• Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.181-189
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• 2002

A series of multicomponent $Zr_{0.8}Ti_{0.2}Mn_{0.4}V_{0.6}Ni_{1-x}Fe_{x}$ (x=0.00, 0.08, 0.15, 0.22, and 0.30) alloys are prepared and their oystal structure and P-C-T curves are examined. The electrochemical properties of these allqys such as activation conditions, discharge capacity, cycling performance are also investigated. $Zr_{0.8}Ti_{0.2}Mn_{0.4}V_{0.6}Ni_{1-x}Fe_{x}$ (x=0.00, 0.08, 0.15, 0.22 and 0.30) have the C14 Laves phase hexagonal structure. The electrode was activated by the hot-charging treatment. The best activation conditions were the current density 120 mA/g and the hot-charging time 12h at $80^{\circ}C$ in the case of the alloy with x=0.00. The discharge capacity increased rapidly until the fourth cycle and then decreased. The discharge capacity increased again from the 13th cycle, arriving at 234 mAh/g at the 50th cycle. The discharge capacily just after activation decreases with the increase in the amount of the substituted Fe but the cycling performance is improved. The discharge capacity after activation of the alloy with x=0.00 is 157 mAh/g at the current density 120 mA/g. $Zr_{0.8}Ti_{0.2}Mn_{0.4}V_{0.6}Ni_{0.85}Fe_{0.15}$ is a good composition with a medium quantity of discharge capacities and a good cycling performance. The ICP analysis of the electrolyte for these electrodes after 50 charge-discharge cycles shows that the concentrations of V and Zr are relatively high. Another series of multicomponent $Zr_{0.8}Ti_{0.2}Mn_{0.4}V_{0.6}Ni_{0.85}M_{0.15}$ (M = Fe, Co, Cu, Mo and Al) alloys are prepared. They also have the C14 Laves phase hexagonal structure. The alloys with M = Co and Fe have relatively larger hydrogen storage capacities. The discharge capacities just after activation are relatively large in the case of the alloys with M = Al and Cu. They are 212 and 170 mAh/g, respectivety, at the current density 120mA/g. The $Zr_{0.8}Ti_{0.2}Mn_{0.4}V_{0.6}Ni_{0.85}Co_{0.15}$ alloy is the best one with a relatively large discharge capacity and a good cycling performance.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.234-249
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• 1995

Essential hypertension, one of the leading primary cause of death in Korea, is a typical chronic disease requiring adequate and continuous management. Though these hypertensives need to maintain desirable health practice by themselves for their life time, many previous studies indicated that most of the essential hypertensives have no specific symptoms and thus, reluctant to follow appropriate medical regimens causing the condition further aggravated and complicated. Thus the comprehensive self-regulation program was conducted as a nursing intervention on the promotion self-care 'performance and improvement in physical parameters of hypertensives. For this purpose, a one group quasi -experimental research with pre and post test design was used. And the whole program was carried out from October, 1993 to February, 1994. Self-regulation program was consisted with group education on hypertension and self-care, self-regulation including the blood pressure self-monitoring and recording, recording of daily self-care activities, and encouraging and reinforcing self-efficacy through verbal persuation and enactive attainment. The subjects were asked to measure their own blood pressure by themselves twice per day and to record blood pressure and the daily self-care performance according to the instructions provided during the whole period of 9 weeks. The data was analyzed by experimental stages: the first week, the fifth week, and the ninth week since the experimental imput began. Data were analyzed by the SPSS PC+ program with paired t -test and F-test, and multiple correlation to determine the variables affecting the effect of program. The results were as follows : 1) Subjects in J company were significantly lower diastolic blood pressure than K company after the program (t=2.39, p=.024). Level of cholesterol was significant difference according to position(t=2.23, p=.034), family history (t=-2.66, p=.013), diagnosis duration, and career(t=2.88, p=.055). Perceived self-efficacy was more significantly increased among the group with family history(t=-3.00, p=.013). 2) Before the program, there were significant positive correlation among the variables: internal-LOC and self-efficacy(r=.3952, p=.015), external-LOC and barriers (r=.6515, p=.000), chance-LOC and Barriers(r=.4133, p=.012). However there were significant negative correlation between internal-LOC and barriers (r=-.3236, p=.041, external-LOC and self -efficacy(r=-.3517, p=.028), self-efficacy and barriers(r=-.6654, p=.000). 3) There were significant relationships between changes in self - care performance and self-efficacy at 5th week (r=.5313, p=.001) and changes in self-efficacy at 9th week(r=.4586, p=.005). 4) After the program, internal health locus of control and perceived benefits showed significant correlation(r=.5673, p=.001, but perceived barriers was negative correlation with perceived self-efficacy (t=-4242, p=.01). From the above results, it can be concluded that the self-regulation program is an effective nursing strategy through the change of variables to promote self-care performance of hypertensives and to increase the self-efficacy. Thus this program can be recommended in the management of the hypertensives in workplaces and community settings.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.263-267
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• 2013

