• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.61-69
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• 1998

Five hundred and seventy-eight healthy subjects (351 men and 227 women) with a mean age of 44.8 years (45.2 for men, 44.3 for women) participated in this study. The serum concentrations of $\alpha$-tocopherol, \beta$-carotene, $\alpha$-carotene, zeaxanthin + lutein, cryptoxanthin, lycopene and retinol of normal Koreans were measured, and their relation to gender, age, BMI, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, and menopausal status were evaluated. The concentrations of $\alpha$-tocopherol, carotenoids and retinol in serum were measured simultaneously by reverse phase HPLC (multi-wavelength, gradient and computerized automatic system). Average serum levels of $\alpha$-tocopherol, \beta$-carotene and retinol were 10.1$\pm$0.41\mu$g/dl, 33.1$\pm$1.24\mu$g/dl, and 82.0$\pm$1.63\mu$g/dl for men and 11.1$\pm$0.74\mu$g/ml, 48.1$\pm$1.60\mu$g/dl and 64.5$\pm$1.96\mu$g/dl for women, respectively, Serum concentrations of $\alpha$-tocopheol \beta$-carotene, $\alpha$-carotene, cryptoxanthin and lycopene appeared to be higher in women than in men. The serum concentrations of zeaxanthin + lutein increased with the increase in age of men and those of $\alpha$-carotene and \beta$-carotene increased with the increase in age of women. For men, current smokers showed significantly lower serum concentrations of \beta$-carotene and $\alpha$-carotene than ex-smokers (p <0.05) . Current drinkers also showed significantly lower serum \beta$-carotene and zeaxanthin + lutein concentrations than ex-drinkers. For women, current smokers showed significantly love. serum concentrations of zeaxanthin+lutein and cryptoxanthin than ex-smokes (p<0.05). Men with BMI$\geq$24 showed significantly lower serum concentrations of \beta$-carotene, $\alpha$-carotene, lycopene and cryptoxanthin than men with BMI < 20. The mean concentrations of $\alpha$-tocopherol, \beta$-carotene, $\alpha$-carotene and lycopene far postmenopausal women were higher than those for premenopausal women (p<0.05). In conclusion, there were obvious differences in serum $\alpha$-tocopherol and carotenoids levels depending on gender, age, cigarette-smoking habits, alcohol consumption, BMI and menopausal status. further studies are required to establish the normal levels of these vitamins for children and the elderly and to elucidate their roles in different disease states.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.371-377
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• 1995

The effect of ${\alpha}$-tocopherol and ${\beta}$-carotene supplementation on reducing the oxidative damag in the liver of rats were studied. Forth-five male Sprague Dawley aged 4 weeks were randomly assigned to 9 groups of five for the 12 weeks of the study. Nine groups, sardine oil, sardine oil＋Vt E, sardine oil＋${\beta}$-carotene, soybean oil, soybean oil＋Vt E, soybean oil＋${\beta}$-carotene, lard, lard＋Vt E, lard＋${\beta}$-carotene group, were prepared. Sardine oil, soybean oil, or lard was used for dietary fat and 200% of ${\alpha}$ -tocopherol or 150% of ${\beta}$-carotene was supplemented to each diet. Each diet supplied 65% of total energy as carbohydrate, 15% as protein, and 20% as lipid. The MDA value and protein carbonyl contents of sardine oil group were significantly different(p<0.05) to those of other fat groups indicating that the most severe lipid oxidation occurred in the group fed diet containing highly polyunsaturated fatty acid. When ${\alpha}$-tocopherol or ${\beta}$ -carotene was supplemented to the sardine oil diet, MDA value(-35%, -15%, respectively) and protein carbonyl content(-44%, -32%, respectively) decreased significantly(p<0.05). Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase(SOD) and catalase activities of three different sardine oil groups with or without antioxidants were lower than those of soybean oil or lard group. The reducing effect of ${\alpha}$-tocopherol on oxidative damage in sardine oil group supplemented with ${\alpha}$-tocopherol was noticeable(p<0.05). However the adverse effect of ${\beta}$-carotene was observed. SOD and catalase activities of ${\beta}$-carotene supplemented groups were that the lowest among the same fat groups, but the differences were not statistically significant. The possible cause of decreased enzyme activity seemed to be related to the vitamin A(Vt A) toxicity in the liver where retinol converted from dietary ${\beta}$-carotene in the intestinal mucosa was stored.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.263-272
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• 2011

