• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.234-257
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• 2000

At present in the medical care, the study and effort for producing health service to consider efficiency, effectiveness, and quality are urgently called for because of the difficulty in the keen competition according to the inter- nationalization and opening, the operation in the medical institution service testing system, the change in the medical policy of KDRGs, and the lack of the health care cost increasing rate. As an alternative, the case management for the new management system is introduced in the U.S., and the Critical Pathway that is the method designing the contents of activity and its result has been developed and applied in order to anticipate and manage the patient-outcome for the realization of the cost-effective case-management. Thus, this study intended to analyze the effectiveness to obtain by developing the Critical Pathway presented as the method to improve the quality-betterment and cost effectiveness through the continuous and consistent patient management for the hysterectomy patient and applying it to the real practice. As a study method, this author formed a conceptual framework through considering five Critical Pathway used in the current U.S. and three Critical Pathway presented in the literature to develop the Critical Pathway for the hysterectomy patient, and made out the preliminary Critical Pathway through reviewing the old chart. This author made the verified the validity of the expert group about the developed Critical Pathway, and to confirm the possibility of practice application, completed and settled the final Critical Pathway after using the Critical Pathway to the hysterectomy patient from March 1st to 15th, 1997. Finally, to analyze the application-effect of the developed Critical Pathway, this author offered health care service applying the Critical Pathway to the hysterectomy patient from April 15th to August 31th, 1997. The guide for the Critical Pathway was carried out in advance by outpatient setting nurse for outpatient setting visit before the operation, and after hospitalization the primary nurse monitored the execution degree on the every duty. After discharge this author surveyed the complication through phone visiting, and one month after discharge surveyed the patient's reaction about the offered service when outpatient setting visit and analyzed the result. The source for health care cost was obtained by the statistics about the hospital charge which was offered by the General Business Department. The results were as follows. 1. It was decided that the vertical line of the Critical Pathway was made up of eight items such as monitoring/assessment, treatment, line/drains, activity, medication, lab test, diet, patient teaching, and the horizontal line of the Critical Pathway was made up of from hospitalization to discharge. 2. After the analysis of service contents through reviewing the old chart, it was decided that the horizontal line of the preliminary Critical Pathway was made up of from hopitalization to fourth postoperative day, and the vertical line of it was divided into eight items which were the contents to occur with the time frame of the horizontal line. 3. After the verifying the validity of the expert group about the preliminary Critical Pathway, the horizontal line was amended from hopitalization to third postoperative day, and taking their consensus, some contents of the horizontal line was amended and deleted. 4. From March 1st to 15th, 1997, to confirm the clinical suitability, this author offered eight hysterectomy patients the medical service through the Critical Pathway. The result was that three of them could be discharged at the expected discharge day, and the others later than that day. Supplementing the preliminary Critical Pathway through analyzing the cause of that delay- case, this author developed the final Critical Pathway. 5. There were no significant differences between the experimental and the control group in the incidence of complication(P > 0.05). 6. The 92.4% of experimental group was satisfied with the Critical Pathway service. 7. The length of hospital stay of the experimental group offered with the Critical Pathway service was 4.6 days and there was a significant difference that it was 1.3 days shorter than that of the control group(t=-29.514, P=0.000). 8. There wsa a significant difference that the mean medical charge per one patient of the experimental group offered the Critical Pathway service was cheaper \124,150 than that of the control group(t=-9.826, P=0.000). 9. The result that the author assumed and analyzed hospital income with the rate of turning bed was assumed that the increase of hospital income was \63,245,072 for that study, and the income increase was expected with \68,704,864 for a year. The result that this author applied the Critical Pathway to the hysterectomy patient have no differences in the incidence of complication, high satisfaction with that service, and the length of hospital stay decreased in the experimental group, and the mean hospital charge per one patient decreased, but hospital income increased. Suggestions for further study and nursing practice are as follows. 1. The study to apply the Critical Pathway for a year, verify the validity, and measure the effect repeatedly is needed. 2. To apply and manage the Critical Pathway effectively, the study to computerize it is needed. 3. The study to develop hospital-based Critical Pathway about other diseases or procedure, and measure the effect is needed.

