• Journal of Korean Vacuum Science & Technology
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.81-85
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• 2000

The effects of $NH_3$ flow rate and reactor pressure on Al composition and the interface of AlGaN/GaN heterostructure were studied. Equilibrium partial pressure of Ga and Al over AiGaN alloy was calculated as a function of growth pressure, $NH_3$flow rate and temperature. It was found equilbrium vapor pressure of Al is significantly lower than that of Ga, thus, the alloy composition mainly controlled by Ga partial pressure. We believe that more decomposition of Ga occur at lower $NH_3$ flow rate and higher growth pressure leads to preferred Al incorporation into AlGaN. The alloy composition gradient became larger at AlGaN/GaN heterointerface at higher reactor pressures, higher Al composition and low $NH_3$ flow rate. This composition gradient lowered sheet carrier concentration and electron mobility as well. We obtained an AlGaN/GaN heterostructure with sheet carrier density of ${\sim}2{\times}10^{13}cm^{-2}$ and mobility of 1250 and 5000 $cm^2$/Vs at 300 K and 100 K, respectively.

• Journal of Magnetics
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.13-15
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• 2000

We have investigated the finite temperature magnetic ordering in the quasi-two-dimensional Heisenberg antiferromagnetic system $(C_nH{2n+1}NH_3)_2MnCl_4$ with various chain lengths n. Our results far the transition temperatures and the exchange energies for long chain compounds are in marked contrast to previous expectations.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.543-550
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• 2009

The single-crystal structure of largely ammonium-exchanged zeolite Y dehydrated at room temperature (293 K) and 1 ${\times}\;10^{-6}$ Torr. has been determined using synchrotron X-radiation in the cubic space group $Fd\overline{3}m\;(a=24.9639(2)\AA)$ at 294 K. The structure was refined to the final error index $R_1$ = 0.0429 with 926 reflections where $F_o>4\sigma(F_o)$; the composition (best integers) was identified as |$(NH_4)_{60}Na_{11}$|[$Si_{121}Al_{71}O_{384}$]-FAU. The 11 $Na^{+}$ ions per unit cell were found at three different crystallographic sites and 60 ${NH_4}^{+}$ ions were distributed over three sites. The 3 $Na^{+}$ ions were located at site I, the center of the hexagonal prism ($Na-O\;=\;2.842(5)\;\AA\;and\;O-Na-O\;=\;85.98(12)^{\circ}$). The 4 $Na^{+}$ and 22 ${NH_4}^{+}$ ions were found at site I' in the sodalite cavity opposite the double 6-rings, respectively ($Na-O\;=\;2.53(13)\;\AA,\;O-Na-O\;=\;99.9(7)^{\circ},\;N-O\;=\;2.762(11)\;\AA,\;and\;O-N-O =\;89.1(5)^{\circ}$). About 4 $Na^{+}$ ions occupied site II ($(Na-O\;=\;2.40(4)\;\AA\;and\;O-Na-O\;=\;108.9(3)^{\circ}$) and 29 ${NH_4}^{+}$ ions occupy site II ($N-O\;=\;2.824(9)\;\AA\;and\;O-N-O\;=\;87.3(3)^{\circ}$) opposite to the single 6-rings in the supercage. The remaining 9 ${NH_4}^{+}$ ions were distributed over site III' ($N-O\;=\;2.55(3),\;2.725(13)\;\AA\;and\;O-N-O\;=\;94.1(13),\;62.16(15),\;155.7(14)^{\circ}$).

