Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/acc.2020.9.1.055

Sustainable self compacting acid and sulphate resistance RAC by two stage mixing approaches  

Rajhans, Puja (Department of Civil Engineering, IIT (ISM) Dhanbad)
Kisku, Nishikant (Department of Civil Engineering, IIT (ISM) Dhanbad)
Nayak, Sanket (Department of Civil Engineering, IIT (ISM) Dhanbad)
Panda, Sarat Kumar (Department of Civil Engineering, IIT (ISM) Dhanbad)
Publication Information
Advances in concrete construction / v.9, no.1, 2020 , pp. 55-70 More about this Journal
Abstract
In this research article, acid resistance, sulphate resistance and sorptivity of self compacted concrete (SCC) prepared from C&D waste have been discussed. To improve the above properties of self compacted recycled aggregate concrete (SCRAC) along with mechanical and durability properties, different two stage mixing approaches (TSMA and TSMAsfc) were followed. In the proposed two stage mixing approach (TSMAsfc), silica fume, a proportional amount of cement and a proportional amount of water were mixed in premix stage which fills the pores and cracks of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC). The concrete specimen prepared using above mixing approaches were immersed in 1% concentration of sulphuric acid (H2SO4) and magnesium sulphate (MgSO4) solution for 28, 90 and 180 days for evaluating the acid resistance of SCRAC. Experimental results concluded that the proposed two stage mixing approach (TSMAsfc) is most suitable for acid resistance and sulphate resistance in terms of weight loss and strength loss due to the elimination of pores and cracks in the interfacial transition zone (ITZ). In modified two stage mixing approach, the pores and cracks of recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) were filled up and make ITZs of SCRAC stronger. Microstructure analysis was carried out to justify the reason of improvement of ITZs by electron probe micro analyser (EPMA) analysis. X-ray mapping was also done to know the presence of strength contributing elements presents in the concrete sample. It was established that SCRAC with modified mixing approach have shown improved results in terms of acid resistance, sulphate resistance, sorptivity and mechanical properties.
Keywords
recycled aggregate concrete; two stage mixing approach; interfacial transition zone; Sorptivity test; acid resistance of concrete;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 7  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Santhanam, M., Cohen, M.D. and Olek, J. (2002), "Mechanism of sulfate attack: a fresh look: part 1: summary of experimental results", Cement Concrete Res., 32(6), 915-921. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(02)00724-X.   DOI
2 Siddique, R. and Khan, M.I. (2011), Supplementary Cementing Materials, Springer Science & Business Media.
3 Su, N., Hsu, K.C. and Chai, H.W. (2001), "A simple mix design method for self-compacting concrete", Cement Concrete Res., 31(12), 1799-1807. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00566-X.   DOI
4 Tam, V. W. and Tam, C. M. (2008), "Diversifying two-stage mixing approach (TSMA) for recycled aggregate concrete: TSMAs and TSMAsc", Constr. Build. Mater., 22(10), 2068-2077. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.07.024.   DOI
5 Tam, V.W., Gao, X.F. and Tam, C.M. (2005), "Microstructural analysis of recycled aggregate concrete produced from two-stage mixing approach", Cement Concrete Res., 35(6), 1195-1203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.10.025.   DOI
6 Meyer, A.H. and Ledbetter, W.B. (1970), "Sulfuric acid attack on concrete sewer pipe", J. Sanit. Eng. Div., 96(5), 1167-1182.   DOI
7 Mukharjee, B.B. and Barai, S.V. (2015), "Characteristics of sustainable concrete incorporating recycled coarse aggregates and colloidal nano-silica", Adv. Concrete Constr., 3(3), 187-202. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/acc.2015.3.3.187.   DOI
8 IS 2386 (Part IV) (1963), Indian Standard Code of Practice for Methods of Test for Aggregates for Concrete, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
9 IS 383 (1970), Indian Standard Code of Practice for Coarse and Fine Aggregates from Naturals Sources for Concrete, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
10 IS 8112 (1989), Indian Standard Code of Practice for Ordinary Portland Cement 43 Grade, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
11 IS 9103 (1999), Specification for Concrete Admixtures, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
12 Kapoor, K., Singh, S.P. and Singh, B. (2016), "Durability of self-compacting concrete made with recycled concrete aggregates and mineral admixtures", Constr. Build. Mater., 128, 67-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.10.026.   DOI