• Journal of The Korean Association of Information Education
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.219-234
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• 2016

In this study, It analyzed the effect of pair programming teaching methods in elementary software education. At first, for the development of SW educational programs it surveyed 162 elementary students and 34 teachers in J area. As a result, developed SW educational programs based on geometry in elementary mathematics and it was applied. For application SW programs it was constructed 22 students experimental group, 22 students comparison group of 44 students in 3, 4, 5th grade the winter break of ${\bigcirc}{\bigcirc}$ university education donation application. First, software education using pair programming will be more effective on the development of elementary school students' computational thinking. Second, software education using pair programming will be more effective on the development of elementary school students' creativity. Test results, pair programming is to show a significant difference on the development of computational thinking and creativity in elementary software education.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.56 no.6
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• pp.231-234
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• 2013

This article contains the recommended immunization schedule by the Committee on Infectious Diseases of the Korean Pediatric Society, updated in March 2013, when Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine is now included in the National Immunization Program in Korea. It also includes catch-up immunization schedule for children and adolescents who are behind the recommended schedule. These schedules are a minor revision of the corresponding parts of Immunization Guideline, 7th edition, of the Korean Pediatric Society, released in 2012. Pediatricians should be aware of these schedules to provide adequate immunization to Korean children and adolescents.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.229-234
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• 2002

Chlorella is rich in chlorella growth factor (CGF). A review of the literature has described that CGF improves the capability of a Th1-based immunity, anticancer, antioxidant antibacterial activity, growth promotion, wound healing and so on, but has not studied the effect for the metabolism and the proliferation of human skin keratinocyte. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of metabolism and the proliferation of human skin keratinocyte in vitro. CGF was extracted with an autoclaving method which is a modified hot-water extraction method from dried chlorella and conformed by means of absorbance 0.22 at 260 nm. We have measured the extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) of the CGF by Cytosensor$^{\circledR}$ Microphysiometer and evaluated responsiveness depending upon the dosage on the HaCaT cell. The ECAR for the concentrations of 0.15, 1.5, 15, 150 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml of CGF increased as a 103.6, 128.2, 149.0 and 423.9%, respectively compared to control (0.0 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml, 100% ECAR). The ECAR for ErbBl tyrosine kinase inhibited by 4-anilinoquinazolines, $C_{16}$H$_{14}$BrN$_3$O$_2$.HCl on tile HaCaT cells with the amounts of 10 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml of the CCF compared with 100 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml of rhEGF. The conclusion of the study is that CGF might increase human epidermal keratinocyte proliferation through the interaction between the epidermal growth factor receptor and itself.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.1159-1169
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• 2017

Objectives: The purpose of the study was to investigate factors affecting health risk behavior, oral health related quality of life (OHIP-14) and happiness in soldiers. Methods: Data were collected from Gangwon and Chungchong provinces from the first to the $15^{th}$ of October, 2016. Excluding five copies with incomplete answers, 203 copies of the questionnaire were were analyzed. Health risk behaviors (drinking and smoking), perceived oral health, OHIP-14 and happiness were measured. The data were analyzed with a t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression using the SPSS 22.0 program. Results: The amount of daily cigarette consumption of soldiers (66 people) was an average of 10.11 cigarette. The mean of OHIP-14 and that of happiness were 4.43 and 4.05, respectively. The higher the quality perceived oral health, the better the OHIP-14 (r=0.234) and happiness (r=0.192) were. The higher the OHIP-14, the higher the happiness (r=0.357). OHIP-14 was related to army, perceived oral health and happiness. The explanatory power of the model was 17.0%. Conclusions: OHIP-14 is associated with happiness. These results suggest that oral health education programs and policies need to be developed to instill happiness in soldiers.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.62 no.3
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• pp.226-234
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• 2018

In this study, the models described in the textbooks related to floating and sinking phenomena in the chemical domain were evaluated based on the aspect of nature related to the generation of models. To achieve this, we were targeting statement of textbooks from 7th curriculum to 2009 revised curriculum. Analysis of textbooks was performed for science of elementary school (total 2 textbooks) and science of middle school (total 21 textbooks) which dealt with these phenomena. According to the textbooks analysis, characteristics of statement way were (1) No description of the model's prerequisites, (2) Statement based matter viewpoint, (3) Lack of pattern principle, (4) Inadequacy of the case covered. Although the education about the model for the students should be preceded by the education related to the process of model creation rather than the activity using the model, the education about the nature of the model is insufficient. In order to solve this problem, we propose the model statement in textbooks and the development of the model evaluation tool related to model creation.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.229-234
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• 1995