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.277-286
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• 1994

중질소(N-15)를 추적자로 사용하는 동위원소 희석법(isotope dilution technique)을 이용하여 수도를 pot 재배하면서 중질소로 표지된 요소를 15kg N/10a(관행구)와 30kg N/10a(배비구) 수준으로 사용한 후 토양과 수도체의 중질소함량을 안정동위원소비 질량분석기로 분석하여 사용한 요소로부터 유래하는 질소의 수지(balance)를 계산하였다. 수도체 중 시용한 요소로부터 유래하는 질소가 차지하는 비율(NDFF)은 관행구에서 평균 64%, 배비구에서 평균 89%로서 배비구가 높았으나, 수도체에 의한 시용된 요소의 회수율은 관행구와 배비구가 각각 65.5와 54.2%로서 시용된 요소의 효율은 관행구가 높았다. 시용된 요소 중 토양에 무기태 질소의 형태로 남아있는 잔류율은 관행구과 배비구에서 수도를 재배하지 않은 경우 각각 $13.5%(NH_4-N\;5.53%,\;NO_3-N\;7.99%)$와 $16.5%(NH_4-N\;7.49%,\;NO_3-N\;8.98%)$이고, 수도를 재배한 경우 각각 $2.0%(NH_4-N\;0.63%,\;NO_3-N\;1.32%)$와 $2.3%(NH_4-N\;0.87%,\;NO_3-N\;1.40%)$로서 수도를 수확한 직후의 토양에서 관행구와 배비구 모두 시용된 요소는 $NH_4-N$의 형태보다는 $NO_3-N$의 형태로서의 잔류율이 높았다. 시용된 요소 중 토양에 유기태 질소의 형태로 남아있는 잔류율은 수도를 재배한 경우에는 관행구와 배비구가 각각 23.65와 26.93%로서 비슷하였으나, 수도를 재배하지 않은 경우에는 각각 64.98과 41.83%로서 큰 차이가 있었다. 수도체와 토양에 의한 시용된 요소의 전체 회수율은 수도를 재배하지 않은 경우 관행구 78.5%, 배비구 58.3%이고, 수도를 재배한 경우 관행구 91.1%, 배비구 83.4%로서 시용된 요소의 전체 회수율은 관행구가 높았다.

• 폴리머
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.239-245
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• 2008

Block copolymers of the general formula $[(-CO-R'-CO-HN-Ar-NH-CO-R'-CO)_xNH(CH_2)_3-(Me_2SiO)_y(CH_2)_3NH_2]_n$, [n=18.00 to 1175.0] where $R'=CH_2CH(CH_2GeCl_3)$;$CH_2CHGeCl_3CH_2$; and $Ar=-C_6H_4$;$-(o.CH_3C_6H_4)_2$;$-o.CH_3OC_6H_4)_2$;$-(o.CH_3C_6H_4)$ were prepared by a polycondensation reaction of polyamide containing a pendant trichlorogermyl group and terminal acid chloride $Cl(-CO-R'-CO-NH-Ar-NH-CO-R'-CO-)_xCl$ with aminopropyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane $H_2N(CH_2)_3(Me_2SiO)_y-(CH_2)_3NH_2]$, (PDMS). These polymers were characterized by elemental analysis, $T_g$, FT-IR, $^1H$-NMR, solid state $^{13}C$-NMR, and molecular weight determination. The thermal stability of these copolymers was examined using thermal analysis techniques, such as TGA and DSC. Their molecular weights as determined by laser light scattering technique ranged $5.13{\times}10^5$ to $331{\times}10^5\;g/mol$. These polymers display their $T_g$ in the range of 337 to $393^{\circ}C$ with an average decomposition temperature at $582^{\circ}C$.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.77-82
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• 2007

