Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/acc.2021.11.4.285

Optimizing the mix design of pervious concrete based on properties and unit cost  

Taheri, Bahram M. (School of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran)
Ramezanianpour, Amir M. (School of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran)
Publication Information
Advances in concrete construction / v.11, no.4, 2021 , pp. 285-298 More about this Journal
Abstract
This study focused on experimental evaluation of mechanical properties of pervious concrete mixtures with the aim of achieving higher values of strength while considering the associated costs. The effectiveness of key parameters, including cement content, water to cement ratio (W/C), aggregate to cement ratio (A/C), and sand replacement was statistically analyzed using paired-samples t-test, Taguchi method and one-way ANOVA. Taguchi analysis determined that in general, the role of W/C was more significant in increasing strength, both compressive and flexural, than cement content and A/C. It was found that increase in replacing percent of coarse aggregate with sand could undermine specimens to percolate water, though one-way ANOVA analysis determined statistically significant increases in values of strength of mixtures. Cost analysis revealed that higher strengths did not necessarily correspond to higher costs; in addition, increasing the cement content was not an appropriate scenario to optimize both strength and cost. In order to obtain the optimal values, response surface method (RSM) was carried out. RSM optimization helped to find out that W/C of 0.40, A/C of 4.0, cement content of about 330 kg/m3 and replacing about 12% of coarse aggregate with sand could result in the best values for strength and cost while maintaining adequate permeability.
Keywords
pervious concrete; taguchi analysis; t-test; ANOVA; cost analysis; Response Surface Method (RSM);
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Crouch, L.K., Pitt, J. and Hewitt, R. (2007), "Aggregate effects on pervious Portland cement concrete static modulus of lasticity", J. Mater. Civil Eng., 19(7), 561-568. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2007)19:7(561).   DOI
2 USEPA, S. (1999), "Storm water technology fact sheet porous pavement", Storm water Technology Fact Sheet, EPA, United States Environmental.
3 Ferdosian, I. and Camoes, A. (2017), "Eco-efficient ultra-high performance concrete development by means of response surface methodology", Cement Concrete Compos., 84, 146-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2017.08.019.   DOI
4 Ghafoori, N. and Dutta, S. (1995), "Laboratory investigation of compacted no-fines concrete for paving materials", J. Mater. Civil Eng., 7(3), 183-191. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(1995)7:3(183).   DOI
5 Golroo, A. and Tighe, S.L. (2011), "Development of panel rating protocol and condition evaluation model for pervious concrete pavement", J. Tran. Eng., 138(3), 315-323.   DOI
6 Golroo, A. and Tighe, S.L. (2011), "Pervious concrete pavement performance modeling using the bayesian statistical technique", J. Tran. Eng., 138(5), 603-609. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)TE.1943-5436.0000363.   DOI
7 Park, S.B. and Tia, M. (2004), "An experimental study on the water-purification properties of porous concrete", Cement Concrete Res., 34(2), 177-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(03)00223-0.   DOI
8 Schaefer, V.R. and Kevern, J.T. (2011), "An integrated study of pervious concrete mixture design for wearing course applications", Trans Project Reports, 150.
9 Kevern, J., Wang, K., Suleiman, M.T. and Schaefer, V.R. (2006), "Mix design development for pervious concrete in cold weather climates", Final Report, Iowa Department of Transportation, National Concrete Pavement Technology Center, Iowa Concrete Paving.
10 Starke, P., Wallmeyer, C., Rolver, S., Gobel, P. and Coldewey, W.G (2011), "Development of a new laboratory evaporation measurement device as decision support for evaporationoptimized building", Build. Environ., 46(12), 2552-2561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.06.010.   DOI
11 Suleiman, M.T., Kevern, J., Schaefer, V.R. and Wang, K. (2006), "Effect of compaction energy on pervious concrete properties", Concrete Technology Forum-Focus on Pervious Concrete, National Ready Mix Concrete Association, Nashville, TN, May.
12 Tennis, P.D., Leming, M.L. and Akers, D.J. (2004), Pervious Concrete Pavements, Portland Cement Association, Skokie, IL.
13 Torres, A., Hu, J. and Ramos, A. (2015), "The effect of the cementitious paste thickness on the performance of pervious concrete", Constr. Build. Mater., 95, 850-859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.07.187.   DOI
14 Wang, K., Schaefer, V.R., Kevern, J.T. and Suleiman, M.T. (2006), "Development of mix proportion for functional and durable pervious concrete", NRMCA Concrete Technology Forum: Focus on Pervious Concrete, 24-25.
15 Ibrahim, A., Mahmoud, E., Yamin, M. and Patibandla, V.C. (2014) "Experimental study on portland cement pervious concrete mechanical and hydrological properties", Constr. Build. Mater., 50, 524-529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.09.022.   DOI
16 Jain, A.K. and Chouhan, J.S. (2011), "Effect of shape of aggregate on compressive strength and permeability properties of pervious concrete", Int. J. Adv. Eng. Res. Stud., 1, 120-126.
17 ACI 552R-10 (2010), Report on Pervious Concrete, Farmington Hills, American Concrete Institute, 38. n.d, Michigan.
18 Adewumi, A.A., Owolabi, T.O., Alade, I.O. and Olatunji, S.O. (2016), "Estimation of physical, mechanical and hydrological properties of permeable concrete using computational intelligence approach", Appl. Soft Comput., 42, 342-350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2016.02.009.   DOI
19 Alaica, A.L, Dolatabadi, M.H., Sucic, A. and Shehata, M. (2010), "Optimizing the strength and permeability of pervious concrete, paper prepared for presentation at the permeable pavement design and technology session of the annual confrence of the transportation association of canada".