Anthers of hybrids and inbred lines of Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris ssp. pekinensis) were inoculated on the modified solid or liquid B$_{5}$ medium after several pre-treatments. Anthers were then maintained at 25 $^{\circ}C$ after being subjected to various post-treatment. Somatic embryos began to appear 9 days after inoculation and ended at 13th days. Low temperature pre-treatment did not increase embryoid production whereas high post-treatment temperature of 4$0^{\circ}C$ or 45$^{\circ}C$ enhance the production. There were considerable levels differences in embryogenesis between lines used, but not between the culture methods. Somatic embryo yield was also increased by subjecting anthers to one day at 35$^{\circ}C$ and then another one day at 3$0^{\circ}C$ after plating. Histological observations showed several stages in haploid development ranging from a few celled to large multiple-celled embryoids.s.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.50 no.8
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• pp.1324-1329
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• 2018

This study presents a practical application of complementary safety indicators, which can be applied in a safety assessment of a radioactive waste repository by excluding a biosphere simulation and comparing the artificial radiation originating from the repository with the background natural radiation. Complementary safety indicators (radiotoxicity flux from geosphere and radiotoxicity concentration in seawater) were applied in the safety assessment of a rock-cavern type low and intermediate level radioactive waste (LILW) repository in the Republic of Korea. The natural radionuclide ($^{40}K$, $^{226,228}Ra$, $^{232}Th$, and $^{234,235,238}U$) concentrations in the groundwater and seawater at the Gyeongju LILW repository site were measured. Based on the analyzed concentrations of natural radionuclides, the levels of natural radiation were determined to be $8.6{\times}10^{-5}$ - $8.0{\times}10^{-4}Sv/m^2/yr$ and $6.95{\times}10^{-5}Sv/m^3$ for radiotoxicity flux from the geosphere and radiotoxicity concentration in seawater, respectively. From simulation results obtained using a Goldsim-based safety assessment model, it was determined that the radiotoxicity of radionuclides released from the repository is lower than that of the natural radionuclides inherently present in the natural waters. The applicability of the complementary safety indicators to the safety case was discussed with regard to reduction of the uncertainty associated with biosphere simulations, and communication with the public.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.227-234
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• 2021

Background: The serratus posterior inferior (SPI) muscle originates from the spinous process of T11-L2 and inserts at the lower border of the 9-12th ribs. This muscle is involved in thoracolumbar rotation and stability. Several positions can be used to improve trunk stability; the quadruped position is a good position for easily maintaining a neutral spine. In particular, during one arm lifting, various muscles act to maintain a neutral trunk position, and the SPI is one of these muscles. If trunk stability is weakened, uncontrolled trunk rotation may occur at this time. Tape can be used to increase trunk stability. There have been no studies on the effect of taping applied to the SPI muscle on thoracolumbar junction (TLJ) stability. Objects: This study compared the TLJ rotation angle between three different conditions (without taping, transverse taping, and SPI muscle direction taping). Methods: Thirty subjects were recruited to the study (18 males and 12 females). The TLJ rotation angle was measured during one arm lifting in a quadruped position (ALQP). Two taping methods (transverse and SPI muscle direction taping) were applied, and the TLJ rotation angle was measured in the same movement. Results: SPI muscle direction taping significantly reduced TLJ rotation compared to that without taping (p < 0.001) and with transverse taping (p < 0.001). There was a significant difference in the TLJ rotation angle between transverse taping and SPI muscle direction taping (p < 0.017). Conclusion: SPI muscle direction taping reduces the TLJ rotation angle during ALQP. Therefore, SPI muscle direction taping is one method to improve TLJ stability and reduce uncontrolled TLJ rotation during ALQP.

• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.223-234
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• 2021

Recent advances in the 4th Industrial Revolution have accelerated the change of the shopping behavior from offline to online. Search queries show customers' information needs most intensively in online shopping. However, there are not many search query research in the field of search, and most of the prior research in the field of search query research has been studied on a limited topic and data-based basis based on researchers' qualitative judgment. To this end, this study defines the type of search query with data-based quantitative methodology by applying machine learning to search research query field to define the 15 topics of search query by conducting topic modeling based on search query and clicked document information. Furthermore, we present a new classification system of new search query types representing searching behavior characteristics by extracting key variables through principal component analysis and analyzing. The results of this study are expected to contribute to the establishment of effective search services and the development of search systems.