• 제목/요약/키워드: "fair return" principle

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韓國加入亞太空間合作組織的可能性 : 基于法律与政策的分析 (The possibility of South Korea to become a member state of APSCO: an analysis from Legal and political perspectives)

  • 섭명암
    • 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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    • 제31권2호
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    • pp.237-269
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    • 2016
  • Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization (APSCO) is the only intergovernmental space cooperation organization in Asia. Since its establishment to date, eight countries have signed the convention and become member states. South Korea participated actively in the preparatory phase of creating the organization, and one conference organized by AP-MCSTA which is the predecessor of APSCO was held in South Korea. However, after the APSCO Convention was opened for signature in 2005 to date, South Korea does not ratify the Convention and become a member. The rapid development of space commercialization and privatization, as well as the fastest growing commercial space market in Asia, provides opportunities for Asian countries to cooperate with each other in relevant space fields. And to participate in the existing cooperation framework (e.g., the APSCO) by the Asian space countries (e.g., South Korea) could be a proper choice. Even if the essential cooperation in particular space fields is challenging, joint space programs among different Asian countries for dealing with the common events can be initiated at the first steps. Since APSCO has learned the successful legal arrangements from ESA, the legal measures established by its Convention are believed to be qualified to ensure the achievement of benefits of different member states. For example, the regulation of the "fair return" principle confirms that the return of interests from the relevant programs is in proportion to the member's investment in the programs. Moreover, the distinguish of basic and optional activities intends to authorize the freedom of the members to choose programs to participate. And for the voting procedure, the acceptance of the "consensus" by the Council is in favor of protecting the member's interest when making decisions. However, political factors that are potential to block the participation of South Korea in APSCO are difficult to be ignored. A recent event is an announcement of deploying THAAD by South Korea, which causes tension between South Korea and China. The cooperation between these two states in space activities will be influenced. A long-standing barrier is that China acts as a non-member of the main international export control mechanism, i.e., the MTCR. The U.S takes this fact as the main reason to prevent South Korea to cooperate with China in developing space programs. Although the political factors that will block the participation of South Korea in APSCO are not easy to removed shortly, legal measures can be taken to reduce the political influence. More specifically, APSCO is recommended to ensure the achievement of commercial interests of different cooperation programs by regulating precisely the implementation of the "fair return" principle. Furthermore, APSCO is also suggested to contribute to managing the common regional events by sharing satellite data. And it is anticipated that these measures can effectively response the requirements of the rapid development of space commercialization and the increasing common needs of Asia, thereby to provide a platform for the further cooperation. In addition, in order to directly reduce the political influence, two legal measures are necessary to be taken: Firstly, to clarify the rights and responsibilities of the host state (i.e., China) as providing assistance, coordination and services to the management of the Organization to release the worries of the other member states that the host state will control the Organization's activities. And secondly, to illustrate that the cooperation in APSCO is for the non-military purpose (a narrow sense of "peaceful purpose") to reduce the political concerns. Regional cooperation in Asia regarding space affairs is considered to be a general trend in the future, so if the participation of South Korea in APSCO can be finally proved to be feasible, there will be an opportunity to discuss the creation of a comprehensive institutionalized framework for space cooperation in Asia.

장기한계비용을 이용한 한국의 최적 수도요금결정에 관한 연구 (A Study on the Optimal Water Pricing by Long Run Marginal Cost in Korea)

  • 김태유;유승훈;박중현
    • 상하수도학회지
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    • 제10권3호
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    • pp.100-114
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    • 1996
  • Besides insufficient water, water contamination confronts us with 'water crises' of both quantity and quality. However, the daily water consumption per capita of Korea is greater than that of other developed countries. Because of the current low water price, which is lower than a half of production cost, not only does it become difficult to cope promptly with rapidly increasing water demand and water contamination, but it also causes waste of water. We should, therefore, switch over from supply side management-oriented policy to demand side management-oriented policy through a raise of the water rate. This study carries out a cost analysis based on fair return method which is the principle of water pricing in Korea, and it estimates, through equilibrium analysis, long run marginal cost(LRMC), which satisfies allocative efficiency and reflects true social cost to additional one-unit water supply. Based on the results, this study proposes that the estimated LRMC is the optimal price level in water pricing, which is the most important of the demand side management policies. In the end, water conservation effect, price pervasive effect, and social welfare effect are analyzed.

