• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.579-584
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• 2013

In this study, we synthesized functional dendrimer derivatives as nonviral gene delivery vectors. Poly(amidoamine) dendrimer (PAMAM, generation 4) was modified to possess functional amino acids to enhance gene transfection efficiency. PAMAM G4 derivatives conjugated with L-arginine (Arg) and ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid (GABA) showed higher transfection efficiency and lower cytotoxicity compared to the native PAMAM G4 dendrimer. The polyplex of the PAMAM G4 derivative/pDNA was evaluated using an agarose gel retardation assay and Picogreen reagent assay. Additionally, the MTT assay was performed to examine the cytotoxicity of synthesized polymers. All PAMAM G4 derivatives showed lower cytotoxicity than PEI25kD. Particularly, PAMAM G4-GABA-Arg displayed enhanced transfection efficiency compared to the native PAMAM G4 dendrimer.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.102-105
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• 2017

In adolescents, sleep deprivation problem is getting worse, and increased caffeine consumption is considered to relieve the stress caused by sleep deprivation and academic burden. In this study, immediate neurologic effects of caffeine intake on adolescents were evaluated in three high school students using the ${\gamma}-aminobutyric$ acid (GABA)/creatine ratio on magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). MEGA-PRESS MRS and TE 135 ms single voxel MRS were performed in the anterior cingulate cortex before and after drinking a cup of coffee, which contained 104 mg of caffeine. GABA and creatine were measured on LCModel 6.3, respectively. In all three students, GABA/creatine ratios were decreased after caffeine intake. The GABA/creatine ratios obtained before caffeine intake were decreased after caffeine intake in all the three adolescents. In this preliminary study, caffeine intake caused an immediate decrease in the GABA/creatine ratio in the brain and it may be related to the neurologic effects of caffeine on an adolescent's brain.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.7 s.87
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• pp.970-975
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• 2007

For the screening of ${\gamma}-aminobutyric$ acid (CABA)-producing bacteria, 86 bacterial strains which produce GABA were isolated from Kimchi and Salted fisk .Among these, three strains designated AML15, AML45-1, AML72 with relatively high GABA productivity were selecled by thin layer chromatography (TLC). To elucidate the relationship between isolated strains and the genus Lactobacillus, their 16S rDNA sequence were examined. The result of their DNA sequences showed 99% similarity with Lactobacillus brevis ATCC 367. On the basis of the these results, isolated strains were identified as Lactobacillus brevis and designated L. brevis AML15. In order to determine the optimum conditions for GABA production, the isolated strains were cultivated in pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) and monosodium glutami. acid (MSG). Results showed that L. brevis AML15 had the highest CABA productivity with 10,424 $nM/{\mu}l$ concentration in MRS broth containing 5% (w/v) MSG and 10 ${\mu}M$ PLP at pH 5.0. The results imply that L. brevis AML15 has the potential to be developed as a strain for GABA hyper-production.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.237-245
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• 2017

Lactic acid fermentation of Flammulina velutipes (FV) powder was optimized to produce higher content of ${\gamma}-aminobutyric$ acid (GABA). FV powder (10%) was fermented with 0.5% yeast extract, 1% glucose, 5% mono sodium-L-glutamate (MSG) by Lactobacillus plantarum EJ2014 for 5 days at $30^{\circ}C$. The pH decreased from 6.1 to 4.4 for first 2 days after then increased to 6.2 for following 5 days. While the acidity increased from 0.5% to 1.3% for 2 days, after then decreased to 0.4% for 5 days. Viable cell count showed higher value of $2.2{\times}10^9CFU/mL$ after fermentation for 5 days. In particular, 3.54% MSG as a substrate was completely utilized during lactic acid fermentation, indicating higher 2.31% GABA content. The fermented FV powder showed higher antioxidant properties than that of un-fermented FV power. $IC_{50}$ values of DPPH radical scavenging and ABTS radical scavenging activities were 1.11 mg/mL and 2.58 mg/mL, respectively. Conclusively, natural fermented seasoning from the lactic acid fermentation of 30g of FV powder and 1 g of roasted wheat bran could provide the functional ingredients with 17% GABA, probiotics and dietary fiber, which is used for health food and functional seasoning.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.37-43
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• 2018

Optimization of the lactic acid fermentation process was carried out to produce an old antler extract fortified with ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid (GABA). An old antler extract (OAE; 5%, w/v) obtained using a herbal extractor showed the highest contents of solids (1.75%) and proteins ($980{\mu}g/mL$). It also showed the highest total amino acid contents of $13,659{\mu}g/mL$, with glycine, proline, and glutamine concentrations of 1,945, 3,405, and $1,641{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. For the over-production of GABA, OAE was fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum EJ2014 in the presence of 0.5%, 1.5% glucose, and 3.5% MSG at $30^{\circ}C$ for 7 days. The fermented OAE showed high viable cell count of $2.0{\times}10^8CFU/mL$, pH of 6.56 and 0.77% acidity after 7 days. In particular, the acidity was greatly decreased by fermentation for 3 days, and 1.4% GABA was produced by the efficient conversion of the substrate, mono sodium glutamate.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.19-22
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• 1998

