• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.179-188
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• 1994

This study was conducted to investigate the distribution of potassium fractions and to establish the soil chemical indices for assessing potassium availability in upland soil. Soil samples were collected from 66 vegetable crop fields of Chungbuk Jungweon, Jeonbuk Imsil and Kyengbuk Euiseong and these samples were analyzed water soluble(W. S. -K), exchangeable(Exch. -K) and nonexchangeable potassium(Nonex. -K). The distribution of potassium fractions was examined for soils having different physico-chemical properties and compared with the soil parameters related to the potassium availability. 1. The distribution ranges of W.S.-K, Exch.-K and Nonex.-K were 0.07~1.42, 0.27~2.30, and 0.84~4.74me/100g, and average contents of relevent fractions were 0.40, 1.03 and 2.37me/100g respectively. 2. Contents of W.S.-K and Exch.-K were decreased with increasing soil pH, CEC, Exch. Ca and Exch. Mg contents but Nonex. -K showed a low correlationship with these factors. 3. Exch.-K content slightly inereased with increasing clay content, while W.S.-K and Nonex. -K contents were grandually decreased with clay contents. 4. The relationship between W.S.-K and Exch.-K was significant and W.S.-K was released from soil at 0.23me/100g content of Exch.-K 5. Contents of W.S-K and Exch.-K showed high correlationship with soil chemical parameters such as ratio of exchangeable cations(K/Ca+Mg), ratio of exchangeable cation equivalent[$K/{\sqrt{Ca+Mg}}:(me/100g)^{1/2}$], potassium exchangeable free energy(${\Delta}F=RT$ 1n $K/{\sqrt{Ca+Mg}}$ : calories/mole) and saturation percentage of potassium($Exch.K/CEC{\times}100$), and these factors were considered to be good parameters for assessing soil potassium availability.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.109-121
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• 1995

The hydrothermal vein type deposits which comprise the Kasihan, Jompong and Gempol mineralized areas are primarily copper and zinc deposits, but they are also associated with lead and/or gold mineralization. The deposits occur within the Tertiary sedimentary and volcanic rocks in the Southern Mountain zone of the eastern Java island, Indonesia. Mineralization can be separated into two or three distinct stages (pre-and/or post- ore mineralization stages and main ore mineralization stage) which took place mainly along pre-existing fault breccia zones. The main phase of mineralization (the main ore stage) can be usually classified into three substages (early, middle and late) according to ore mineral assemblages, paragenesis, textures and their chemical compositions. Ore mineralogy and paragenesis of the three areas in the district are different from each other. Pyrite, pyrrhotite (/arsenopyrite), iron-rich (up to 20.5 mole % FeS) sphalerite and (Cu-)Pb-Bi sulfosalts are characteristic of the deposits in the Kasihan (/Jompong) area. On the other hand, pyrite + hematite + magnetite + iron-poor (2.7 to 3.6 mole % FeS) sphalerite assemblage is restricted to the Gempol area. Fluid inclusion data suggest that fluids of the main ore stage evolved from initial high temperatures (near $350^{\circ}C$) to later lower temperatures (near $200^{\circ}C$) with salinities ranging from 0.8 to 10.1 equiv. wt. percent NaCl. Each area represents a separate hydrothermal system: the mineralization at Kasihan and Jompong were largely due to early fluid boiling coupled with later cooling and dilution, whereas the mineralization at Gempol was mainly resulted from cooling and dilution by an influx of cooler meteoric waters. Fluid inclusion evidence of boiling indicates that pressures of ${\geq}95$ to 255 bars (${\geq}95$ bars for the Gempol area: $\approx$ 120 to 170 bars for the Jompong area: $\approx$ 140 to 255 bars for the Kasihan area) during portions of main ore stage mineralization. Equilibrium thermodynamic interpretation indicates that the evolution trends of the temperature versus fS2 variation of ore stage fluids in the Pacitan district follow two fashions: ore fluids at Kasihan and Jompong changed from the pyrite-pyrrhotite sulfidation stage towards pyritehematite- magnetite state, whereas those at Gempol evolved nearly along pyrite-hematite-magnetite reaction curve with decreasing temperature. The sulfur isotope compositions of sulfide minerals are consistent with an igneous source of sulfur with a ${\delta}^{34}S_{{\Sigma}s}$ value of about 3.3 per mil. The oxygen and hydrogen isotopic compositions of the fluids in each area indicate a progressive shift from the dominance of highly exchanged meteoric water at early hydrothermal systems towards an un- or less-exchanged meteoric water at later hydrothermal systems.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.209-215
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• 1990

