• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.190-198
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• 1981

In contrast with pmr (only multiplets at ${\delta}6.6$∼7.8 ppm) spectrum of triphenyl-9-thioxanthenylphosphonium perchlorate and tri-o-methoxyphenyl-9-thioxanthenylphosphonium perchlorate, tri-n-butyl-9-thioxanthenylphosphonium perchlorate and tribenzyl-9-thioxanthenylphosphonium perchlorate showed a doublet at ${\delta}5.58$ and 5.70ppm, respectively, assigned to a methine proton. This value is slightly larger than the corresponding values (${\delta}5.05$~5.30) of 9-arylthioxanthenes but clearly differentiated from those of aromatic protons. This result implys that the downfield shift of a methine proton of triaryl-9-thioxanthenylphosphonium perchlorate is not due to inductive effects of an electron deficient phosphorus atom but paramagnetic deshielding effects by three aryl groups on phosphorus.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.156-162
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• 1975

Rates of reactions of methanesulfonyl chloride with various substituted anilines have been measured in methanol. Substituent effects in aniline are found to be linearly correlated with pKa(Bronsted relation with ${\beta}$ = 0.84) and ${\rho}$(Hammett equation with ${\rho}$ = -2.46) respectively. The results are interpreted in terms of degree of bond-formation at the transition state, which was found to have progressed relatively further. The rates for o-methylaniline deviated from the Bronsted plot established by meta and para substituted anilines because of a steric effect of ortho position in aniline. Activation parameters, ${\Delta}H^{\neq}$ and ${\Delta}S^{\neq}$ have also been determined. The enthalpy of activation showed a regular variation in that electron donating substituents in the p-substituted aniline decrease ${\Delta}H^{\neq}$ and increase the negative value of ${\Delta}S^{\neq}$.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.172-175
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• 2008

Stable isotope ratio of carbon and nitrogen ($\delta^{13}C$ & $\delta^{15}N$), and $\Delta^{9}$-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) contents were measured on 37 Korean cannabis and 10 commercial grade marijuana seized in Korea. Factors influencing on the measured values and their variations were investigated. $\delta^{13}C$ value of cannabis is specified mainly by water availability. Korean cannabis showed relatively low $\delta^{13}C$ values ranging -33.29$\sim$-27.01% (mean=-31.01%), which reflect geographic conditions of Korea where is rainy, especially during summer. $\delta^{15}N$ values, which reflect individual planting conditions, were relatively high up to -0.5$\sim$18.0% (mean=6.44%). It reflects characteristics of Korean cannabis growing wild in forest or cultivated in fertile soil. Tetrahydrocannabinol is the major hallucinogenic compound of cannabis. Ethanol extracts of cannabis leaves were derivatized by N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA), and the derivatives were analyzed by GC-MS in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. THC contents of Korean cannabis ranged 0.11$\sim$4.34% (mean=1.47%), which were relatively low compared with commercial grade marijuana.

• Progress in Superconductivity
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1999

The magnetization and/or resistivity of high $T_c$ superconductors ($YBa_2Cu_3O_{7-\delta}$(YBCO) single crystal, $Bi_2Sr_2CaCu_2O_8$ (Bi-2212) single crystal, $Tl_2Ba_2CaCu_2O_8$ (Tl-2212) film, $HgBa_2Ca_2Cu_3O_8$ (Hg-1223) film) have been measured as a function of magnetic field H and temperature T. The extracted fluctuation part of the magnetization and conductivity exhibits a critical behavior consistent with the three-dimensional XY model. The dynamic critical exponent z does not sensitively vary with a type of the superconductors. The value of z ranges from 1.5 to $1.8{\pm}0.1$. However, the static critical exponent ${\nu}$ is the most largely increased in Tl-2212 that has a weaker interlayer coupling strength than YBCO; the value of ${\nu}$ is 0.669, 0.909, 1.19, and 1.338 for YBCO, Bi-2212, Hg-1223, and Tl-2212 respectively. The results indicate that the weak interlayer coupling along the c-axis of high $T_c$ superconductors near $T_c$ does not influence the dynamic critical exponent z (the same value of superfluid $^4He$), but significantly increases the static critical exponent ${\nu}$.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.37-44
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• 2023

