• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.210-215
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• 2009

Background: Several studies have indicated that a nerve injury enhances the expression of the voltage-gated calcium channel ${\alpha}2{\delta}1$ subunit (Cav ${\alpha}2{\delta}1$) in sensory neurons and the dorsal spinal cord. This study examined whether NMDA receptor activation is essential for Cav ${\alpha}2{\delta}1$-mediated tactile allodynia in Cav ${\alpha}2{\delta}1$ overexpressing transgenic mice and L5/6 spinal nerve ligated rats (SNL). These two models show similar Cav ${\alpha}2{\delta}1$ upregulation and behavioral hypersensitivity, without and with the presence of other injury factors, respectively. Methods: The transgenic (TG) mice were generated as described elsewhere (Feng et al., 2000). The left L5/6 spinal nerves in the Harlan Sprague Dawley rats were ligated tightly (SNL) to induce neuropathic pain, as described by Kim et al. (1992). Memantine 2 mg/kg (10 ul) was injected directly into the L5/6 spinal region followed by $10{\mu}l$ saline. Tactile allodynia was tested for any mechanical hypersensitivity. Results: The tactile allodynia in the SNL rats could be reversed by an intrathecal injection of memantine 2 mg/kg at 1.5 hours. The tactile allodynia in the Cav ${\alpha}2{\delta}1$ over-expressing TG mice could be reversed by an intrathecal injection of memantine 2 mg/kg at 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 hours. Conclusions: The behavioral hypersensitivity was similar in the TG mice and nerve injury pain model, supporting the hypothesis that elevated Cav ${\alpha}2{\delta}1$ mediates similar pathways that underlie the pain states in both models. The selective activation of spinal NMDA receptors plays a key role in mediating the pain states in both the nerve-injury rats and TG mice.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.425-432
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the color differences that can exist between different brands of dentin porcelain having identical shade designations. The instrumental colorimetric technique was used to determine these differences. The three brands of dentin porcelain used were Vita VMK-68, Shofu Vintage, and Ceramco II. The three shades selected were the Vita Lumin shades A2, B2, and C2. The color difference values were compared with each other using $L^*,\;a^*,\;b^*$, three variables of the CIELAB color system, and ${\Delta}E$. The results of this study were as follows: 1 Corresponding shades of different brands of dentin porcelain produced different $L^*,\;a^*,\;b^*$ values. 2. The greatest ${\Delta}E$ value in corresponding shade was found to exist between Ceramco II and Shofu Vintage, followed by between Vita VMK-68 and Ceramco II, and then between Vita VMK-68 and Shofu Vintage. 3. The ${\Delta}E$ values in shade C2 were mainly influenced by ${\Delta}L^*$ value ; however none of ${\Delta}L^*,\;{\Delta}a^*,\;{\Delta}b^*$ values had greater influence on ${\Delta}E$ values than the others in shade A2, B2. 4. Shofu Vintage had the highest $b^*$ value, followed by Vita VMK-68, and then Ceramco II.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.561-573
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• 2023

Purpose: This study aimed to compare the long-term functional and patient-reported outcomes between intra-corporeal delta-shaped gastroduodenostomy and gastrojejunostomy after laparoscopic distal gastrectomy for gastric cancer. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed clinicopathological data from 616 patients who had undergone laparoscopic distal gastrectomy for stage I gastric cancer between January 2015 and September 2020. Among them, 232 patients who had undergone delta-shaped anastomosis and another 232 who had undergone Billroth II anastomosis were matched using propensity scores. Confounding variables included age, sex, body mass index, physical status classification, tumor location, and T classification. Postoperative complications, nutritional outcomes, endoscopic findings, and quality of life (QoL) were compared between the 2 groups. Results: No significant differences in postoperative complications or nutritional parameters between the two groups were observed. Annual endoscopic findings revealed more residual food and less bile reflux in the delta group (P<0.001) than in the Billroth II group. Changes of QoL were significantly different regarding emotional function, insomnia, diarrhea, reflux symptoms, and dry mouth (P=0.007, P=0.002, P=0.013, P=0.001, and P=0.03, respectively). Among them, the delta group had worse insomnia, reflux symptoms, and dry mouth within three months postoperatively. Conclusions: Long-term nutritional outcomes and QoL were comparable between the delta and Billroth II groups. However, more residual food and worse short-term QoL regarding insomnia, reflux symptoms, and dry mouth were observed in the delta group. Longer fasting time before endoscopic evaluation and short-term symptom management would have been helpful for the delta group.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.819-822
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• 2004