질소비료로부터 암모니아의 휘산은 자연적으로 존재하는 모든 토양에서 일어나는 질소 손실의 주된 기작이다. 암모니아 휘산은 다양한 토양과 환경의 조건 및 비료관리 방안에 의해 영향을 받는다. 질소비료 의존도가 높은 채소들도 휘산된 암모니아 가스에 의해 피해를 받는 사례가 종종 보고되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 표토에 시용된 요소비료로부터 암모니아 휘산량을 측정하였고, 이에 미치는 요소비료 시용량, 관개시기, 및 온도 등의 비료관리요인들의 영향을 조사했다. 암모니아 휘산은 요소를 시용한 뒤 약 3일 후에 시작되었으며, 약 2주 후에 최대에 도달하였다. 17일 후, 휘산된 암모니아태 질소의 양은 200, 400, $600kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$ 의 시용량에서 각각 3.0, 4.4, 그리고 8.0 kg 이었다. 이들 휘산량은 시용된 질소가 15.0, 10.9, 및 13.0% 가 손실된 것과 상응한다. 온도가 5, 8, 22, $28^{\circ}C$ 일때 휘산된 질소의 양은 각각 5, 21, 75, $87kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$ 이였다. 요소비료를 시용한 뒤 0, 5, 10 mm의 물을 관개한 경우, 휘산된 질소의 양은 각각 21.3, 21.2, $16.6kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$ 이었다. 한편, 요소를 시용한 후 5 mm를 관수한 경우의 질소 휘산량은 $10.44kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$ 로 감소하였다. 그러므로 요소비료를 권장량을 표토와 혼합, 온도가 낮을 때 그리고 요소비료를 시용후 즉시 관개하는 방안이 암모니아 휘산에 의한 질소 손실을 최소화 하는 비료관리 방안이었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권7호
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• pp.941-947
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• 2000

Three fistulated Malaysian local bulls were used in a $3{\times}3$ Latin square design to determine the effects of different levels of concentrate with oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) frond (OPF) on rumen pH and $NH_3$-N concentration, and DM degradability of different fractions of OPF. Three diets namely, 60% OPF pellet and 40% concentrate (Diet 1), 50% OPF pellet and 50% concentrate (Diet 2) and 40% OPF pellets and 60% concentrate (Diet 3) were used. The levels of concentrate in the diets affected rumen pH and $NH_3$-N concentration. The pH and $NH_3$-N concentration almost in all hourly samples did not show any difference (p>0.05) among the diets except the 6 h and 9 h samples. The highest (p<0.01) $NH_3$-N concentration was obtained on Diet 3 followed by Diet 2 and Diet 1, but there was a slightly higher (p>0.05) pH on Diet 1. The $NH_3$-N concentrations of rumen liquor at 9 h sampling on Diet 1 and Diet 2 were below the critical level (50 mg/liter) required for efficient fermentation of fibrous feeds. The in sacco DM degradation of different fractions of OPF was affected by diets. The DM degradation of fractions of OPF was higher on Diet 3, which showed differences (p<0.01) with the other diets. It was found that a higher level of concentrate (60%) with OPF gave a higher rumen $NH_3$-N concentration that increased the DM degradation of OPF fractions. The results showed that OPF could support an efficient rumen function in terms of $NH_3$-N concentration and pH when ${\leq}50%$ in the diet. A higher level of OPF (>50%) does not support an efficient rumen fermentation in terms of $NH_3$-N concentration, and resulted in lower DM degradation values of the fractions. The results suggested that there is a need to supplement additional nitrogen to OPF based diets.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권10호
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• pp.1500-1506
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• 2017

Objective: High $NH_3$ emissions from poultry houses are reported to have negative impacts on health, welfare and safety of birds and humans, and on the environment. Objective of the present study was to determine the effects of two litter amendments on the $NH_3$ levels in broiler closed houses under hot-humid conditions. Methods: Giving a completely randomize design, nine closed houses, each housed 32,500 birds on paddy husk litter, were randomly allocated into two treatment (Mizuho; a bacterial culture mix and Rydall OE; an enzymatic biocatalyst) and control groups. $NH_3$ levels were determined thrice a day (0600, 1200, and 1800 h), at three heights from the litter surface (30, 90, and 150 cm), at 20 predetermined locations of a house, from day 1 to 41. Results: Rydall significantly reduced the $NH_3$ level compared to control and Mizuho. $NH_3$ levels at 30 cm were significantly higher than that of 90 and 150 cm. The $NH_3$ levels at 30 cm height were higher than 25 ppm level from day 9, 11, and 13 in Mizuho, control, and Rydall groups, respectively to day 41. $NH_3$ levels at 150 cm height were higher than maximum threshold limit of 50 ppm for human exposure from day 12, 14, and 15 in Mizuho, control, and Rydall groups, respectively to day 33. Being significantly different among each other, the $NH_3$ level was highest and lowest at 0600 and 1800 h. Litter amendments had no significant effects on growth performance. Rydall significantly increased the litter N content on day 24. Conclusion: It was concluded that the $NH_3$ levels of closed house broiler production facilities under tropical condition are so high that both birds and workers are exposed to above recommended levels during many days of the growing period. Compared to microbial culture, the enzymatic biocatalyst was found to be more effective in reducing $NH_3$ level.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.151-157
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• 1985

