• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.253-261
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• 2002

This study was carried out to investigate the semen characteristic, motility and viability and sperm motion characteristic by CASA test for establishing the Jindo-dog's semen freezing system. The results obtained are as follow: 1. The semen was collected 63 times. Average volume of semen, concentration of sperm, total number of sperm, progressive motility and viability were 3.8 $m\ell$ 145.6$\times$10$^{6}$ cells/$m\ell$, 396.2 x10$^{8}$ cells, 79.7% and 89.5%, respectively. Also, Fawn (Yellow) Jindo-dog comparing with White Jindo-dog showed better concentration of sperm, total number of sperm, progressive motility and viability. Among all dogs, the results of No. 2 Fawn Jindo-dog were the best. 2. The average progressive motility and viability of semen from 46 times were 73.5%, 82.3% before freezing and 51.1%, 64.9% after freezing. So, the freezing of semen has affected the progressive motility and viability. The progressive motility and viability of Fawn Jindo-dog's semen, before and after freezing, were better than White Jindo-dog. And No. 2 Fawn Jindo-dog showed the best results and showed significantly different among all dogs (P<0.05). 3. The 44 times-tested .esults by CASA system were as follow; MOT (motility) 65.6%. PROG (progressive motility) 54.8%, VAP (average path velocity) 75.3 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$/sec, VCL (curve linear velocity) 90.0 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$/sec, VSL (straight-line velocity) 69.4 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$/sec and ALH (amplitude of lateral head displacement) 4.4 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$. Although the motion characteristic of frozen semen were not significantly different between White and Fawn Jindo-dog, No. 2 Fawn Jindo-dog showed the best results and was significantly different among all dogs (P<0.05). 4. The success rate of frozen semen production between White and Fawn Jindo-dog were 43% (13/28), 94% (33/35), respectively, and the total success rate was 73% (46/63). The freezing-ability of Fawn Jindo-dog's semen was better than the other. Conclusively, the present results indicated that the characteristic and motility of Jindo-dog') semen were suitable for processing frozen semen, artificial insemination and mass production system. Also, the selection of suitable dog-breed was so important because the characteristic and freezing-ability of semen were significantly different between White and Fawn Jindo-dogs and among all individual dogs.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.201-205
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• 2002

When it added to each designed diet groups such as control, nitrate rich, amine rich and nitrate-amine rich diet under simulated gastric conditions, effect of kumquat (Fortunella mararita) juice on formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) was studied. Inhibition on NDMA formation was the highest in the amine rich diet, as 69.4 $\pm$2.4%, when the juice of 10m1 added to its digestate. Phenolic portion of $C_{18}$ sep-pak cartridge in kumquat juice were separated into 20 kinds of a phenolic compounds using HPLC. These phenolic fractions such as faction no. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 inhibited from 3.0 $\pm$ 1.2% to 66.5 $\pm$2.0% NDMA formation in the reaction system which was mixture of nitrite and dimethylamine.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.8 no.12
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• pp.1152-1157
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• 1998

The PZT films were deposited on the Pt/Ti/$SiO_2$/Si substrates using multi- target DC magnetron reactive sputtering. The perovskite single phase with the composition close to the stoichiometric one, was obtained even at high substrate temperature of $540^{\circ}C$ by 2-step method, which is that PZT film was deposited for a short time at low substrate temperature ($480^{\circ}C$) to promote the nucleation of perovskite phase by reducing the volatility of Pb oxide molecules, followed by the deposition at the elevated temperature to suppress the excess incorporation of Pb component in the PZT film. This two-step method, in combination with the RTA treatment, gives rise to good electrical properties of the deposited PZT films: remanent polarifaion,$18\mu$C/$\textrm{cm}^2$; coercive field, 45kV/cm; leakage current of 10$^{-4}$ A/$\textrm{cm}^2$ at high electric field of -500kV/cm.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.285-295
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• 2001

The objective of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of taurine and alendronate on the osteoclast differentiation. Osteoblasts and bone marrow cells from 1-2 day old mouse were co-cultured in 10% fetal bovine serum - minimal essential media (FBS-MEM). Osteoclast differentiation was induced by adding the sonicated extracts of Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.gingivalis). Osteoclasts were identified using tartrate resistant acid phosphotase staining (TRAP). Alendronate of 10$^{-7}$, 10$^{-6}$, 10$^{-5}$M and taurine of 500, 1000, 1500$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml were added respectively. The cytotoxic effects of alendronate and taurine were examined using MTT(3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol -2-yl-2,5-diphenyltetrazo- lium bromide) method. After culturing with the sonicated extracts of P.gingivalis, the amounts of IL-6 in the culture supernatant were measured and compared using the ELISA method. The results were as follows : 1. Osteoclasts were differentiated at the concentration of 0.01~0.1$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml sonicated extracts of P.gingivalis. (P<0.05). 2. Alendronate inhibited osteoclasts differentiation at the concentration of 10$^{-5}$ M when the concentration of sonicated extracts of P.gingivalis was 0.01$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml. 3. Taurine inhibited osteoclasts differentiation at the concentration of 1500$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml when the concentration of sonicated extracts of P.gingivalis 0.01$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml. 4. In cytotoxic test (MTT test), no cytotoxic effect was evident in all concentrations of alendronate and taurine. 5. Taurine (10$^{-5}$M) and alendronate(1500$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml) did not change the amounts of IL-6 induced by sonicated extracts of P.gingivalis significantly.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Environmental Toocicology Conference
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.185-185
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• 2003