Transition metal (Me = Cu, Fe, Ni) doped (Pr, Ba)Co₂O_5+𝛿 (PBCO) material were investigated in terms of electronic structure change and electrochemical properties. It was confirmed that (Pr, Ba)(Co, Cu)O_5+𝛿 (PBCCu) and (Pr, Ba)(Co, Fe)O_5+𝛿 (PBCFe) showed cubic and orthorhombic structures, respectively, but (Pr, Ba)(Co, Ni)O_5+𝛿 (PBCNi) showed secondary phases. PBCCu has an average particle diameter of 1093 nm, and PBCO and PBCFe have an average particle diameter of 495.1 nm and 728 nm, respectively. The average oxidation values of B site ions in PBCMe were calculated to be 3.26 (PBCO), 2.48 (PBCCu), 3.32 (PBCFe), and valence band maximum (VBM) was -0.42 eV (PBCO), -0.58 eV (PBCCu), -0.11 eV (PBCFe). It is expected that PBCCu easily interacts with adsorbed oxygen due to the lowest oxidation value and the highest VBM. The polarization resistance was 0.91 Ω cm² (PBCO), 0.77 Ω cm² (PBCCu), 1.06 Ω cm² (PBCFe) at 600℃, showing the lowest polarization resistance of PBCCu.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.155-159
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• 2010

0.96$(Na_{0.5}K_{0.5})NbO_3$-0.04$(Ba_{(1-x)}Sr_x)TiO_3$ lead free piezoelectric ceramics were synthesized to enhance the piezoelectric properties of (Na,K)$NbO_3$. The systhesis and sintering method were the conventional solid state reaction method and general sintering method in air atmosphere. The polymorphic phase transition(PPT) was observed at all composition(0 $\leq$ x $\leq$ 0.05) when $(Ba_{(1-x)}Sr_x)TiO_3$ were added in the $(Na_{0.5}K_{0.5})NbO_3$. As Sr concentration was increased, grain size, dielectric loss(tan$\delta$) and mechanical quality factor($Q_m$) were decreased and piezoelectric constant($d_{33}$) and electromechanical coupling factor($k_p$) were increased within a limited value. The optimized piezoelectric and properties, $d_{33}$, $k_p$, $Q_m$, and tand, of 0.96$(Na_{0.5}K_{0.5})NbO_3$-0.04$(Ba_{(1-x)}Sr_x)TiO_3$ were 139 pC/N, 0.31 %, 95, 0.04 at the composition of x=0.04.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.85-98
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• 2011

Objectives : The aim of this thesis is to examine the effect of acupuncture treatment at the GB37 on normal humans by using the power spectral analysis of the EEG. Methods : EEG (Electroencephalogram) power spectrum exhibits site-specific and state-related differences in specific frequency bands. In this thesis, the power spectrum was measured by the complexity. the 32 channels EEG study was carried out in the 13 subjects (12 males ; age=22.58 years old, 1 females ; 22 years old). Results : In the ${\alpha}$ (alpha) band, the power values at F7, F3, F4, F8, FTC2, C4, T4, CP1, CP2, TCP2, TT2, Pz, P4, Po1, Po2, O1, Oz, O2 channels (p<0.05) during the GB37-acupoint treatment were significantly changed. And in many channels were decreased. In the ${\beta}$ (beta) band, the power values at Cz, C4, T4, Tcp1, T6, Po1, O1, Oz, O2 channels (p<0.05) during the GB37-acupoint treatment were significantly changed. And in many channels were decreased. In the ${\delta}$(delta) band, the power values at Fp1, TT2 channels (p<0.05) during the GB37-acupoint treatment were significantly changed. And in many channels were decreased. In the $\theta$ (theta) band, the power values at Fp1, F8, FTC2, Pz channels (p<0.05) during the GB37-acupoint treatment were significantly changed. And in many channels were decreased. Conclusions : This results suggest that the acupuncture treatment at the GB37 significantly mostly change the power spectrum value on the alpha (18 channels), beta (9 channels) bands.

