• 한국안전학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.67-78
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• 1996

Gas sensing element, $\gamma-Fe_2O_3$was synthesized by dehydration, reduction, and oxidation of $$${\gamma}$-FeOOH, which was synthesized with $FeSO_4\;{\cdot}\;7H_2O$ and NaOH. They were produced as a bulk-type, a thick film-type. Then, their responses and mechanisms of response to the gas of liquefied-petroleum were studied. The qualities of gas sensing elements are decided by the structure and the relative surface area. In the process of $\alpha-FeOOH $synthesis, the effects of reaction conditions as the equivalent ratio, on the structure and the relative surface area of gas sensing element were observed. The changes of the structure were measured with XRD, SEM, TG-DTA and BET. The resistance changes of the synthesized gas sensor in the air were measured. The response ratio were also measured for the changes of working temperature and gas concentration. As a result of analysis with XRD, it was confirmed that the the best conditions for the synthesis of $\alpha -FeOOH$ were equivalent ratio 0.65. The thick film-type element of $\gamma-Fe_2O_3$responded more quickly than the bulk-type did. The structure and the relative surface area of the $\alpha-FeOOH $were confirmed as the important factors deciding gas response charcteristics.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제15권12호
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• pp.760-764
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• 2005

The influences of the oxidant($O_2\;and\;O_3$) on the FeOOH formation were studied with fixed $FeSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$ concentration (0.5M) and NaOH equivalent ratio(0.5). The characteristics of the synthesized powders were evaluateed by XRD, and equantitative phase analysis. $\alpha-FeOOH$ (Geothite) and/or $\gamma-FeOOH$ was promoted when $O_3$ was used as a oxidant which is stronger oxidizing agent than $O_2$.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제32권12호
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• pp.1383-1391
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• 1995

Hexagonal $\delta$-FeOOH was coated with Ba-Sol, which was produced by hydrolizing Ba(OC2H5)2, Ba-Sol coated $\delta$-FeOOH spread on a stainless plate, dried at 8$0^{\circ}C$ and then heat-treated. In this way, Ba-ferrite fine particles were produced. although there was a difference in a degree of hydrolysis of Ba(OC2H5)2, crystalline phase of Ba-ferrite appeared around 617$^{\circ}C$, and Ba-ferrite single phase was obtained after heat treatment at 80$0^{\circ}C$ for 2 hr. When Ba-ferrite was made from Ba-Sol coated $\delta$-FeOOH, $\delta$-FeOOH was thermally decomposed to $\alpha$-Fe2O3 at $700^{\circ}C$, producing a porous structure which was observed by TEM photographs. But the porous structure was not observed at 80$0^{\circ}C$. Ba-ferrite, heat-treated at 80$0^{\circ}C$ for 2 hr, had mean particle size of 1000$\AA$, lattice parameter of a0=5.889243 $\AA$ and c0=23.214502 $\AA$, a saturation magnetization ($\sigma$8) of 45.3 emu/g and a coercive force (Hc) of 5200Oe.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.119-124
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• 2008

Steel is generally not corrosion resistant to water with formation of non protective rusts on its surface. Rusts are composed of iron oxides such as $Fe_3O_4$, $\alpha-$, $\beta-$, $\gamma-$and ${\delta}-FeOOH$. However, steel, particularly weathering steel containing small amounts of Cu, Ni and Cr etc., shows good corrosion resistance against rural, industrial or marine environment. Its corrosion rate is exceedingly small as compared with that of carbon steel. According to the exposure test results undertaken in outdoor environments, the atmospheric corrosion rate for weathering steel is only 1 mm for a century. Atmospheric corrosion for steels proceeds under alternate dry and wet conditions. Dry condition is encountered on steel surface on fine or cloudy days, and wet condition is on rainy or snowy days. The reason why weathering steel shows superior atmospheric corrosion resistance is due to formation of corrosion protective rusts on its surface under very thin water layer. The protective rusts are usually composed of two layer rusts; the upper layer is ${\gamma}-FeOOH$ termed as lepidocrocite, and inner layer is nano-particle ${\alpha}-FeOOH$ termed as goethite. This paper is aimed at elucidating the atmospheric corrosion mechanism for steel in comparison with corrosion in bulky water environment by use of empirical data.The summary is as follows: 1. No corrosion protective rusts are formed on steel in bulky water. 2. Atmospheric corrosion for steel is the corrosion under wetting and drying conditions. Corrosion and passivation occur alternately on steel surface. Steel, particularly weathering steel with small amounts of alloying elements such as Cu, Ni and Cr etc. enhances forming corrosion protective rusts by passivation.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.128-132
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• 2007

For a quantitative inspection on the performance of weathering steel bridges, we have investigated the relationship between the corrosion rate and the composition of the rust layers formed on weathering steel bridges located in various environments in Japan and applied a protective ability index (PAI) to the bridges. The corrosion rates were clearly classified by the PAI, ${\alpha}/{\gamma}*$ and sub index of $({\beta}+s)/{\gamma}*$, where $\alpha$, \gamma*, $\beta$ and s are the mass ratio of crystalline $\alpha-FeOOH$, the total of $\gamma$-FeOOH+ $\beta$-FeOOH + the spinel-type iron oxide (mainly $Fe_3O_4$), $\beta-FeOOH$ and spinel-type iron oxide, analyzed by powder X-ray diffraction, respectively. In the case of ${\alpha}/{\gamma}$*>1, the rust layer works protective enough to reduce the corrosion rate less than 0.01 mm/y. The sub index $({\beta}+s)/{\gamma}*$<0.5 or >0.5 classifies the corrosion rate of the non-protective rust layers, therefore the former state of the rust layer terms inactive and the latter terms active. The quantitative inspection of a weathering steel bridge requires a performance-inspection (PI) and periodical deteriorationinspections (DI). The PI can be completed by checking of the PAI, ${\alpha}/{\gamma}*$. The DI on the weathering steel bridges where deicing salt is sprinkled can be performed by checking the PAI, $({\beta}+s)/{\gamma}*$.