To develope the novel anti-allergic drug, many sophoricoside derivatives were synthesized. Among these derivatives, JSH-II-3, JSH-Ⅵ-3, JSH-Ⅶ-3, and JSH-Ⅷ-3 were selected and subjected to high throughput toxicity screening (HTTS) because they revealed strong IL-5 inhibitory activity and limitation of quantity. Mouse lymphoma thymidine kinase (tk$\^$+/-/) gene assay (MOLY) and single cell gel electrophoresis (Comet) assay in mammalian cells were used as HTTS tool in our laboratory. In MOLY assay, JSH-Ⅶ-3 at 50 ∼ 6 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml concentrations was not shown significant mutagenic effect in the absence and presence of S-9 metabolic activation system. However, the concentration of ISH-II-3, 38 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml, induced increased mutation frequency (MF) in the presence of S-9 metabolic activation system. Also in comet assay, DNA damage was not observed in JSH-Ⅵ-3 and JSH-Ⅶ-3, wherase concentration of 32.8 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml in JSH-II-3 and 13.9 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml in JSH-Ⅶ-3 were induced DNA damage in the absence of S-9 metabolic activation system. Therefore, we suggest that JSH-Ⅵ-3 and JSH-Ⅶ-3 have no genotoxic effects but JSH-II-3 and JSH-Ⅷ-3 induce some mutagenicity and DNA strand breaks in mouse lymphoma cell line used this study.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.411-417
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• 1998

In order to investigate the effect of the pretreatment with various doses of diltiazem (DTZ) on the pharmacokinetics of indocyanine green (ICG) at steady state, especially the hepatic blood clearance due to the change of hepatic blood flow, the following experiments were carried out with ICG, a hepatic function test marker, not metabolized in liver and only excreted in bile. The intravenous bolus injection ($3,780\mu\textrm{g}$/kg) and the constant-rate infusion ($10,100\mu\textrm{g}$/kg/hr) of ICG into the left femoral vein were made in order to check the steady-state plasma concentration ($C_{ss} of $10\mu\textrm{g}$/ml) of ICG at 20, 25 and 30 min. Following a 90-min washout period, the intravenous bolus injection (108, 430, 860 and $1,720\mu\textrm{g}$/kg) and the constant-rate infusion (108, 433, 866 and $1,730\mu\textrm{g}$/kg/hr) of DTZ into the right femoral vein were made and the achievement of the steady-state plasma levels ($C_{ss} of 50, 200, 400 and 800 ng/ml) of DTZ were conformed at 60, 70 and 80 min. During the steady state of DTZ, the intravenous bolus injection ($3,780\mu\textrm{g}$/kg) and the constant-rate infusion ($10,200\mu\textrm{g}$/kg/hr) of ICG into the left femoral vein were made and also the steady-state plasma concentration of ICG was checked at 20, 25 and 30 min. The plasma concentrations of DTZ and ICG were determined using a high performance liquid chromatographic technique. At the steady state, the hepatic blood clearance of ICG was obtained from the plasma concentration and blood-to-plasma concentration ratio ($R_B$) of ICG. The pretreatment with various doses of DTZ did not influence the plasma concentrations, $R_B$ and plasma free fraction ($f_p$) of ICG. So the hepatic blood clearance of ICG was independent of concentration of DTZ. The hepatic blood clearance of ICG could be affected by both hepatic bood flow and hepatic intrinsic clearance. But there was no change of the hepatic blood clearance of ICG between the control and the DTZ-pretreated rats in this study. So it may be suggested that DTZ does not influence hepatic blood flow.