For tomatoes containing valuable nutrients and biological active substances, this study examined differences in the ascorbic acid, lycopene, ${\beta}$-carotene, and ${\alpha}$-carotene contents in processed tomato products according to tomato cultivar and the part of fully ripened tomatoes. According to the results, the ascorbic acid content was different among tomato cultivars, and it was far higher in jelly than in pulp among the parts of tomatoes. The ascorbic acid content in processed tomato products was higher in tomato juice than in other types of tomato products, but the difference was mainly from various additives used in addition to tomatoes; therefore, it was somewhat unreasonable to compare the ascorbic acid content among the products. It was found that the lycopene content was not significantly different between pulp and jelly in each cultivar. In most of the cultivars, the ${\beta}$-carotene content was not significantly different according to the parts, but in cultivar yeoyong, the content was 2.7 times higher in jelly than in pulp. The ${\alpha}$-carotene content was highest in both pulp and jelly for all the cultivar, and the lycopene and ${\beta}$-carotene contents were lowest regardless of parts for cultivar Yellow Carol. ${\alpha}$ carotene was not detected in either pulp or jelly. The lycopene, ${\beta}$-carotene, and ${\alpha}$-carotene contents showed significant difference among processed tomato products, and the difference came mainly from the type of processing and additives. Tomatoes have superior characteristics, but they are usually consumed uncooked in Korea. Thus, this study aimed to contribute to the various forms of consumption of tomatoes, that is, the development of various nutritionally excellent cooking methods using processed tomato products.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.310-314
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• 1980

Some minor carotenoid pigments, luteints, lutein monoester, torulene, $\gamma$-carotene, and 5,6-monoepoxy-$\alpha$-carotene-like have been separated and identified from the abdominal skin of Bombina Orientalis. Their structures have been established through the physical and chemical properties, VIS-UV and IR spectral characteristics, and chromatographic behaviors.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.414-419
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• 1995

${\beta}-carotene$ was extracted from freeze-dried carrot by supercritical carbon dioxide $(SC-CO_2)$ and mixtures of $CO_2$ doped with ethanol or methanol as a cosolvent at temperatures of 40 to $60^{\circ}C$ and pressures of 138 to 276 bar. Solubility of ${\beta}-carotene$ in $SC-CO_2$ increased with the increase of extraction pressure and the decrease of extraction temperature. The highest solubility observed was $4.90\;{\mu}g/g\;CO_2\;for\;{\alpha}-carotene\;and\;0.604\;{\mu}g/g\;CO_2$ for ${\alpha}-carotene\;at\;40^{\circ}C$ and 276 bar. Addition of ethanol increased the solubility being the largest increase of 82% using a mixture of $CO_2$ and 17.4% ethanol. $SC-CO_2$ extraction can be used to selectively obtain natural carotenoids, free of solvent residuals, which can be used as food additives.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.17-21
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• 2000

Carotenoids in commercial green-yellow vegetables(carrot, mugwort, perilla leaf, leek and water dropwort) were analyzed by HPLC. Carotenoids detected were lutein, ${\alpha}$-carotene, and ${\beta}$-carotene. ${\beta}$-Carotene and lutein were detected in every sample analyzed, but ${\alpha}$-carotene could only be detected in carrot. Blanching vegetables in 3% saline increased the content of carotenoids, however, the components of carotenoids were not changed. This result suggests that blanching increases the amount of available carotenoids.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.368-372
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• 1974

Dark red extract of abdominal skin of Bombina Orientalis was separated and purified with TLC, PLC(preparative thin layer chromatography) and column chromatography. Through the physical and chemical properties, visible and infrared spectral characteristics the third major pigment was identified as ${\alpha}$-cryptoxanthin(3-hydoroxy-${\alpha}$-carotene)

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.23-28
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• 1992

Starch solid model system was employed to investigate the effect of lipoxygenase, ${\beta}-carotene$, ${\alpha}-tocopherol$ and water activity on the oxidation of linoleic acid. The rate of oxidation of linoleic acid by lipoxygenase was increased with the increase in water activity, Addition of ${\beta}-carotene$ and ${\alpha}-tocopherol$ to this system has been shown to inhibit the oxidation of linoleic acid and ${\alpha}-tocopherol$ was more effective antioxidant than ${\beta}-carotene$. However, an increase in the concentration of ${\beta}-carotene$ was found to have a strong antioxidant effect in the solid model system. And also the antioxidative action of ${\beta}-carotene$ was increased with increasing water activity in this system.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.270-284
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• 1997