Pig producers have been shown keen interest of the number of spermatozoa in a semen dose since pig artificial insemination introduce. However, determining the minimal number of spermatozoa need per AI without detrimental effect on overall reproductive performances is not an easy question to answer. To increase the efficiency of semen utilization in pig AI, optimum number of spermatozoa per dose needed to determine. The objective of this study was to determine the reproductive performance and factors that affect on-farm application of low-dose semen insemination in sows. Data were collected from Darby Genetics AI studs from 4th of June to 7th of July, 2012 (n=401). The numbers of parturition were 84, 234 and 83 in sows inseminated with doses of $1.5{\times}10^9$, $2.0{\times}10^9$ and $2.5{\times}10^9$ spermatozoa in 100ml extender, respectively. There were no significant differences on reproductive performances such as gestation period, total born, total born alive, stillbirth and mummy in sows inseminated with different semen doses. The average number of born alive was 10.5, 11.0 and 10.4 from sows inseminated with $1.5{\times}10^9$, $2.0{\times}10^9$ and $2.5{\times}10^9$ sperms, respectively. Also, number of spermatozoa per dose did not affect litter size (p>0.10). There were no significant differences of maternal genetic line difference on gestation period, total number born, number born alive, born dead and mummy. The estimated correlation coefficients of the different semen doses with total number born, number born alive, born dead and mummy were r=-0.00, -0.01, 0.02 and 0.02, respectively. Taken together, the result of this study suggested that when semen was appropriately inseminated after induced ovulation, insemination with low-dose ($1.5{\sim}2.0{\times}10^9$) semen dose not adversely affect sow's fertility.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.225-234
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate the distribution and fluorescene intensity of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide(VIP) immunoreactive cells in rat trigeminal ganglion after inferior alveolar nerve axotomy. The animals were divided into normal and two experimental groups. The experimental animals were sacrificed at 14th and 28th day after inferior alveolar nerve axotomy. The trigeminal ganglion was removed and immersed in the 4% paraformaldehyde-0.2% picric acid in 0.1M phosphate buffer. Serial frozon sections about $16{\mu}m$ in thickness were cut with a cryostat. The immunofluorescence staining was performed. The rabbit anti-VIP(1 : 8,000) was used as primary antibody and fluorescene isothiocynate(FITC)-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG(1 : 80) as secondary antibody. The slides were observed under confocal laser scanning microscope. Three-dimensional images were constructed from 9 serial images(each $1{\mu}m$ in thickness) made by automatic optical sectioning. Unprocessed optical sections were obtained and stored on a optical disk. Color picture were printed by a video copy processor. The results were as follows; 1. The appearance of VIP immunoreactive cells in the mandibular part of trigeminal ganglion was 8.79${\pm}$1.99% in normal group and 39.16${\pm}$5.62% in 14 days, 16.25${\pm}$2.39% in 28 days after inferior alveolar nerve axotomy groups. 2. The relative fluorescence intensity of VIP immunoreactive cell bodies in the mandibular part of trigeminal ganglion was 134.40${\pm}$10.39 in normal group and 192.88${\pm}$14.06 in 14 days, 143.10${\pm}$5.02 in 28 days after nerve axotomy groups. Therefore, the relative fluorescence intensity of 14 days after nerve axotomy group was 43.3% higher than intensity of normal group. 3. In optical single section analysis of VIP immunoreactive cell bodies, white cell bodies(moderate fluorescence intensity) were the most abundant in normal and 28 days after nerve axotomy groups. Whereas, in 14 days after nerve axotomy group, red cell bodies(high fluorescence intensity) were the most abundant. 4. In optical serial section analysis of VIP immunoreactive cell bodies, red cell bodies(high fluorescence intensity) were observed in a part of the 9 sections of normal and 24 days after nerve axotomy groups. Whereas, red cell bodies were observed in all of the 9 sections of 14 days after nerve axotomy group. 5. The results indicates that number and fluorescence intensity of VIP immunoreactive cells were increased in the mandibular part of trigeminal ganglion following inferior alveolar nerve axotomy.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.116-131
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• 2019