• Progress in Superconductivity
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.92-96
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• 2005

YBCO thin films on metal substrates were prepared by the metal-organic deposition using trifluoroacetates (TFA-MOD). To compensate the loss of Ba element from the precursor films due to the reaction with $CeO_2$ cap layer, we have employed Ba-excessive precursor solutions of $YBa_{2+x}Cu_{3}O_{7-{\delta}}$ ($0{\le}x{\le}0.1$). The precursor solutions were dip-coated on the metal substrates with $CeO_2$ cap layer, initially heated up to $400^{\circ}C$, and finally fired at the various high temperatures for 2 h in a reduced oxygen atmosphere. With this approach, YBCO films possessing critical temperature over 85 K could be successfully prepared on the metal substrates. The highest $T_{c,zero}$ value of 86 K was obtained from the Ba-excessive YBCO film of x=0.005 in $YBa_{2+x}Cu_{3}O_{7-{\delta}}$ fired at $750^{\circ}C$ for 2 h. However, unexpected $T_c$ suppression even in Ba-excessive YBCO samples requires further identification.

• Progress in Superconductivity and Cryogenics
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.6-11
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• 2011

The $BaHfO_3$ (BHO) buffer layer on the IBAD MgO template was turned to be effective for a successful fabrication of $GdBa_2Cu_3O_{7-{\delta}}$ (GdBCO) films with high critical current density ($J_c$). Both the BHO buffer layers and GdBCO films were prepared by pulsed laser deposition (PLD). The effects of the PLD conditions, including substrate temperature ($T_s$), oxygen partial pressure ($PO_2$), and deposition time on the in-plane texture, surface roughness, and microstructures of the BHO buffer layers on the IBAD MgO template were systematically studied for processing optimization. The c-axis oriented growth of BHO layers was insensitive to the deposition temperature and the film thickness, while the in-plane texture and surface roughness of those were improved with increasing $T_s$ from 700 to $800^{\circ}C$. On the optimally processed BHO buffer layer, the highest $J_c$ value (77 K, self-field) of 3.68 $MA/cm^2$ could be obtained from GdBCO film deposited at $780^{\circ}C$, representing that BHO is a strong candidate for the buffer layer on the IBAD MgO template.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.176-183
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• 2011

The electrochemical characteristics from various particle sizes of $Ce_{0.9}Gd_{0.1}O_{2-{\delta}}$ (CGO91) in composite cathode comprised of the samarium-strontium doped layered perovskite ($SmBa_{0.5}Sr_{0.5}Co_2O_{5+{\delta}}$) and CGO91 have been investigated for possible application as a cathode material for an intermediate temperature-operating solid oxide fuel cell (IT-SOFC). The area specific resistances (ASRs) of composite cathodes with CGO91 having smaller particle size ($0.4\sim42{\mu}m$) and SBSCO of 1 : 1 ratio (50wt% SBSCO and 50 wt% CGO91, SBSCO: 50) give the lowest ASR of $0.10{\mu}cm^2$ at $600^{\circ}C$ and $0.013{\Omega}cm^2$ at $700^{\circ}C$. However, composite cathodes with having relatively bigger CGO91 particle size show the two times higher ASR results than those of SBSCO : 50. From the 10 times thermal cycles in SBSCO : 50, the ASRs of SBSCO : 50 increased from $0.0193{\Omega}cm^2$ to $0.094{\Omega}cm^2$ at $700^{\circ}C$, however, the ASR value was maintained after 7 times of thermal cycling.