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중국 하북성 마을제 연구 - 하북성조현범장이월이룡패회중룡신적여인(河北省趙縣范庄二月二龍牌會中龍神的與人) - (A Study of Local Festival for the China Hebeisheng)

  • 박광준
    • 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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    • 제36권
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    • pp.347-377
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    • 2003
  • China is a country with large agricultural areas and subject to frequent calamities. Drought is the top of them. It has been a key problem for development of agriculture in the country. In the long struggle against drought, Chinese have accumulated many rational and irrational experiences. The Dragon Kings Belief, which is popular in North China and discussed in a thesis, is one of their irrational experiences. The belief was passed together with Buddhism from India to China in the Tang Dynasty. After it settled down, it was incorporated with the local five dragons belief and a set of beliefs in dragon kings came into existence. The emergence of the dragon kings belief ended the history that the title of rain got was not clear in China and Dragon kings finally got the status. Irrigation is the lifeblood of agriculture in China. In a Chinese mind, Dragon kings are the most important gods who take charge of rain and thus offer the lifeblood. In understanding the nature and characteristics of Chinese traditional culture, it is important for us to make clear the origin and evolution of the belief, find out its nature, function and operation. In the every year beginning of February of the Fanzhuang calendar in the people of Hebeisheng Zhaoxian, would all hold a festival to offer sacrifices to the $^{{\circ}TM}^{\prime}longpai$. Longpai was regarded as the core of the temple fair, thus the native sons came to call this festival; "longpaihui". In this region the'Fanzhuang longpaihui'developed into a well knownand grand temple fair. It was able to attract numerous pilgrims with its special magic power, occupying a place in $China^{{\circ}TM}$ 'eryueer'festival with festive dragon activities. The dragon is a common totem among Chinese nationals. The belief worship of the dragon dates from the start time of primitive societies. Dragon oneself the ancients worship's thunder lightning. In the worship of the great universe, at first afterwards this belief with the tribe's totem worships to combine to become the animal spirit. In ancient myths legends, along with folk religion and beliefs all hold a very important position. The longpaihui is a temple fair without a temple; this characteristic is a distinction between longpaihui and other temple fairs. As for longpaihui must of the early historical records are unclear. The originator of a huitou system has a kind of organized form of the special features rather, originator of a huitou not fix constant, everything follows voluntarily principle, can become member with the freedom, also can back at any time the meeting. There is a longpaihui for 'dangjiaren', is total representative director in the originator of a huitou will. 'banghui' scope particularly for extensive, come apparently every kind of buildup that help can return into the banghui, where is the person of this village or outside village of, the general cent in banghui work is clear and definite, for longpaihui would various businesses open smoothly the exhibition provides to guarantees powerfully. Fanzhuang longpaihui from the beginning of February to beginning six proceed six days totally. The longpai is used as the ancestry absolute being to exsits with the community absolute being at the same time in fanzhuang first took civil faith, in reality is a kind of method to support social machine in native folks realize together that local community that important function, it provided a space, a kind of a view to take with a relation, rising contact, communication, solidify the community contents small village, formation with fanzhuang. The fanzhuang is used as supplies for gathering town, by luck too is this local community trade exchanges center at the same time therefore can say the faith of the longpai, in addition to its people's custom, religious meaning, still have got the important and social function. Moreover matter worthy of mentioning, Longpai would in organize process, from prepare and plan the producing of meeting every kind of meeting a longpeng of the matter do, all letting person feeling is to adjust the popular support of, get the mass approbation with positive participate. Apart from the originator of a huitou excluding, those although not originator of a huitou, however enthusiasm participate the banghui of its business, also is too much for the number.

프랜차이즈 산업의 발전방안 (A study on the developmental ideas of Franchising industry in Korea)

  • 손용승;한철용;안관영
    • 벤처창업연구
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    • 제7권2호
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    • pp.177-187
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    • 2012
  • 오늘날 국내 외의 경제발전에 서비스산업의 비중이 매우 커지고 있으며, 미래사회에도 지속적으로 증가될 것으로 예측되며, 이러한 서비스 산업의 경영방식의 하나로 프랜차이즈시스템이 확산되고 있다. 프랜차이즈 시스템(Franchise System)은 선진국에서 인기를 끌고 있는 선진국형 유통형태이며, 유통시장 개방 이후 국내에서는 외국유명브랜드를 중심으로 급속한 성장세를 보이고 있다. 이로 인해 국내 제조 및 유통업계에서는 미래유망업종으로 프랜차이즈시스템에 대한 관심이 커지고 있다. 최근 들어 외환위기와 금융위기를 계기로 다양한 연령계층이 노동시장으로 유입되면서 단기간 내에 적은 자본으로 나의 사업을 창업하고자 하는 인구가 크게 늘고 있다. 이 중 상당수는 독립적 사업을 창업하지만 사업에 대한 경험과 전문지식이 부족하면서 실패를 경험하는 경우가 크게 늘고 있다. 이에 비해 프랜차이즈 창업은 검증된 상품 및 서비스를 제공받으면서 창업한다는 점에서 성공가능성이 높아지면서 프랜차이즈에 대한 관심과 논의가 증가하고 있다. 그러나 프랜차이즈에 대한 관심이 증대하고, 프랜차이즈 산업의 규모가 커지면서 다양한 문제점 또한 부상하고 있다. 국내의 경우 비교적 늦게 프랜차이즈 산업이 도입되었지만 빠르게 성장하면서 문제점을 노정하고 있는 것이 현실이다. 이에 본 논문에서는 프랜차이즈 산업의 특성에 대하여 고찰하고, 또한 다른 나라들의 경우에 대한 사례를 고찰하면서 국내 프랜차이즈 산업의 문제점을 조명하고 이에 대한 대응방안 및 프랜차이즈 산업의 발전방안을 제시하고자 하였다.

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