• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.96-106
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• 2017

In this study, measurements of size-segregated particulate matter (PM) emitted from the combustion of rice straw, pine needles, and sesame stem were conducted in a laboratory chamber. The collected samples were used to analyze amounts of organic and elemental carbon (OC and EC), water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), humic-like substances (HULIS), and ionic species. The light absorption properties of size-resolved water extracts were measured using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. A solid-phase extraction method was first used to separate the size-resolved HULIS fraction, which was then quantified by a total organic carbon analyzer. The results show that regardless of particle cut sizes, the contributions of size-resolved HULIS ($=1.94{\times}HULIS-C$) to PM size fractions ($PM_{0.32}$, $PM_{0.55}$, $PM_{1.0}$, and $PM_{1.8}$) were similar, accounting for 25.2-27.6, 15.2-22.4 and 28.2-28.7% for rice straw, pine needle, and sesame stem smoke samples, respectively. The $PM_{1.8}$ fraction revealed WSOC/OC and HULIS-C/WSOC ratios of 0.51 and 0.60, 0.44 and 0.40, and 0.50 and 0.60 for the rice straw, pine needle, and sesame stem burning emissions, respectively. Strong absorption with decreasing wavelength was found by the water extracts from size-resolved biomass burning aerosols. The absorption ${\AA}ngstr{\ddot{o}}m $ exponent values of the size-resolved water extracts fitted between 300 and 400 nm wavelengths for particle sizes of $0.32-1.0{\mu}m$ were 6.6-7.7 for the rice straw burning samples, and 7.5-8.0 for the sesame stem burning samples. The average mass absorption efficiencies of size-resolved WSOC and HULIS-C at 365 nm were 1.09 (range: 0.89-1.61) and 1.82 (range: 1.33-2.06) $m^2/g{\cdot}C$ for rice straw smoke aerosols, and 1.13 (range: 0.85-1.52) and 1.83 (range: 1.44-2.05) $m^2/g{\cdot}C$ for sesame stem smoke aerosols, respectively. The light absorption of size-resolved water extracts measured at 365 nm showed strong correlations with WSOC and HULIS-C concentrations ($R^2=0.89-0.93$), indicating significant contribution of HULIS component from biomass burning emissions to the light absorption of ambient aerosols.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.207-222
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• 2018

In this study, light absorption of carbonaceous species in $PM_{2.5}$ was investigated using a dual-spot 7-wavelength Aethalometer(model AE33) with 1-min time interval between January 01 and September 30, 2017 at an urban site of Gwangju. During the study period, two Asian dust (AD) events occurred in April (AD I) and May (AD II), respectively, during which light absorption in total suspended particles was observed. Black carbon (BC) was the dominant light absorbing aerosol component at all wavelengths over the study period. Light absorption coefficients by aerosol particles were found to have 2.7~3.3 times higher at 370 nm than at 880 nm. This would be attributed to light absorbing organic aerosols, which is called brown carbon (BrC), as well as BC as absorbing agents of aerosol particles. Monthly average absorption ${{\AA}}ngstr{\ddot{o}}m$ exponent ($AAE_{370-950nm}$) calculated over wavelength range of 370~950 nm ranged from 1.10 to 1.35, which was lower than the $AAE_{370-520nm}$ values ranging from 1.19~1.68 that was enhanced due to the presence of BrC. The estimated $AAE_{370-660nm}$ of BrC ranged from 2.2 to 7.5 with an average of 4.22, which was fairly consistent to the values reported by previous studies. The BrC absorption at 370 nm contributed 10.4~28.4% to the total aerosol absorption, with higher contribution in winter and spring and lower in summer. Average $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations were $108{\pm}36$ and $24{\pm}14{\mu}g/m^3$ during AD I, respectively, and $164{\pm}66$ and $43{\pm}26{\mu}g/m^3$ during AD II, respectively, implying the greater contribution of local pollution and/or regional pollution to $PM_{2.5}$ during the AD II. BC concentration and aerosol light absorption at 370 nm were relatively high in AD II, compared to those in AD I. Strong spectral dependence of aerosol light absorption was clearly found during the two AD events. $AAE_{370-660nm}$ of both light absorbing organic aerosols and dust particles during the AD I and II was $4.8{\pm}0.5$ and $6.2{\pm}0.7$, respectively. Higher AAE value during the AD II could be attributed to mixed enhanced urban pollution and dust aerosols. Absorption contribution by the light absorbing organic and dust aerosols estimated at 370 nm to the total light absorption was approximately 19% before and after the AD events, but it increased to 32.9~35.0% during the AD events. In conclusion, results from this study support enhancement of the aerosol light absorption due to Asian dust particles observed at the site.