Protonation constants of calix[4]-cyclen-benzo-crown-6, L in 1X$10^{-2}$ M $Bu_4NCF_3SO_3$ in 40% $CH_2Cl_2/CH_3OH$ at $25^{\circ}C$ determined by potentiometric titration are log $K_1$ = 10.91, log $K_2$ = 10.30, log $K_3$ = 6.24 and log $K_4$ = 2.55. Stability constants for the receptor L complexes with Cu(II) and Zn(II) in 1X$10^{-2}$ M $Bu_4NCF_3SO_3$ in 40% $CH_2Cl_2/CH_3OH$ at $25^{\circ}C$ were determined by UV-VIS spectrometric titration. Stability constants of the CuL and ZnL complexes as log $\beta$ are 4.37 and 3.45, respectively. Stabilization energies for protonations of receptor L, derived from ab initio Hartree-Fock method with 6-31G basis set, are ${\Delta}E_1$ = -290.1, ${\Delta}E_2$ = -205.0, ${\Delta}E_3$ = -124.9 and ${\Delta}E_4$ = -26.9 kcal/mol and complexation energy of ZnL complex is -370.3 kcal/mol.

• 대한치과기공학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.247-253
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• 2014

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of colored zirconia with different coloring liquids. Methods: Total 30 specimens were prepared. Specimens were classified into 6 groups: IPS e.max Ceram(P), Uncolored zirconia(C), VITA In-Ceram$^{(R)}$2000 YZ LL1(L), Zirkonzahn coloring liquid(Z), Wieland coloring liquid(W), and Kuwotech coloring liquid(K). Four different types of zirconia coloring liquid, VITA In-Ceram$^{(R)}$ 2000 YZ LL1(VITA Zahnfabrik, Germany), Zirkonzahn coloring liquid(Zirkonzahn, Italy), Wieland coloring liquid(Wieland, Germany), Kuwotech coloring liquid(Kuwotech, Korea) were used to fabricate colored zirconia by using infiltrating method and then completely sintered. The color of the all specimens was measured using the spectrophotometer(CM-2600d, Konica Minolta, Japan) and expressed in terms of the 3-coordinated values(CIE $L^*a^*b^*$). Color differences were calculated using the equation $${\Delta}E^*=[({\Delta}L^*)^2+({\Delta}a^*)^2+({\Delta}b^*)^2]^{1/2}$$. Results: $L^*a^*b^*$ values of the colored zirconia were affected by the coloring liquids. The uncolored zirconia(C) group showed the highest $L^*$ value and zirkonzahn coloring liquid(Z) group showed the lowest $L^*$ value. Zirkonzahn coloring liquid(Z) showed the highest $a^*$ value and VITA In-Ceram 2000 YZ LL1(L) group showed the highest $b^*$ value. Generally, the color difference(${\Delta}E^*$) in all groups showed higher than 3.7 except between IPS e.max Ceram(P) and wieland coloring liquid(W) group. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, various coloring liquids influenced the $L^*$, $a^*$, and $b^*$ values of colored zirconia. IPS e.max Ceram(P) and wieland coloring liquid(W) group did not show clinically perceiving color difference.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.105-111
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• 1993

수용액내에서 란탄족 금속(III)이온과 광학 활성을 지닌 L-proline간의 안정도 상수(1:1)값들을 pH 적정 방법을 사용하여 이온강도 0.1M $NaClO_4$, 25$^{\circ}C$ 조건에서 구하였다. 안정도 상수값은 경란탄족과 중란탄족 금속 사이에 "gadolinium break" 현상을 나타내었으며, 리간드 산도와 안정도 상수값의 관계로 부터 L-proline이 두자리 리간드로 작용함을 알 수 있었다. 열역학적 함수값(${\Delta}H$, ${\Delta}S$)들을 같은 조건에서 엔탈피 적정 방법으로 구하였다. lanthanide(III)-L-proline 착물 형성은 흡열 반응 및 큰 엔트로피 변화량(${\Delta}S$)을 나타내었으며 엔트로피 변화량은 L-proline 고리의 견고성으로 인해 과량의 탈수 효과에 의한 것으로 판단되었다. lanthanide(III)-anthranilate 착물 형성의 열역학적 함수값과 비교하여 본 결과, L-proline의 헤테로 고리 질소 원자와 카르복실기가 결합에 참여하여 킬레이트를 형성하였으며, anthranilate와 L-proline착물의 엔탈피 변화량(${\Delta}H$) 차이는 두 리간드 내에 존재하는 질소 원자의 염기도 차이에 의한 것으로 판단되었다.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.305-310
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• 2011