13 Karakurt, C. and Topcu, I.B. (2011), "Effect of blended cements produced with natural zeolite and industrial by-products on alkali-silica reaction and sulfate resistance of concrete", Constr. Build. Mater., 25(4), 1789-1795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.11.087.   DOI
14 Mehta, A. and Siddique, R. (2017), "Sulfuric acid resistance of fly ash based geopolymer concrete", Constr. Build. Mater., 146, 136-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.04.077.   DOI
15 Kisku, N., Joshi, H., Ansari, M., Panda, S.K., Nayak, S. and Dutta, S.C. (2017), "A critical review and assessment for usage of recycled aggregate as sustainable construction material", Constr. Build. Mater., 131, 721-740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.11.029.   DOI
16 Kjellsen, K.O., Monsoy, A., Isachsen, K. and Detwiler, R.J., (2003), "Preparation of flat-polished specimens for SEM-backscattered electron imaging and X-ray microanalysis-importance of epoxy impregnation", Cement Concrete Res., 33(4), 611-616. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(02)01029-3.   DOI
17 Li, J., Xiao, H. and Zhou, Y. (2009), "Influence of coating recycled aggregate surface with pozzolanic powder on properties of recycled aggregate concrete", Constr. Build. Mater., 23(3), 1287-1291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2008.07.019.   DOI
18 Liang, Y.C., Ye, Z.M., Vernerey, F. and Xi, Y. (2013), "Development of processing methods to improve strength of concrete with 100% recycled coarse aggregate", J. Mater. Civil Eng., 27(5), 04014163. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000909.   DOI
19 Limbachiya, M., Meddah, M.S. and Ouchagour, Y. (2012), "Use of recycled concrete aggregate in fly-ash concrete", Constr. Build. Mater., 27(1), 439-449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.07.023.   DOI
20 Aydin, S., Yigiter, H. and Baradan, B. (2007), "Sulfuric acid resistance of high-volume fly ash concrete", Build. Environ., 42(2), 717-721. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.10.024.   DOI
21 Bellmann, F., Moser, B. and Stark, J. (2006), "Influence of sulfate solution concentration on the formation of gypsum in sulfate resistance test specimen", Cement Concrete Res., 36(2), 358-363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2005.04.006.   DOI
22 Dehwah, H.A.F. (2007), "Effect of sulfate concentration and associated cation type on concrete deterioration and morphological changes in cement hydrates", Constr. Build. Mater., 21(1), 29-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.07.010.   DOI
23 Boudali, S., Kerdal, D.E., Ayed, K., Abdulsalam, B. and Soliman, A.M. (2016), "Performance of self-compacting concrete incorporating recycled concrete fines and aggregate exposed to sulphate attack", Constr. Build. Mater., 124, 705-713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.06.058.   DOI
24 Bulatovic, V., Melesev, M., Radeka, M., Radonjanin, V. and Lukic, I. (2017), "Evaluation of sulfate resistance of concrete with recycled and natural aggregates", Constr. Build. Mater., 152, 614-631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.06.161.   DOI
25 Chindaprasirt, P., Homwuttiwong, S. and Sirivivatnanon, V. (2004), "Influence of fly ash fineness on strength, drying shrinkage and sulfate resistance of blended cement mortar", Cement Concrete Res., 34(7), 1087-1092. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2003.11.021.   DOI
26 Choi, H., Choi, H., Lim, M., Inoue, M., Kitagaki, R. and Noguchi, T. (2016), "Evaluation on the mechanical performance of low-quality recycled aggregate through interface enhancement between cement matrix and coarse aggregate by surface modification technology", Int. J. Concrete Struct. Mater., 10(1), 87-97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40069-015-0124-5.   DOI
27 Cohen, M.D. and Mather, B. (1991), "Sulfate attack on concrete: research needs", Mater. J., 88(1), 62-69.
28 EFNARC (2002), Specification and Guidelines for Self Compacting Concrete, European Association for Producers and Applicators of Specialist Building Products, EFNARC.
29 Dinakar, P., Babu, K.G. and Santhanam, M. (2008), "Durability properties of high volume fly ash self compacting concretes", Cement Concrete Compos., 30(10), 880-886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2008.06.011.   DOI
30 Dinakar, P., Reddy, M.K. and Sharma, M. (2013), "Behaviour of self compacting concrete using Portland pozzolana cement with different levels of fly ash", Mater. Des., 46, 609-616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2012.11.015.   DOI
31 El-Alfi, E.A., Radwan, A.M. and Abed El-Aleem, S. (2004), "Effect of limestone fillers and silica fume pozzolana on the characteristics of sulfate resistant cement pastes", Ceram. Silikaty, 48(1), 29-33.