Some preliminary studies were conducted to find out whether the levee-burning could justifiable for the suppression of insect pests, particularly the smaller brown planthopper (Laodelphax striatellus F.). Density surveys on pests and their enemies (mostly spiders) were carried out upto the mid May at an experimental paddy field located in Suwon after of it's levee $(72\times1m)$ was burned on Feb. 20, 1987. Results were discussed in relation to density recovering of both pests and their possible enemies (spiders) and summarized as below. Not a single individual of any pest or enemy was found from the levee upto sometime after the levee-burning. Grasses started to grow more vigorously in burned ares than in unburned upto about 60 days after the burning. And densities of both pest and enemies grew higher in burned areas than in unburned from about 75 days after the burning (in Early may). It is suspected that all individuals of pests and enemies fond from the burned areas could have immigrated from the surrounding areas. If levee-burning was carried out in much wider areas, much longer time would be needed to recover the density of both pests and enemies to the center region of the burning. Wingless spiders would require even longer time than winged pest species to re-establish in the center region of the widely burned field. Pirata subpiraticus, the most abundant spider species in Korean paddy fields, starts to move about and searches for food at above $9^{\circ}C$ which is somewhat lower than the critical temperature for the pest species. Thus P. subpiraticus would require more food than other pest species early in the spring, and therefore, it would have lower probability to survive than pest species particularly in burned areas. Experiments for pest suppression with levee-burning would better be carried on in much wider areas, and its justification seems to be discussed after man other disciplines related to both pests and their natural enemies were throughly studied together with their density surveys. However, according to the present point of vie, the opinion that levee-burning is helpful for controlling pests which over winter on levee areas could not be justifiable.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.389-398
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• 2013

Platycodin D is a major constituent of triterpene saponins, which is found in the root of Platycodon grandiflorum, Platycodi Radix, which is widely used in traditional Oriental medicine for the treatment of many chronic inflammatory diseases. Several pharmacological effects of this compound have been reported recently, such as anti-inflammation, immunogenicity, anti-adipogenesis, lowered cholesterol, and anti-cancer activity. However, the mechanism by which this action occurs is poorly understood. In this study, we found that platycodin D greatly increased the potential of the anti-proliferative effect in various cancer cell lines. Our data revealed that platycodin D treatment resulted in a time- and concentration-response growth inhibition of U937 cells by inducing apoptosis, as evidenced by the formation of apoptotic bodies, chromatin condensation, and the accumulation of cells in the sub-G1 phase. Apoptosis induction of U937 cells by platycodin D correlated with an increase in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and caused the down-regulation of IAP family members. In addition, platycodin D treatment resulted in proteolytic activation of caspase-3, the concomitant degradation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases, and the collapse of the mitochondria membrane potential (${\Delta}{\Psi}_m$). However, the cytotoxic effects induced by platycodin D treatment were significantly inhibited by z-DEVD-fmk, a caspase-3 inhibitor, which demonstrated the important role that caspase-3 played in the observed cytotoxic effect. These findings suggest that platycodin D may be a potential chemotherapeutic agent for use in the control of human leukemia U937 cells. These findings also provided important new insights into possible molecular mechanisms of the anti-cancer activity of platycodin D.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.373-382
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• 1984

Processing conditions of retort pouched fried mackerel fish meat paste and quality stability during storage were investigated. The reasonable amounts of added ingredients to the frozen mackerel meat paste were $10\%$ of corn starch, $1\%$ of soybean protein, $1.5\%$ of sodium chloride, $0.6\%$ of monosodium glutamate, $0.3\%$ of alcoholic extract of red pepper, and $0.1\%$ of sodium erythorbate as an antioxidant and also added water corresponding to $10\%$ of the frozen mackerel meat paste. After grinding the defrosted mackerel fish meat paste with ingredients, the meat paste was molded in bar type and fried in soybean oil at $170-180^{\circ}C$ for 3 minutes. The fried mackerel meat paste was cooled, vacuum-packed in laminated plastic film bag (polyester/polyvinylidene chloride/unoriented polypropylene : $12{\mu}m/15{\mu}/50{\mu}m,\;14{\times}19cm$) and finally sterilized at $120^{\circ}C$ for 20 minutes in a hot water circulating retort. The pH, volatile basic nitrogen, moisture content, water activity, color, thiobarbituric acid value, peroxide value, texture and viable bacterial count of products were examined during 100 days of storage at $25{\pm}3^{\circ}C\;and\;5^{\circ}C$. The results showed that products could be preserved in good condition for 100 days at $25{\pm}3^{\circ}C$. Judging from sensory evaluation, the quality of products was not inferior to that of market products.