20 ASTM C131/C131M (2014), Standard Test Method for Resistance to Degradation of Small-Size Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact in the Los Angeles Machine, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
21 Joshaghani, A., Ramezanianpour, A.A., Ataei, O. and Golroo, A. (2015), "Optimizing pervious concrete pavement mixture design by using the taguchi method", Constr. Build. Mater., 101, 317-325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.10.094.   DOI
22 Joshi, T. and Dave, U. (2016), "Evaluation of strength, permeability and void ratio of pervious concrete with changing w/c ratio and aggregate size", Int. J. Civil Eng. Technol., 7, 276-284.
23 Juradin, S., Ostojic-Skomrlj, N., Brnas, I. and Prolic, M. (2020), "Influence of binder, aggregate and compaction techniques on the properties of single-sized pervious concrete", Adv. Concrete Constr., 10(3), 211-220. https://doi.org/10.12989/acc.2020.10.3.211.   DOI
24 Karanth, S.S., Kumar, U.L. and Danigond, N. (2019), "Porous concrete with optimum fine aggregate and fibre for improved strength", Adv. Concrete Constr., 8(4), 305-309. https://doi.org/10.12989/acc.2019.8.4.305.   DOI
25 Kevern, J.T., V.R. Schaefer, K. Wang, and M.T. Suleiman. (2008), "Pervious concrete mixture proportions for improved freeze-thaw durability", J. ASTM Int., 5(2), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1520/JAI101320.   DOI
26 Kevern, J.T., Wang, K. and Schaefer, V.R. (2009), "Effect of coarse aggregate on the freeze-thaw durability of pervious concrete", J. Mater. Civil Eng., 22(5), 469-475.   DOI
27 Kosmatka, S.H., Kerkhoff, B. and Panarese, W.C. (2011), Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures, Portland Cement Association, Skokie, IL.
28 Yang, J. and Jiang, G. (2003), "Experimental study on properties of pervious concrete pavement materials", Cement Concrete Res., 33(3), 381-386. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(02)00966-3.   DOI
29 Zhang, Y., Zhang, W. and Zhang, Y (2019), "Combined effect of fine aggregate and silica fume on properties of portland cement pervious concrete", Adv. Concrete. Constr., 8(1), 47-54. https://doi.org/10.12989/acc.2019.8.1.047.   DOI
30 ASTM C143/C143M (2015), Standard Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic-Cement Concrete, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
31 ASTM C150/C150M (2018), Standard Specification for Portland Cement, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
32 ASTM C1602/C1602M (2018), Standard Specification for Mixing Water Used in the Production of Hydraulic Cement Concrete, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
33 ASTM C192/C192M (2018), Standard Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Laboratory, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
34 ASTM C293/C293M (2016), Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Concrete (Using Simple Beam With Center-Point Loading), ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
35 ASTM C33/C33M (2018), Standard Specification for Concrete Aggregates, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
36 ASTM C39/C39M (2018), Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
37 ASTM C617/C617M (2015), Standard Practice for Capping Cylindrical Concrete Specimens, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
38 ASTM C88/C88M (2018), Standard Test Method for Soundness of Aggregates by Use of Sodium Sulfate or Magnesium Sulfate, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
39 Bonicelli, A., Giustozzi, F. and Crispino, M. (2015), "Experimental study on the effects of fine sand addition on differentially compacted pervious concrete", Constr. Build. Mater., 91, 102-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.012.   DOI
40 Li, J., Zhang, Y., Liu, G. and Peng, X. (2017), "Preparation and performance evaluation of an innovative pervious concrete pavement", Constr. Build. Mater., 138, 479-485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.01.137.   DOI
41 Lund, M.S., Kevern, J.T., Schaefer, V.R. and Hansen, K.K. (2017), "Mix design for improved strength and freeze-thaw durability of pervious concrete fill in pearl-chain bridges", Mater. Struct., 50(1), 42. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-016-0907-4.   DOI
42 Maguesvari, M.U. and Narasimha, V.L. (2013), "Studies on characterization of pervious concrete for pavement applications", Procedia-Soc. Behav. Sci., 104, 198-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.11.112.   DOI
43 Malhotra, V.M. (1976), "No-fines concrete-its properties and applications", J. Proc., 73, 628-644.
44 Meininger, R.C. (1988), "No-fines pervious concrete for paving", Concrete Int., 10(8), 20-27.
45 Minitab Inc. (2010), Minitab 16 Statistical Software, Computer Software, State College, Minitab, Inc., PA.
46 Montes, F. and Haselbach, L. (2006), "Measuring hydraulic conductivity in pervious concrete", Environ. Eng. Sci., 23(6), 960-969. https://doi.org/10.1089/ees.2006.23.960.   DOI
47 Montgomery, D.C. (2017), Design and Analysis of Experiments, John Wiley and Sons.
48 Nguyen, D.H., Sebaibi, N., Boutouil, M., Leleyter, L. and Baraud, F. (2014), "A modified method for the design of pervious concrete mix", Constr. Build, Mater., 73, 271-282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.09.088.   DOI
49 Olek, J., Weiss, W.J., Neithalath, N., Marolf, A., Sell, E. and Thornton, W. (2003), "Development of quiet and durable porous portland cement concrete paving materials", Purdue University.
50 Chou, C.S., Yang, R.Y., Chen, J.H. and Chou, S.W. (2010), "The optimum conditions for preparing the lead-free piezoelectric ceramic of bi0. 5Na0. 5TiO3 Using the Taguchi Method", Powder Technol., 199(3), 264-271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2010.01.015.   DOI
51 Cosic, K., Korat, L., Ducman, V. and Netinger, I. (2015), "Influence of aggregate type and size on properties of pervious concrete", Constr. Build. Mater., 78, 69-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.12.073.   DOI