클로로포름 용액에서 1,10-diaza-4,7,13,16-tetraoxacyclooctadecane(cryptand 22), 1,7-diaza-4,10,13-trioxacyclopentadecane(cryptand 21), 1,12,15-triaza-5,8-dioxa-3,4:9,10-dibenzocycloheptadecane ($N_3O_2$) 및 1,12-diaza-5,8-dioxa-3,4:9,10-dibenzocyclotetradecane ($N_2O_2$)의 분자간 수소결합을 $^1H$-nmr 분광법으로 여러 온도에서 조사하였다. 묽은 용액에서 이 화합물들은 -NH기를 통한 수소결합에 의하여 이합체를 형성한다. 수소결합형성에 대한 평형상수 값의 크기는 cryptand 22 > cryptand 21 > $N_3O_2$ > $N_2O_2$의 순위이었다. 이 평형에는 분자구조의 대칭성과 분자내의 -NH기의 수와 위치가 영향을 미치고 있었다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.31-47
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• 1983

This study was performed to investigate how much chemical constituents are contained and to what extent they are spread in the major streams running through Taegu City, i. e.: Yeechun, Beomeo, Chilsung, Dalseo, during the seven months Period between March to September, 1982. Nine constituents, pH, DO, COD, T-N, $NH_4-N, NO_2-N, NO_3-N, Cl^-, SO_4--$ and $PO_4-P---$, were found to be-contained in those streams. The results of the survey are summarized as follows. 1) Each chemical constituent detected in the five streams has the following variation range. pH(7.0-9.10), DO (ND-7.46ppm), COD (5.4-173ppm), T-N(13-42ppm), $NH^+_$-N$ (10.2-32.2ppm), $NO^-_2-N$ (0.007-2.53ppm), $NO^-_3-N$ (0.005-2.16ppm), $Cl^-$ (150-469 ppm), $SO_4^{3-}$ (71-1000ppm), $PO_4^{3-}-P$ (0.9-53ppm) The amount of all the constituents except pH, and $NO_3-N$, exceeded the standard value allowed for drinking, farming, and industrial water. 2) The monthly variation in the amount of each constituent differs according to the station from which it was sampled, but in general, the amount increased during the season from March to July when the rainfall was little while it decreased in August when the rainfall was abundant. 3) A statistical analysis of the constituents shows positive correlations that T-N and $NH^+_4-N$, water temperature and $NO^-_3-N$, but there were no ones beween the COD and $NH^+_4-N$ 4 ) The degree of COD pollution in each stream is in the following order. Kongdan, Yeechun, Beomeo, ChiLsung, and Dalseo. 5) Five major streams in Taegu City, Yeechun, Beomeo, Chilsung Dalseo, and Kongdan, are so narrow in width and so short in length that they flow into the Sincheon river or the Gumho river without undergoing self-purification. The increase in population and various kinds of industrial pollutants make the supply insufficient and water pollution inevitable. 4 ) The degree of COD pollution in each stream is in the following order. Kongdan, Yeechun, Beomeo, ChiLsung, and Dalseo.