Effects of acute anoxia on carbohydrate hydrolytic enzyme activities and free amino acid contents in malt were examined. Malts were prepared with barley grains germinated for 7 days which contained the highest levels of amylolytic and(1-3,1-4)-$\beta$-glucanase activities. $\alpha$-Amylase and $\beta$-amylase activities in malts were not significantly affected by anoxia for 5 or 10 h.(1-3,1-4)-$\beta$-Glucanase activity, however, decreased about 7 to 10% by anoxia for 5 or 10 h. Alanine and $\gamma$-aminobutyric acid content changed drastically. Alanine contents in malts increased by 2.2- and 2-fold, and $\gamma$-aminobutyric acid contents by 1.4- and 1.9-fold under anoxia for 5 and 10 h, respectively.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.45-51
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• 2009

$\gamma$-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a ubiquitous nonprotein amino acid that is produced primarily by $\alpha$-decarboxylation of L-glutamic acid (Glu) catalyzed by the enzyme glutamate decarboxylase (GAD). It is well known as a neurotransmitter that regulates inhibitory neurotransmission in the mammalian central nervous system. In addition, GABA has been proved to be effective for lowering blood pressure in mammals. This paper is intended to provide basic information about GABA, including the functional and biological activity of GABA, GABA production by lactic acid bacteria, and the utilization of GABA in the production of dairy products.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.105-113
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• 2018

This experiment was conducted to estimate the influence of ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles, meat quality, and backfat in finishing pigs. A total of 100 mixed finisher pigs [(Landrace ${\times}$ Yorkshire) ${\times}$ Duroc] were randomly allotted to two dietary treatments for 10 weeks, the average initial body weight was $52.03{\pm}1.08kg$. Dietary treatments consisted of supplementation of GABA to 0.05% of the basal diet (GAB) and a CON (basal diet) without supplementation. Each treatment had 10 replicates with 5 pigs per pen (three gilts and two barrows). Measurements were made at three time period: weeks 1 - 5, weeks 5 - 10 and overall experimental period. Compared to CON, the pigs fed GABA had average daily gain (ADG) increases among phases (p < 0.05). Average Daily Feed Intake ADFI increased during the overall experimental period (p < 0.05). The digestibility of Dry Matter (DM) increased. The concentration of epinephrine decreased at 5th and 10th weeks (p < 0.05), meanwhile, cortisol decreased at 10th week (p < 0.05) in GAB treatment. Otherwise, the pigs' GABA supplementation had no effect on meat quality and backfat thickness (p > 0.05). We conclude that a dietary supplementation of GABA at 0.05% improves growth performance and the digestibility of dry matter, while reducing the stress response of finishing pigs.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.188-197
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• 2004

Objective and Methods : This study was performed to evaluate the anticonvulsant, antioxidant effect of modified formulas Korean traditional medicine Cheongsinhwadam-Jeon(CSHDJ). The extract of CSHDJ was administered (p.o.) to mice for 14 days in anticonvulsant and antioxidant tests. Results : The pretreatment of CSHDJ extract prohibited pentylenetrazol (PTZ)-induced convulsion. In PTZ-induced convulsion, lowered level of brain ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid(GABA) was restored normal state by the pretreatment of CSHDJ. Increased level of brain glutamic acid was lowered to normal state by CSHDJ, and increased activity of brain ${\gamma}-aminobutyric$ acid transaminase(GABA-T) was reduced to normal state by CSHDJ. In PTZ-induced convulsion, increased level of brain lipid peroxide was lowered to normal state by the pretreatment of CSHDJ. Increased activity of brain xanthine oxidase(XOD) was lowered by CSHDJ, and increased activity of brain aldehyde oxidase lowered to normal state by CSHDJ. In PTZ-induced convulsion, increased activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and catalase in brain were lowered by the pretreatment of CSHDJ, whereas increased level of glutathione and increased activity of gluthathione peroxidase in brain were not changed significantly. Conclusions : Above results suggest that CSHDJ has anticonvulsant, antioxidant effect. That seems to be strongly related with the levels of GABA, glutamate, lipid peroxide and the activities of GABA-T, XOD, aldehyde oxidase, SOD, catalase in brain tissue. From these results, CSHDJ could be applied to various convulsive disorders.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.108-112
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• 1996

This experiment was carried out to investigate the feeding effect of rutin (quercetin-3-o-${\beta}$-rutinoside) and ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid(GAB) sprayed on mulberry leaves on silkworm growth. Amount of ingest, digest and feces showed no difference statistically except rutin. Rutin made 6% increase of amount of digest, compared to the control. However, rutin or GABA decreased maximaly silkworm weight by 28% during the experimental period. GABA showed body weight loss by 15%, rutin by 7% respectively, compared to the control. Rutin and GABA extended three days larval period and extended one day mounting period and decreased 15.4% and 91% in number of mounted silkworm compared with the control, respectively.