentration (1, 3, 5%), and foam percentage (30, 50, 70%). Experiment results indicated that the surface tension of aqueous solution including foam agent, was lower when AOS was used over other foam agents. FP produced relatively stable foams in 3% or more, which produced unstable foams containing high water content and low surface tension when diluted at low concentration. Depending on foam agent types, compressive strength and thermal conductivity were similar at low density range but showed some differences at high concentration range. In addition, when concentrations of foam agent and foaming ratio increased, pore size increased and open pores are formed. In all types of foam agent, thermal conductivity were excellent, satisfying KS standards. The most outstanding performance for insulation panel was obtained when FP 3% was used.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.91-106
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• 2003

Objectives : The aim of this study was to examine the effects of electroacupuncture(EA) at the PC6(Naegwan) and the TE5 (Oegwan) on nounal humans using power spectral analysis. Methods : EEG power spectrum exhibit site-specific and state-related differences in specific frequency bands. In this study, power spectrum was used as a measure of complexity. 30 channel EEG study was carried out in 30 subjects(30 males ; age=23.7 years). Results : In ${\alpha}$(alpha) band, the power values at F7 channels(p<0.05) during the PC6-acupoint treatment were significantly were decreased. In ${\beta}$(beta) band, the power values at Fp1, Fz, TT1, T5, P3, P4, Po1, P02, O1, Oz, O2 channels(p<0.05) during the non-acupoint treatment and at Fp1, F4, F8 channels(p<0.05) during the TE5-acupoint treatment significantly were increased. In ${\theta}$(theta) band, the power values at Fp1 channels(p<0.05) during the non-acupoint treatment and at Oz channels(p<0.05) the TE5-acupoint treatment significantly were increased. but, the power values at F7 channels(p<0.05) during the non-acupoint treatment were significantly were decreased. In ${\delta}$(delta) band, the power values at TCP1, TCP2, CP1, T5 channels(p<0.05) during PC6-acupoint treatment were increased and the power values at F7, TT2 channels(p<0.05) during non-acupoint treatment were increased. but, the power values at the TE5-acupoint treatment significantly was decreased than the before-acupuncture treatment.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.47-53
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• 2009

To know the effect of smells from eco-friend and existing interior construction materials to human response, EEG of subjects' were measured. EEG signals were measured from 8 electrodes according to the international 10-20 system (Fp1, Fp2, F3, F4, Fc3, Fc4, P3, P4) from 10 healthy subjects in seven odor construction material. Followings are results. When stimuli of smell were suggested, non-stimuli pattern of ${\alpha}$-wave is largely in right occipitallobe part and rare in frontallobe part respectively. In case of eco-friend materials' smell, there is a activation of EEG in right occipitallobe part for every stimuli. But in case of eco-friend paint and Hwang-to, ${\alpha}$-wave is appeared in most part of brain even in frontallobe part. Especially for wet cedar case, activation of brain is very positive in right occipitallobe part and in frontallobe part. When comparing the normalized sensitivity of ${\beta}$-wave which appears in negative response, the preference ratio order is like this. Normal paint ${\rightarrow}$ MDF ${\rightarrow}$ Eco-friend paint ${\rightarrow}$ Gypsum board ${\rightarrow}$ Cedar ${\rightarrow}$ Wet cedar ${\rightarrow}$ Hwang-to.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.139-149
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• 2024

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the effects of gradually increasing treadmill inclination on the electroencephalogram (EEG) of stroke patients during gait training. Methods: Three stroke patients who were diagnosed with stroke within six months and capable of walking on a treadmill were selected as subjects. EEG electrodes were attached at Fp1, Fp2, F3, F4, C3, C4, P3, and P4 positions of the cerebral hemispheres using the International 10-20 system. The intervention involved walking for 2 minutes each at 0 degrees, 15 degrees, and 30 degrees inclination on the treadmill while focusing on a target point located in front during the treadmill gait training. The EEG (Smartingmobi, Serbia) generated when the treadmill gradient gradually increased was measured. In addition, relative alpha and relative beta waves were visualized through the Brain mapping program in the TeleScan program to assess the changes in each brain region for the activity of the EEG. Results: The relative alpha wave value decreased as treadmill inclination increased, while the relative beta wave value increased. Conclusion: Gradually increasing the inclination during treadmill gait training appears to be a crucial parameter for increasing the brain activity levels of stroke patients.