Objectives: The aim of this study was to observe the changes of women's postpartum symptoms, the quality of life and depression scale over the first six weeks after childbirth. Methods: Twenty seven mothers who received Korean medical treatment in the outpatient department treatment (from September 27th, 2017 to January 5th, 2018) were evaluated for Verbal numerical rating scale (VNRS), edema index, EuroQol Visual Analogue Scale (EQ-VAS), and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Results: There were 17 high risk participants (63.0%) and 10 normal participants (37.0%). The VNRS of edema is the highest in the first week, and the VNRS of joint pain is the highest from the second week to the sixth week in all patients. The Extra Cellular Water/Total Body Water (ECW/TBW) of high risk group significantly decreased from $0.403{\pm}0.011$ to $0.387{\pm}0.006$(p<0.05) in the first 2 weeks. The ECW/TBW of normal group significantly decreased from $0.393{\pm}0.070$ to $0.383{\pm}0.011$ (p<0.05) in the first 2 weeks. The EQ-VAS of high risk group increased from $64.12{\pm}13.941$ to $69.35{\pm}18.155$ (p<0.05) in the first 2 weeks. But this difference was not significant statistically (p=0.234). The EQ-VAS of normal group significantly increased from $62.50{\pm}21.763$ to $74.00{\pm}9.661$ (p<0.05) in the first 2 weeks. The difference of EPDS was not statistically significant between the first week and the sixth week in every participants. Conclusions: VNRS was the highest in edema in the first week, joint pain was the highest from the second week to six week. The edema index of high risk groups was higher than that of the normal group in the first week (p<0.05). The EQ-VAS of normal group significantly increased (p<0.05) in the first 2 weeks but high risk group didn't. In the EPDS, the ratio of nine or more points of high risk group was more than twice than normal group in the first 2 weeks.

• The Journal of the Society of Stroke on Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.73-84
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• 2022

■Objective The purpose of this case report is to report the effect of Korean medicine treatment on a patient with pontine infarction complaining of discomfort due to aggravated voiding dysfunction after the onset of the stroke. ■Methods The patient was hospitalized for 44 days and treated with herbal medicine, acupuncture, electroacupuncture, moxibustion, and interferential current therapy(ICT). We checked the amount of self-voided volume and postvoid residual urine volume(PVR), and asked the patient to subjectively evaluate the degree of discomfort due to voiding dysfunction. ■Results After 44 days of hospitalization, the patient responded that the subjective discomfort due to residual urine remained 30% and delayed urine remained 50% compared to the day of admission. The maximum amount of PVR was 234 ml on the 3^rd day, and the minimum amount of PVR was checked on 25^th and 35^th day as 0 ml. ■Conclusions This study suggests that Korean medicine treatment may be effective in the treatment of voiding dysfunction after stroke.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Earth Science Education
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.224-234
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• 2022

The purpose of this study was to analyze STEAM elements and convergence types that appeared in the creative and convergent activities in elementary school science textbooks, which were converted from the national issuance system to the authorized system in 2022. For this study, 6 elementary school science textbooks for 3rd and 4th graders were selected. And STEAM elements in creative and convergent activities were analyzed by publishers, grade-semesters, and science fields, and the convergence type was analyzed for each publisher. The results of this study are as follows. First, the total frequencies of STEAM elements and the ratios of each element in the creative and convergent activities of textbooks were different for each publisher. However, among the four elements except for science (S) element in all publishers, the tendency to have a high proportion of art (A) element and a very low proportion of mathematics (M) element was common. Second, the higher the number of fused STEAM elements, the lower the rate of appearance in the textbooks in overall. Also the ratio of convergence types of STEAM elements varied by each publisher. Third, the ratio deviations of art (A), technology (T), and engineering (E) elements for each grade-semester were not large, but the ratio deviation of the mathematics (M) element was large. Fourth, technology (T) and engineering (E) elements appeared a lot in the fields of 'movement and energy' and 'material', while art (A) element appeared a lot in the fields of 'earth and universe', 'life', and 'integration'.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.147-176
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• 2003