• 대기
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.287-297
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• 2008

The vertical profiles and optical properties of Asian dust are investigated using ground-based measurements from 1998 to 2002. Vertical profiles of aerosol extinction coefficient are evaluated using MPL (Micro Pulse Lidar) data. Optical parameters such as aerosol optical thickness ($\tau$), ${\AA}ngstr\ddot{o}m$ exponent ($\alpha$), single scattering albedo ($\omega$), refractive index, and volume size distribution are analyzed with sun/sky radiometer data for the same period. We can separate aerosol vertical profiles into three categories. First category named as 'Asian dust case', which aerosol extinction coefficient is larger than $0.15km^{-1}$ and dust layer exists from surface up to 3-4km. Second category named as 'Elevated aerosol case', which aerosol layer exists between 2 and 6km with 1-2.5km thickness, and extinction coefficient is smaller than $0.15km^{-1}$. Third category named as 'Clear sky case', which aerosol extinction coefficient appears smaller than $0.15km^{-1}$. and shows that diurnal variation of background aerosol in urban area. While optical parameters for first category indicate that $\tau$ and $\alpha$ are $0.63{\pm}0.14$, $0.48{\pm}0.19$, respectively. Also, aerosol volume concentration is increased for range of 1 and $4{\mu}m$, in coarse mode. Optical parameters for second category can be separated into two different types. Optical properties of first type are very close to Asian dust cases. Also, dust reports of source region and backward trajectory analyses assure that these type is much related with Asian dust event. However, optical properties of the other type are similar to those of urban aerosol. For clear sky case, $\tau$ is relatively smaller and $\alpha$ is larger compare with other cases. Each case shows distinct characteristics in aerosol optical parameters.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.555-568
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• 2013

이 연구에서는 상용 디지털 카메라를 이용하여 야간에 촬영된 월면 영상을 분석하여 야간의 대기 광학두께와 에어로솔 광학두께를 추정하였다. 기본적으로 랑리회귀법을 이용하였으며 구름이 없고 대기의 광학적 특성이 비교적 안정한 날에 관측을 수행하였다. 카메라의 적색(R), 녹색(G), 청색(B) 채널의 파장별 반응함수를 이용하여 월광관측에 대한 유효 중심파장 및 레일리 광학두께를 추정하였으며, 랑리 회귀법에서 유도된 대기광학두께로부터 레일리 광학두께를 제하여 에어로솔 광학 두께를 산출하였다. 야간에는 독립적인 방법으로 산출된 검증자료나 다른 에어로솔 광학두께 자료가 거의 없으므로 월면 관측이 이루어지기 수 시간 전의 주간에 정밀한 태양분광광도계로 측정된 에어로솔 광학두께 자료와 MODIS 위성센서 관측으로부터 산출된 에어로솔 광학두께 자료를 본 연구에서 월면 관측을 통해 산출된 자료와 비교하였다. 비교 결과 R, G, B 채널에서 대략 0.1정도의 오차 범위에서 월면 영상분석을 통해 에어로솔 광학두께의 추정이 가능함을 알 수 있었다. 단, 대기 중의 에어로솔 입자들의 크기를 나타내는 모수인 앙스트롬지수(${\AA}$ngstr$\ddot{o}$m Exponent)는 파장별 광학두께의 작은 오차에도 큰 오차를 가질 수 있기 때문에 에어로솔 광학두께의 오차에 비해 비교적 큰 오차를 보일 수 있음이 나타났다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 야간의 에어로솔 광학두께 자료가 많지 않은 현실에서 저비용으로 월면 관측을 통하여 에어로솔 광학두께를 산출할 수 있는 가능성을 찾았다는 점에서 본 연구의 의의가 있으며 앞으로 보다 많은 관측과 분석을 통해 보다 향상된 야간 에어로솔 광학두께 추정이 가능할 것으로 보인다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.629-640
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• 2008