• 보존과학연구
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• 통권16호
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• pp.59-111
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• 1995

Chemical composion and crystal form of Corrosion products found on archaeological iron objects were analyzed using X-ray fluorescence analysis, micro-X-ray powder diffraction analysis and ion chromatographic technique. The nature and behavior of the corrosion products were studied in order to aid in the conservation and restoration of burial iron objects. Twenty-two samples analyzed in this study were collected from iron object found in Korea and Japan. The corrosion products of iron objects from burial mounds contain $\alpha$-FeOOH, $\beta$-FeOOH, $\gamma$-FeOOH, $Fe_3O_4$and amorphous iron hydroxides. The content of $\alpha$-HeOOH is the greatest. Because, Ageing for long period should change the amorphous iron hydroxides is considerably less than that in usual atmospheric corrosion products. The concentration of chlorine and sulfine is remarkably variable ($Cl^-$ : 100- 30,000ppm, $SO_4^-2$ : 20-10,000ppm),but the reasons are unclear. The presence of generally high concentrations of chlorine and sulfine the corrosion products of iron objects seem to be influenced by the marine climatic condition. The presence of high chlorine and sulfine concentrations in the corrosion products of iron objects seem to be influenced by the marine burial environments.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제42권11호
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• pp.722-728
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• 2005

A wet-chemical route was utilized to obtain nanosized crystalline goethite ($\alpha$-FeOOH) particle, which was known as an oxidation catalyst in reducing carbon monoxide (CO) and dioxine during incineration. A cost-effective $FeSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$ was used as starting raw material and a successive process of hydrolysis-oxidation was utilized as synthetic method. The effects of the initial $Fe^{2+}$ concentration, hydrolysis time and oxidation period on the crystalline phase and particle characteristics were systematically investigated by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and BET analyses. It was found that the spindle-shaped crystalline $\alpha$-FeOOH particle with the width of 70 nm and the length of 200 nm could be obtained successfully when the initial concentration of 1.5 M, hydrolysis time of 4h, and oxidation period of 10 h, respectively. In addition, it was observed that the spindle-shaped $\alpha$-FeOOH particle consisted of nano-sized primary crystallites of $30\~50\;nm$, which were de-agglomerated into individual particle and successively re­agglomerated into spherical or irregular-shaped agglomerates beyond certain periods in the hydrolysis and oxidation process.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.112-118
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• 2008

We observed initial rusting process of steel containing Al under wet/dry cyclic condition with NaCl solution film using in situ X-ray diffraction spectroscopy at SPring-8 synchrotron radiation facility. It was found that mass fraction of iron oxides such as ${\alpha}-FeOOH$, ${\beta}-FeOOH$ and ${\gamma}-FeOOH$ varied with Al content. Some kinds of Al oxides were also found at the initial stage of corrosion. Those corrosion products might affect the corrosion process and corrosion rate of the steel.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.67-78
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• 1997

현재 가장 널리 사용되고 있는 2차 전지는 Ni/cd 전지이며 카드뮴 전극의 사용으로 인해 공해 유발 문제를 가지고 있다. 그에 따라 공해 유발문제가 작은 전지를 제작하고자 하는 연구가 전세계적으로 진행되었고, 결과적으로 NiMH 전지가 개발되었다. 그러나 NiMH 전지에 사용되는 MH 전극은 희토류 토금속을 사용하기 때문에 전극 제작 비용이 비싼 단점을 가지고 있다. 본 실험에서는 자연 중 존재량이 많은 철 화합물을 음극 물질로 이용하여 공해 유발 문제와 제작비용 문제에 대한 대안을 제시하고자 하였다. 전지의 양극 물질은 Kamath에 의해 개발된 ${\alpha}-Ni(OH)_2$의 합성법을 응용, 제작하였다. 제작된 ${\alpha}-Ni(OH)_2/{\gamma}-FeOOH(an)$ 전지의 충 방전 및 전기화학적 특성을 조사하여 보고하였다.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제6권8호
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• pp.768-778
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• 1996

결정 성장 조절체를 이용하여 수용액 중에서 직접 $\alpha$산화철을 제조하였으며, 염기도에 따른 생성물의 입자 특성과 반응기구, $\alpha$산화철의 생성 과정과 침상형 입자의 생성 반응 기구를 고찰하였다. pH 9.0이하에서는 hexagonalgudxo, pH 10.75-11.75범위에서는 ellipsoidal 또는 rectangular 형태의 $\alpha$-${Fe}_{2}{O}_{3}$입자로 각각 생성되었으며, pH12.50이상에서는 acicular 형태의 $\alpha$-FeOOH입자가 생성되었다. pH 10.75-11.75범위에서 제조된 생성물의 염기도는 결정 성장 조절제의 해리에 의해 생성된 수산기 이온(OH-) 때문에 반응물의 염기도에 대비해 약간 증가하는 현상을 나타내었다. 결정 성장 조절제로 사용한 구연상은 제이철 수산화물에 구연산 음이온(R-COO-) 형태로 흡착되어 생성물인 $\alpha$산화철의 입자 형태를 침상 형태로 유도하였다.