This Paper Presents a new measurement technique to derive the level of BSRC (Basic Science and Research Capacity) index by use of the factor analysis which is extended with the assumption of the standard normal probability distribution of the selected explanatory variables. The new measurement method is used to forecast the gap of Korea's BSRC level compared with those of major OECD countries in terms of time lag and to make their international comparison during the time period of 1981∼1999, based on the assumption that the BSRC progress function of each country takes the form of the logistic curve. The US BSRC index is estimated to be 0.9878 in 1981, 0.9996 in 1990 and 0.99991 in 1999, taking the 1st place. The US BSRC level has been consistently the top among the 16 selected variables, followed by Japan, Germany, France and the United Kingdom, in order. Korea's BSRC is estimated to be 0.2293 in 1981, taking the lowest place among the 16 OECD countries. However, Korea's BSRC indices are estimated to have been increased to 0.3216 (in 1990) and 0.44652 (in 1999) respectively, taking 10th place. Meanwhile, Korea's BSRC level in 1999 (0.44652) is estimated to reach those of the US and Japan in 2233 and 2101, respectively. This means that Korea falls 234 years behind USA and 102 years behind Japan, respectively. Korea is also estimated to lag 34 years behind Germany, 16 years behind France and the UK, 15 years behind Sweden, 11 years behind Canada, 7 years behind Finland, and 5 years behind the Netherlands. For the period of 1981∼1999, the BSRC development speed of the US is estimated to be 0.29700. Its rank is the top among the selected OECD countries, followed by Japan (0.12800), Korea (0.04443), and Germany (0.04029). the US BSRC development speed (0.2970) is estimated to be 2.3 times higher than that of Japan (0.1280), and 6.7 times higher than that of Korea. German BSRC development speed (0.04029) is estimated to be fastest in Europe, but it is 7.4 times slower than that of the US. The estimated BSRC development speeds of Belgium, Finland, Italy, Denmark and the UK stand between 0.01 and 0.02, which are very slow. Particularly, the BSRC development speed of Spain is estimated to be minus 0.0065, staying at the almost same level of BSRC over time (1981 ∼ 1999). Since Korea shows BSRC development speed much slower than those of the US and Japan but relative]y faster than those of other countries, the gaps in BSRC level between Korea and the other countries may get considerably narrower or even Korea will surpass possibly several countries in BSRC level, as time goes by. Korea's BSRC level had taken 10th place till 1993. However, it is estimated to be 6th place in 2010 by catching up the UK, Sweden, Finland and Holland, and 4th place in 2020 by catching up France and Canada. The empirical results are consistent with OECD (2001a)'s computation that Korea had the highest R&D expenditures growth during 1991∼1999 among all OECD countries ; and the value-added of ICT industries in total business sectors value added is 12% in Korea, but only 8% in Japan. And OECD (2001b) observed that Korea, together with the US, Sweden, and Finland, are already the four most knowledge-based countries. Hence, the rank of the knowledge-based country was measured by investment in knowledge which is defined as public and private spending on higher education, expenditures on R&D and investment in software.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.212-222
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• 1989