This study investigates long-term trends and characteristics of aerosol optical depth ($\tau_a$) and Angstrom exponent (${\AA}$) around Korea in order to understand aerosol effects on the regional climate change. The analysis period is mainly from 1999 to 2006, and the analysis sites are Anmyun and Gosan, the background monitoring sites in Korea, and two other sites of Xianghe in China and Shirahama in Japan. The annual variations of $\tau_a$ at Anmyun and Gosan have slightly systematic increasing and decreasing trends, respectively. $\tau_a$ at Anmyun shows more substantial variation, probably because of it's being closer and vulnerable to anthropogenic influence from China and/or domestic sources than Gosan. Both values at Gosan and Anmyun are approximately 1.5 times greater than those at Shirahama. The monthly variation of $\tau_a$ exhibits the highest values at late Spring and the lowest at late-Summer, which are thought to be associated with the accumulation of fine aerosol formed through the photochemical reaction before the Jangma period and the scavenging effect after the Jangma period, respectively. Meanwhile, the episode-average $\tau_a$ for the Yellow dust period increases 2 times greater than that for the non-Yellow dust period. A significant decrease in ${\AA}$ for the Yellow dust period is attributable to an increase in the loading of especially the coarse particles. Also we found no weekly periodicity of $\tau_a$'s, but distinct weekly cycle of $PM_{10}$ concentrations, such as an increase on weekdays and a decrease on weekends at Anmyun and Gosan. We expect these findings would help to initiate a study on aerosol-cloud interactions through the combination of surface aerosol and satellite remote sensing (MODIS, Calipso and CloudSat) in East Asia.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.597-605
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• 2014

광주과학기술원의 다파장 라만 라이다를 이용한 에어로졸 연속관측이 2009년부터 2011년까지 3년간 수행되었다. 장기 연속 관측을 통해 얻어진 라이다 신호들의 분석을 통해 편광소멸도를 산출해 내었고, 편광소멸도를 통하여 황사 층을 구분해 내었다. 구분된 황사의 층의 광학적 특징들이 관측 고도에 따라 다르다는 것을 신호의 분석으로부터 밝혀졌다. 이러한 광학적 특징의 차이를 규명하기 위하여, HYSPLIT 모델을 이용하여 각각 관측된 황사 층들의 유입 경로와 이동 중 고도를 분석하였다. 이러한 황사의 관측 고도에 따른 광학적 특성의 변화는 황사가 장거리 이동 중 통과한 오염물질 발생 지역에서 발생한 오염물질과의 혼합으로부터 기인한 것으로 사료된다. 특히 오염물질 발생 지역을 지날 때의 황사 층의 고도는 황사의 광학적 특성 변화에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 판단된다. 3년간 라이다 관측 시스템으로 관측한 황사 중, 중국산업지역 및 인구밀집도가 높은 지역 등과 같은 인위적 기원의 오염물질 발생 지역을 통과할 때의 고도가 1 km 이하 일 때, $0.12{\pm}0.01$의 낮은 편광소멸도, 355 nm와 532 nm 파장에서 각각 $67{\pm}9sr$, $68{\pm}9sr$의 낮은 라이다비, $1.05{\pm}0.57$의 낮은 옹스트롬 지수(${\AA}ngstr\ddot{o}m$ expon) 보였으며, 이는 오염물질이 갖는 광학적 특성 값과 유사하다. 이와 반면 황사가 3 km 이상의 높은 고도로 오염물질 발생 지역을 통과한 경우는 $0.21{\pm}0.09$의 편광소멸도, 355 nm와 532 nm 파장에서 각각 $48{\pm}5sr$, $46{\pm}4sr$의 라이다 비, $0.57{\pm}0.24$의 옹스토롬 지수를 보이며 이는 순수황사의 광학적 특성과 유사하다. 이는 황사가 중국 오염물질 발생지역을 통과할 때의 고도가 혼합상태의 황사 전체의 광학적 특성에 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 판단되며, 낮은 고도에서는 오염물질과의 혼합의 정도가 증가하여, 오염물질의 광학적 특성이 우세하게 나타나는 반면, 높은 고도에서는 오염물질과 황사의 혼합이 상대적으로 적게 일어난다고 사료된다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.682-691
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• 2013

The aerosol extinction vertical profile and surface visibility have been derived from the Microtops-II sunphotometer observation during the winter 2011 intensive observation period (IOP) at Seoul, Korea. Using models of degradation of aerosol optical thickness (AOT) and aerosol scale height, we have performed extinction-visibility modulation to determine the height dependent aerosol extinction and visibility. It is shown that the aerosol loading is relatively low during IOP (mean $AOT_{550}=0.22{\pm}0.08$, ${\AA}$ngstr$\ddot{o}$m exponent=$1.14{\pm}0.26$). Modeled extinction by use of Microtops II sunphotometer data shows good agreement with measurements by the Multi-wavelenth Polarization Lidar (MPoLAR), and the derived surface visibility are consistent with data from the transmissometer. These results emphasize the use of a vertically resolved extinction from AOT to predict visibility conditions at ground level.