This study was carried out to establish the optimum condition of cell disruption with a sonicator for the detection of the spore, Bacillus anthracis ${\Delta}$-sterne for the purpose of developing automatic fluorometer. The efficiency of sonication on the ${\Delta}$-sterne spore disruption was very weak. The ${\Delta}$-sterne spore with zirconia bead showed greater disruption than the ${\Delta}$-sterne spore alone when sonificated. The volumn of the zirconia bead added in the spore solution has little effect on the disruption efficiency. The detection limit of the ${\Delta}$-sterne spore with zirconia bead and the ${\Delta}$-sterne spore alone was $10^6$ CFU/mL and $5{\times}10^7$ CFU/mL respectively, when sample was sonicated for 20 seconds with a sonicator probe of 13 mm diameter.

• 한국감성과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국감성과학회 2001년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.1-4
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• 2001

본 연구에서는 실크 직물 7종의 마찰음을 녹음한 후, 색채 변환시켜 소리와 변환색채에 e한 감성을 평가함으로써 시각과 청각을 만족시킬 수 있는 의류소재 개발에 대한 기초자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 피험자 30명을 대상으로 소리와 변환색채를 차례로 제공한 후 감성을 평가하도록 하였다. 물리량은 소리의 경우 LPT, $\Delta$L, $\Delta$f, ARC를 색채의 경우 RP, GP, BP, CC를 계산하여 감성과의 관계를 조사하였다. 소리와 색채에 대한 감성차원으로는 '우아함', '활동감', '터프함'의 세요인이 도출되었다. 각 감성차원에 대한 소리와 색채 물리량과의 관계를 살펴보면, LPT와 $\Delta$L이 작을수록, 홍색비율이 크고 색채빈도수가 적을수록 우아함차원으로 평가하였으며, LPT와 $\Delta$L의 값이 클수록, 녹색비율이 크고 색채빈도수가 많을수록 활동감차원으로 평가하였다. 또한 ARC값이 작을수록, 홍색비율이 클수록 터프함차원으로 나타났다. 직물별 소리와 색채에 대한 선호도는 전통적인 수자직 직물이 가장 높게 나타났다.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제40권5호
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• pp.455-459
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• 2003

LPE(Liquid Phase Epitaxial)법을 이용하여 성장시킨 B $i_2$S $r_2$Ca(C $u_{1-x}$ N $i_{x}$ )$_2$ $O_{8+}$$\delta$/ 막(film)을 break junction 법을 이용하여 터널링 분광을 측정하였다. Ni 조성비 $\chi$$_{L}$의 증가에 따라 에너지 간격 2$\Delta$의 크기는 증가하였다. 에너지 간격 2$\Delta$(4.2 K)는 54.4~64 meV, 2$\Delta$/ $k_{B}$ $T_{c}$ $^{zero}$는 7.36~10.14로 BCS 이론에 의한 값 보다 큰 결과를 얻었다. 융액(melting solution) 속의 Ni 조성비 $\chi$$_{L}$의 증가에 따라, 임계온도 $T_{c}$ $^{zero}$와 격자상수 c-축의 길이는 감소하는 경향을 보였다.을 보였다.$^{zero}$와 격자상수 c-축의 길이는 감소하는 경향을 보였다.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.678-683
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• 2011

떫은감 분말 첨가 두부의 수율, 품질 및 저장성에 응고제의 종류(magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, calcium sulfate, glucono-${\delta}$-lactone)가 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. Glucono-${\delta}$-lactone으로 응고시킨 두부가 가장 높은 수율, hardness, chewness, crispness, overall acceptability 및 가장 낮은 L값, b값, pH, 침지저장액 탁도, 총균수를 보였다. Calcium sulfate와 calcium chloride으로 응고시킨 두부는 비교적 높은 L과 b값을 나타내었다. Magnesium chloride로 응고시킨 두부는 관능적 품질특성(firmness, taste, overall acceptability)이 glucono-${\delta}$-lactone 응고 두부와 상호 유의적인 차이가 없이 비교적 높게 평가되었다. 이러한 결과로써 glucono-${\delta}$-lactone과 magnesium chloride가 떫은감 분말 첨가 두부 제조에 적합한 응고제로 판단된다.