When the head nurse who is pivotal in the nursing service administration of the hospital performs efficiently as a first-line manager, the effectiveness of the nursing unit, which includes the quality of nursing care, the jab satisfaction of staff members, and the cohesiveness of staff members is increased. With this point of view in mind, the researcher carried out a study to determine the actual work (the content of the work, the work process, the role of the head nurse, the activity media, and the purpose of the work) of the head nurse in a university hospital in Korea. In addition, this study was also carried out for the purpose of preparing an ideal model for the work of the head nurse. The research subjects were 39 head nurses. This included all the head nurses in two university hospitals except those who were working in outpatient care, operating rooms, central supply, nursing administration, in-service education and emergency care. Data were collected from September 24th to October 21th, 1987 and April 4th to 12th, 1988. A work activity record on which the head nurse recorded directly in a chronological narrative form, was used as the research instrument. The 234 work activity records, 39 head nurse's continuous recording over 6 days(from Monday to Saturday) were collected and analysed. The results were as follows ; 1. With regard to the work content for the total daily work of the head nurse, 45.2% of the activities were managerial activities but 58.1% of the head nurse' s time was spent in direct patient care. 2. With regard to the work process of the head nurse, specifically the location, the size and membership of groups contacted, the results were as follows : 1) Of the total daily work activities 92.4% were carried out in the nursing unit and this occupied 84.5% of total daily work time. Direct patient care was generally performed on the nursing unit and managerial work was performed in other areas. 2) Of the total daily work activities, 73% was with one or more persons and 51.2% of total daily work time was spent in groups. 3) A total of 51 persons, working in different capacities were contacted. These included 21 persons giving patient care, 19 persons working in nursing unit management, and 7 persons working in human resource management. 3. With regard to the head nurse's role in work activity, 53.3% of total daily work activities involved the informational role, 26.9%, the interpersonal role and 19.9%, the decisional role. With regard to time, 57.7% was spent in the informational role, 23.9%, in the interpersonal role and 18.3%, in the decisional role. When the head nurse performed managerial work, she gave nearly equal emphasis to all three roles when she gave direct patient care the informational role was increased. 4. With regard to the activity media, the number of unscheduled activities accounted for 27.1% of the activities, scheduled activities, 24.3%, desk work activity, 22.1%, rounds, 12.5% and telephone calls, made or received, 14.0%. In daily total work time managerial work related to desk work and scheduled activities were high, ranging from 29.8% to 29.9% but for direct patient care time, scheduled activities and unscheduled activities were high, ranging from 23.6％ to 35.3%. 5. With regard to the purpose of the work performed, 54.4% of the total daily work was concerned with the team and 41.4% was concerned with the agency. The managerial work was concerned mainly with the team and the direct patient care was concerned mainly with the patient. When the frequency of an activity and time were compared no significant difference was found between the days for which the work was recorded for any of the variables : the work content, the work process, the work role, the activity media and purpose of the work. On the basis of this study the following are proposed as an ideal model for head nurse work in Korea : The managerial work should be increased to 70%. The decisional role activities should be increased to 40%. Twenty percent of the work activity should be allocated to agency, community and profession. It is believed that this model for the head nurse's work can contribute to guidelines for job description development. Finally, educational programs, organizational and structural devices, and administrative support are needed for the proper function of the head nurse in this proposed model.

• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.226-234
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• 2020

As the average life expectancy of human beings is extended in addition to the entry of the aging society, there is a tendency for the interest in the appearance of men and women in modern society to increase. The most external judgment of human aging is the wrinkles on the facial skin. People are undergoing various procedures to have clean, wrinkled, and resilient healthy skin. Many thread lifting procedures are being implemented because they tend to want simple and effective procedures during the procedure. In this study, in order to improve lifting effect in thread lifting, animal experiments were conducted to confirm the improvement of wrinkles by injecting RF high frequency and CO₂ gas into existing PDO suture procedures. The experimental groups consisted of natural aging groups, PDO treatment groups, groups with RF high frequency in PDO procedures, groups with CO₂ gas injected into PDO procedures, and groups with CO₂ gas and RF injected simultaneously into PDO procedures. The individuals in the natural aging group had an average wrinkle depth of 0.408mm before the procedure, and the average wrinkle depth of the 10th week was 0.68mm. The depth of wrinkles in the PDO treatment group averaged 0.384mm before the procedure, and 0.348mm on the 10th week after the procedure. The average crease depth of pre-procedure objects injected with RF high frequency in PDO was 0.42mm, and the average crease depth for 10 weeks was 0.378mm. The average crease depth of the CO₂ gas injected into the PDO was 0.4mm before the procedure, and the average crease depth was reduced to 0.332mm in the 10th week after the procedure. On average, the number of objects injected with CO₂ gas and RF high frequency in the PDO procedure decreased to 0.412mm before and 0.338mm in the 10th week after the procedure. The procedure of injecting CO₂ gas and RF into the PDO suture showed the highest reduction rate of 17.96%.