• 대기
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.521-528
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• 2015

In this study star photometry was applied to retrieve aerosol optical thickness (AOT) at night. The star photometry system consisted of small refractor, optical filters, CCD camera, and driving mount and was located in Suwon. The calibration constants were retrieved from the astronomical Langley method but standard deviations of these were more than 10% of the mean values. After the calibration the nighttime AOT was retrieved and cloud-screened in clear six days from 25 Nov. 2014 to 17 Jan. 2015. To estimate the quality of the measurements the nighttime AOT was combined with daytime AOT retrieved from sky-radiometer that was located in Seoul and 17 km away from the star photometry system. In spite of the uncertainty of the calibration constants and the spatial difference of two observation systems, the temporal changes of the nighttime AOT coincided with the daytime. The nighttime ${\AA}ngstr{\ddot{o}}m$ exponent was about 20% lower and more variable than the daytime because of the uncertainty of the calibration constants. If the calibration process is more precise, the combination of star and sun or sky photometry system can monitor the air pollution day and night constantly.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.269-279
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• 2012

동아시아에서 대기 에어로졸의 광역적 분포를 분석하기 위해 MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer) 센서에서 산출된 AOD (Aerosol Optical Depth)와 AE (${\AA}$ngstr$\ddot{o}$m Exponent)를 이용하였다. 2009년 동아시아 지역에서 AOD는 3월($0.44{\pm}0.25$)에 높았고, 9월($0.24{\pm}0.21$)에 낮았다. 봄에는 중국 북부와 몽골의 사막, 건조지역에서 발생한 모래폭풍이 광역적으로 이동하여 동아시아의 AOD에 기여하고 있다. 그러나 동아시아의 풍하측에 위치한 한반도 중부의 안면도, 청원, 울릉도에서 $PM_{10}$ ($d{\leq}10{\mu}m$) 질량 농도는 2월에 최고를 보인 반면, AOD는 5월에 가장 높았다. 장마 전 상대습도의 증가에 따른 흡습성 에어로졸의 성장이 5월의 높은 AOD에 기여하고 있다. 여름(8월)에는 북태평양으로부터 해양성 기류와 잦은 강수에 의한 습윤 침전으로 AOD는 낮지만 중국 동부의 산업지역에서 광역적으로 발생한 미세 에어로졸로 인해 AE ($1.30{\pm}0.37$)가 가장 높은 값을 보였다. 안면도, 청원, 울릉도에서 MODIS AOD와 지상 $PM_{10}$ 질량 농도의 상관계수는 0.4-0.6이었다. 2009년 한반도 중부에서 관측한 황사 사례는 4회(6일)였고, 인위적 대기오염 이동 사례는 6회(12일)였다. 황사 사례와 인위적 대기오염의 이동 사례에서 안면도와 청원의 $PM_{10}$ 농도가 모두 증가하였다. 황사와 인위적 대기오염 이동으로 $PM_{10}$이 증가하는 영역에서 AOD가 높게 나타나고 있다.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.159-172
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• 2019

To investigate the influence of pollution events on the chemical composition and formation processes of aerosol particles, 24-h integrated size-segregated particulate matter (PM) was collected during the fall season at an urban site of Gwangju, Korea and was used to determine the concentrations of mass, water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and ionic species. Furthermore, black carbon (BC) concentrations were observed with an aethalometer. The entire sampling period was classified into four periods, i.e., typical, pollution event I, pollution event II, and an Asian dust event. Stable meteorological conditions (e.g., low wind speed, high surface pressure, and high relative humidity) observed during the two pollution events led to accumulation of aerosol particles and increased formation of secondary organic and inorganic aerosol species, thus causing $PM_{2.5}$ increase. Furthermore, these stable conditions resulted in the predominant condensation or droplet mode size distributions of PM, WSOC, $NO_3{^-}$, and $SO{_4}^{2-}$. However, difference in the accumulation mode size distributions of secondary water-soluble species between pollution events I and II could be attributed to the difference in transport pathways of air masses from high-pollution regions and the formation processes for the secondary chemical species. The average absorption ${\AA}ngstr{\ddot{o}}m$ exponent ($AAE_{370-950}$) for 370-950 nm wavelengths > 1.0 indicates that the BC particles from traffic emissions were likely mixed with light absorbing brown carbon (BrC) from biomass burning (BB) emissions. It was found that light absorption by BrC in the near UV range was affected by both secondary organic aerosol and BB emissions. Overall, the pollution events observed during fall at the study site can be due to the synergy of unfavorable meteorological conditions, enhanced secondary formation, local emissions, and long-range transportation of air masses from upwind polluted areas.