32 El Gamal, M.M., El-Dieb, A.S., Mohamed, A.M.O. and El Sawy, K.M. (2017), "Performance of modified sulfur concrete exposed to actual sewerage environment with variable temperature, humidity and gases", J. Build. Eng., 11, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2017.03.009.   DOI
33 Verma, S.K. and Ashish, D.K. (2017), "Mechanical behavior of concrete comprising successively recycled concrete aggregates", Adv. Concrete Constr., 5(4), 303-311. https://doi.org/10.12989/acc.2017.5.4.303.   DOI
34 Acharya, P.K. and Patro, S.K. (2016), "Acid resistance, sulphate resistance and strength properties of concrete containing ferrochrome ash (FA) and lime", Constr. Build. Mater., 120, 241-250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.05.099.   DOI
35 Al-Salami, A.E. and Salem, A. (2010), "Effects of mix composition on the sulfate resistance of blended cements", Int. J. Civil Environ. Eng., 10(6), 43-47.
36 Aslani, F., Ma, G., Wan, D.L.Y. and Muselin, G. (2018), "Development of high-performance self-compacting concrete using waste recycled concrete aggregates and rubber granules", J. Clean. Prod., 182, 553-566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.02.074.   DOI
37 ASTM C1585-11, Standard Test Method for Measurement of Absorption of Water by Hydraulic Cement Paste, American Society for Testing and Materials International, West Conshohocken.
38 Torii, K. and Kawamura, M. (1994), "Effects of fly ash and silica fume on the resistance of mortar to sulfuric acid and sulfate attack", Cement Concrete Res., 24(2), 361-370. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(94)90063-9.   DOI
39 Wang, D., Zhou, X., Meng, Y. and Chen, Z. (2017), "Durability of concrete containing fly ash and silica fume against combined freezing-thawing and sulfate attack", Constr. Build. Mater., 147, 398-406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.04.172.   DOI
40 Wijayasundara, M., Mendis, P. and Crawford, R.H. (2018), "Integrated assessment of the use of recycled concrete aggregate replacing natural aggregate in structural concrete", J. Clean. Prod., 174, 591-604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.301.   DOI
41 Yaragal, S.C. and Roshan, M.A. (2017), "Usage potential of recycled aggregates in mortar and concrete", Adv. Concrete Constr., 5(3), 201-219. https://doi.org/10.12989/acc.2017.5.3.201.   DOI
42 Sahmaran, M., Kasap, O., Duru, K. and Yaman, I.O. (2007), "Effects of mix composition and water-cement ratio on the sulfate resistance of blended cements", Cement Concrete Compos., 29(3), 159-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2006.11.007.   DOI
43 Yaragal, S.C., Teja, D.C. and Shaffi, M. (2016), "Performance studies on concrete with recycled coarse aggregates" Adv. Concrete Constr., 4(4), 263-281. https://doi.org/10.12989/acc.2016.4.4.263.   DOI
44 Rajhans, P., Panda, S.K. and Nayak, S. (2018a), "Sustainable self compacting concrete from C&D waste by improving the microstructures of concrete ITZ", Constr. Build. Mater., 163, 557-570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.12.132.   DOI
45 Rajhans, P., Panda, S.K. and Nayak, S. (2018b), "Sustainability on durability of self compacting concrete from C&D waste by improving porosity and hydrated compounds: A microstructural investigation", Constr. Build. Mater., 174, 559-575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.04.137.   DOI
46 Roy, D.M., Arjunan, P. and Silsbee, M.R. (2001), "Effect of silica fume, metakaolin, and low-calcium fly ash on chemical resistance of concrete", Cement Concrete Res., 31(12), 1809-1813. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00548-8.   DOI
47 Saha, S. and Rajasekaran, C. (2016), "Mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concrete produced with portland pozzolana cement", Adv. Concrete Constr., 4(1), 027-035. https://doi.org/10.12989/acc.2016.4.1.027.   DOI
48 Sahu, S., Badger, S., Thaulow, N. and Lee, R.J. (2004), "Determination of water-cement ratio of hardened concrete by scanning electron microscopy", Cement Concrete Compos., 26(8), 987-992. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2004.02.032.   DOI
49 Santhanam, M., Cohen, M. and Olek, J. (2006), "Differentiating seawater and groundwater sulfate attack in Portland cement mortars", Cement Concrete Res., 36(12), 2132-2137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2006.09.011.   DOI
50 Elhakam, A.A., Mohamed, A.E. and Awad, E. (2012), "Influence of self-healing, mixing method and adding silica fume on mechanical properties of recycled aggregates concrete", Constr. Build. Mater., 35, 421-427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.04.013.   DOI
51 Freidin, C. (1999), "Behaviour of silica-concrete based on quartz bond in sulphuric acid", Cement Concrete Compos., 21(4), 317-323. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-9465(99)00014-1.   DOI