• Proceedings of the International Microelectronics And Packaging Society Conference
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• 2003.09a
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• pp.261-278
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• 2003

Concepts.Wafer-Level Chip-Scale Concept with Handling Substrate.Low Accuracy Placement Layout with Isolation Trench.Possible Pitch of Interconnections down to $10{\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ (Sn-Grains).Wafer-to-Wafer Equipment Adjustment Accuracy meets this Request of Alignment Accuracy (+/-1.5 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$).Adjustment Accuracy of High-Speed Chip-to-Wafer Placement Equipment starts to meet this request.Face-to-Face Modular / SLID with Flipped Device Orientation.interchip Via / SLID with Non-Flipped Orientation SLID Technology Features.Demonstration with Copper / Tin-Alloy (SLID) and W-InterChip Vias (ICV).Combination of reliable processes for advanced concept - Filling of vias with W as standard wafer process sequence.No plug filling on stack level necessary.Simultanious formation of electrical and mechanical connection.No need for underfiller: large area contacts replace underfiller.Cu / Sn SLID layers $\leq$ $10{\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ in total are possible Electrical Results.Measurements of Three Layer Stacks on Daisy Chains with 240 Elements.2.5 Ohms per Chain Element.Contribution of Soldering Metal only in the Range of Milliohms.Soldering Contact Resistance ($0.43\Omega$) dominated by Contact Resistance of Barrier and Seed Layer.Tungsten Pin Contribution in the Range of 1 Ohm

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.428-433
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• 1999

An objective of this study is to compare the characteristics of coating layer of plasma sprayed fine $Al_2O_3$ and those of layer by commercial $Al_2O_3$(Metco 105). The microstructure of fine $Al_2O_3$ coating layer was denser compared with commercial $Al_2O_3$ coating layer. The surface roughness$(R_a)$ of the layer by the fine $Al_2$O$_3$ was lower compared with that of commercial $Al_2O_3$. Thickness of splat for fine $Al_2O_3$ was $1.4\mu\textrm{m}$ while the commercial $Al_2O_3$ was $3.53\mu\textrm{m}$. The main phase existing in coating layer was of $\gamma-Al_2O_3$ and the fraction of $\alpha-Al_2O_3$ in fine $Al_2O_3$ coating layer was 8.39% and that of commercial $Al_2O_3$ was 13.79%. Microhardness was no great difference between the fine and commercial $Al_2O_3$ but deviation of the fine $Al_2O_3$ coating layer was relatively large. Accordingly, the strength of splat of the coating was expected that fine $Al_2O_3$was lower than commercial $Al_2O_3$ powder.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.116-120
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• 1999

Fe-Ni alloy thin films with about 3.5 $\mu\textrm{m}$ thickness were successfully grown on Al-killed steel substrates employing DC magnetron sputtering method, and then the4 film properties were characterized. The deposited film exhibited a fibre texture structure with the relationship of ${110}_\textrm{film}//{111}_\textrm{substrate}$. We found that the adhesion between the film and the substrate was fairly good considering no debonding behavior after the thermal cyclic test of 5,000 times from room temperature to $200^{\circ}C$. Also we found that the Fe-Ni alloy deposition induced a significant decrease of thermal expansion in the film processing, a new material system with much lower thermal expansion coefficient which can be applied more as shadow mask materials than an Al-killed steel sheet.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.484-489
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• 2003

It is well known that root distribution of rice is a crucial factor for nutrient absorbtion and affect by soil fertility management. However, the findings on root distribution are limited due to laborious and tedious work. The characteristics of root distribution were investigated in long-term fertilizer experiment plots that were established in paddy soil, a fine silty family of typic Hal-paqueps (Pyeongtaeg series) in 1967. fertilizer experiment plots of no fertilizer, compost, NPK and NPK+compost plot have been maintained consistently for the past thirty six year and Npk+silicate plot for the past twenty two years. In NPK plot, 150kg N (urea), 100kg -$\textrm{P}_2\textrm{O}_5$ (fused phosphate) and 100kg $\textrm{K}_2\textrm{O}$(potassium chloride) per hectare have been applied. For NPK+silicate plot, 500kg $\textrm{Si}\textrm{O}_2$ (silicate) was applied in addition to fertilizer in NPK plot. For the compost plot, 10,000kg rice straw compost per hectare were applied. Root samples were taken from the positions of hill-center (below hill) and mid-point of four adjacent rice hills at heading stage by cylinder monolith (CM) method. The soil cores were sampled 20cm depth from the soil surface and partitioned four into layers at an interval of 5cm. The soil particles surrounding roots were washed out with tap water, Length and weight of the roots in each soil layer were measured and root length density (RLD), root weight density (RWD), specific root length(SRL) and rooting depth index (RDI) were calculated. Total root length was measured by intersection method. Plant height, tiller and shoot dry weight were the highest in NPK+compost plot. But RLD of hill-center soil cores was the highest in no-fertilizer plots. In the soil cores from mid-point position of four adjacent hills, RLD at 15-20cm soil depth was higher in compost plot than NPK plot. RLD in compost plots showed even distribution compared to those in chemical- fertilizer plots. RWD was the highest in the NPK+compost plot. SRL was the lowest in the NPK+silicate plot. RDI was the highest in the compost plot. Also, in this experiment it was found that the distribution of roots was closely related to the physical properties of the soil as affected by fertilization management.