Effects of dietary carotenoids were investigated on the metaboβsm and body pigmentation of rainbow trout(Salmo gairdneri), masu salmon(Oncorhynchus macrostomos), eel(Anguilla japonica), rock fish(Sebastes inermis) and black rock fish(Sebastes schlegeli). Three weeks later after depletion, these fishes were fed diet supplemented with ${\beta}-carotene$, lutein, canthaxanthin', astaxanthin or ${\beta}-apo-8'-carotenal$ for 4 to 5 weeks, respectively. Carotenoids distributed to and changed in integument were analyzed. In the integument of rainbow trout. zeaxanthin, ${\beta}-carotene$ and canthaxanthin were found to be the major carotenoids, while lutein, isocryptoxanthin and salmoxanthin were the minor carotenoids. In the integument of masu salmon, zeaxanthin was found to be the major carotenoids, while triol, lutein, tunaxanthin, ${\beta}-carotene$, ${\beta}-cryptoxanthin$ and canthaxanthin were the minor carotenoids. In the integument of eel, ${\beta}-carotene$ was found to be the major carotenoids, while lutein, zeaxanthin and ${\beta}-cryptoxanthin$ were the minor carotenoids. In the integument of rock fish, zeaxanthin, ${\beta}-carotene$, tunaxanthin$(A{\sim}C)$ and lutein were found to be the major carotenoids, while ${\beta}-cryptoxanthin$, ${\alpha}-cryptoxanthin$ and astaxanthin were the minor carotenoids. Likely in the integument of black rock fish, ${\beta}-carotene$, astaxanthin and zeaxanthin were found to be the major carotenoids, whereas ${\alpha}-cryptoxanthin$, ${\beta}-cryptoxanthin$, lutein and canthaxanthin were the minor contributor. The efficacy of body pigmentation by the accumulation of carotenoids in the integument of rainbow trout and masu salmon were the most effectively shown in the canthaxanthin group and of eel, rock fish and black rock fish were the most effectively shown in the lutein group. Based on these results in the integument of each fish, dietary carotenoids were presumably biotransformed via oxidative and reductive pathways. In the rainbow trout, ${\beta}-carotene$ was oxidized to astaxanthin via successively isocryptoxanthin, echinenone and canthaxanthin. Lutein was oxidized to canthaxanthin. Canthaxanthin was reduced to ${\beta}-carotene$ via isozeaxanthin, and astaxanthin was reduced to zeaxanthin via triol. In the masu salmon, ${\beta}-carotene$ was oxidized to zeaxanthin. Lutein was reduced to zeaxanthin via tunaxanthin. Canthaxanthin was reduced to zeaxanthin via ${\beta}-carotene$. and astaxanthin was reduced to zeaxanthin via triol. In the eel, ${\beta}-carotene$ and lutein were directly deposited but canthaxanthin was reduced to ${\beta}-carotene$, and cholesterol lowering effect by Meju supplementation might be resulted from the modulation of fecal axanthin, astaxanthin and ${\beta}-apo-8'-carotenal$ were oxidized and reduced to tunaxanthin via zeaxanthin. In the black roch fish, ${\beta}-carotene$ was oxidized to ${\beta}-cryptoxanthin$. Lutein was reduced to ${\beta}-carotene$ via ${\alpha}-cryptoxanthin$. Canthaxanthin was reduced to ${\alpha}-cryptoxanthin$ via successively ${\beta}-cryptoxanthin$ and zeaxanthin. Astaxanthin converted to tunaxanthin via isocryptoxanthin and zeaxanthin, and ${\beta}-apo-8'-carotenal$ was reduced to ${\alpha}-cryptoxanthin$ via ${\beta}-cryptoxanthin$ and zeaxanthin.

• Plant Resources
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.33-37
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• 1998

Carotenoid compounds in embryos of wild-type(WT) and viviparous mutants of maize(Zea mays L.) were analyzed using high performance liquid ehromatography (HPLC) with a photodiode array detector. Zeaxanthin accumulates in WT embryos as the major carotenoid. Phytoene accumulates in vp2 and vp5. Phytofluene in w3 and ${\xi}$-carotene in the vp9 mutant embryos. This indicates that the vp2 and vp5 mutants impair phytoene desaturase from 15-cis-phytoene to 15-cis-phytofluene. The w3 mutant has neither an isomerase from 15-cis-phytofluene to all-trans-phytofuene nor phytofluene desaturase from phytofluene to ${\xi}$-carotene. The vp9 mutant does not have the ${\xi}$-carotene desaturase from ${\xi}$-carotene to lycopene. Our analysis shows that the terminal carotenoid. ${\gamma}$-carotene(${\beta},{\Psi}$-carotene), accumulates in the vp7 mutant embryos. The ${\varepsilon}$-carotene(${\varepsilon},{\varepsilon}$-carotene), a product of ${\delta}$-carotene(${\varepsilon},{\Psi}$-carotene) in some plants, however, has not been found in maize embryos. The vp7 mutant impairs a cyclization step from ${\gamma}$-carotene to both ${\beta}$-carotene and ${\alpha}$-carotene. We suggest that monocyclic ${\gamma}$-carotene is the sole precursor of both bicyclic ${\beta}$-carotene(${\beta},{\beta}$-carotene) and ${\alpha}$-carotene(${\beta},{\varepsilon}$-carotene) in maize.