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http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/acc.2020.10.4.301

Development of Pozzolanic material from clay  

Alaskar, Abdulaziz (Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University)
Shah, S.N.R. (Mehran University of Engineering & Technology, SZAB Campus)
Keerio, Manthar Ali (Quaid e Awam University College of Engineering Science & Technology)
Phulpoto, Javed Ali (Mehran University of Engineering & Technology, SZAB Campus)
Baharom, Shahrizan (Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia)
Assilzadeh, Hamid (Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University)
Alyousef, Rayed (Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University)
Alabduljabbar, Hisham (Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University)
Mohamed, Abdeliazim Mustafa (Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University)
Publication Information
Advances in concrete construction / v.10, no.4, 2020 , pp. 301-310 More about this Journal
Abstract
The following paper concentrates on the objective of studying the influences of extent of duration and temperature on the Pozzolanic properties as well as reactivity of locally existing natural clay of Nai Gaj, district Dadu, Sindh Pakistan. The activation of the clay only occurs through heating when temperature in a furnace chamber reaches 600, 700 and 800oC for 1, 2 and 3 hours and at 900 and 1000℃ for 1 and 2 hours. Furthermore, the strength activity index (SAI) of advanced pozzolanic material happens to be identified through 20% cement replacement for different samples of calcined clay as per ASTM C-618. The compressive strength test of samples had been operated for 7 and 28-days curing afterwards. The maximum compressive strength had been seen in mix E in which cement was replaced with clay calcined at 700℃ for 1 hour that is 27.05 MPa that is 24.31% more than that of control mix. The results gathered from the SAI verdicts the optimal activation temperature is 700℃ within a one-hour time period. The SAI at a temperature of 700℃ with a one-hour duration at 28 days is 124.31% which happens to satisfy the requirements of the new Pozzolanic material, in order to be applied in mortar/concrete (i.e., 75%). The Energy- dispersive spectrometry (EDS) along with the X-ray diffraction (XRD) have been carried out in means of verifying whether there is silica content or amorphous silica present in metakaolin that has been developed. The findings gathered from the SAI were validated, as the analysis of XRD verified that there is in fact Pozzolanic activity of developed metakaolin. Additionally, based on observation, the activated metakaolin holds a significant influence on the increase in mortar's compressive strength.
Keywords
natural clay; Pozzolanic; Metakaolin; partial replacement; mortar; concrete;
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Times Cited By KSCI : 109  (Citation Analysis)
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78 Nosrati, A., Zandi, Y., Shariati, M., Khademi, K., Darvishnezhad Aliabad, M., Marto, A., Mu'azu, M., Ghanbari, E., Mandizadeh, M.B. and Shariati, A. (2018), "Portland cement structure and its major oxides and fineness", Smart Struct. Syst., 22(4), 425-432. https://doi.org/10.12989/sss.2018.22.4.425.   DOI
79 Owaid, H.M., Hamid, R.B. and Taha, M.R. (2012), "A review of sustainable supplementary cementitious materials as an alternative to all-Portland cement mortar and concrete", Austra. J. Bas. Appl. Sci., 6(9), 287-303.
80 Paknahad, M., Shariati, M., Sedghi, Y., Bazzaz, M. and Khorami, M. (2018), "Shear capacity equation for channel shear connectors in steel-concrete composite beams", Steel Compos. Struct., 28(4), 483-494. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2018.28.4.483.   DOI
81 Ramezanianpour, A. and Jovein, H.B. (2012), "Influence of metakaolin as supplementary cementing material on strength and durability of concretes", Constr. Build. Mater., 30, 470-479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.12.050.   DOI
82 Rashad, A.M. (2013), "Metakaolin as cementitious material: History, scours, production and composition-A comprehensive overview", Constr. Build. Mater., 41, 303-318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.12.001.   DOI
83 Razavian, L., Naghipour, M., Shariati, M. and Safa, M. (2020), "Experimental study of the behavior of composite timber columns confined with hollow rectangular steel sections under compression", Struct. Eng. Mech., 74(1), 145-156. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2020.74.1.145.   DOI
84 Shariati, A., Ramli Sulong, N.H., Suhatril, M. and Shariati, M. (2012b), "Various types of shear connectors in composite structures: A review", Int. J. Phys. Sci., 7(22), 2876-2890.
85 Shariat, M., Shariati, M., Madadi, A. and Wakil, K. (2018), "Computational Lagrangian Multiplier Method by using for optimization and sensitivity analysis of rectangular reinforced concrete beams", Steel Compos. Struct., 29(2), 243-256. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2018.29.2.243.   DOI
86 Shariati, A. (2014), "Behaviour of C-shaped angle shear connectors in high strength concrete", M.SC, Jabatan Kejuruteraan Awam, Fakulti Kejuruteraan, Universiti Malaya.
87 Shariati, A., Ramli Sulong, N.H., Suhatril, M. and Shariati, M. (2012a), "Investigation of channel shear connectors for composite concrete and steel T-beam", Int. J. Phys. Sci., 7(11), 1828-1831. https://doi.org/10.5897/IJPS11.1604.
88 Shariati, M. (2013), "Behaviour of C-shaped shear connectors in stell concrete composite beams", Jabatan Kejuruteraan Awam, Fakulti Kejuruteraan, Universiti Malaya.
89 Shariati, M. (2020), "Evaluation of seismic performance factors for tension-only braced frames", Steel Compos. Struct., 35(4), 599-609. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2020.35.4.599.   DOI
90 Shariati, M., Azar, S.M., Arjomand, M.A., Tehrani, H.S., Daei, M. and Safa, M. (2019a), "Comparison of dynamic behavior of shallow foundations based on pile and geosynthetic materials in fine-grained clayey soils", Geomech. Eng., 19(6), 473. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2019.19.6.473.   DOI
91 Shariati, M., Azar, S.M., Arjomand, M.A., Tehrani, H.S., Daei, M. and Safa, M. (2020a), "Evaluating the impacts of using piles and geosynthetics in reducing the settlement of fine-grained soils under static load", Geomech. Eng., 20(2), 87-101. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2020.20.2.087.   DOI
92 Standard, A. (2010), Standard Test Methods for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens, ASTM C39.
93 Shariati, M., Trung, N.T., Wakil, K., Mehrabi, P., Safa, M. and Khorami, M. (2019g), "Moment-rotation estimation of steel rack connection using extreme learning machine", Steel Compos. Struct., 31(5), 427-435. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2019.31.5.427.   DOI
94 Sinaei, H., Jumaat, M.Z. and Shariati, M. (2011), "Numerical investigation on exterior reinforced concrete Beam-Column joint strengthened by composite fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP)", Int. J. Phys. Sci., 6(28), 6572-6579. https://doi.org/10.5897/IJPS11.1225.
95 Sinaei, H., Shariati, M., Abna, A.H., Aghaei, M. and Shariati, A. (2012), "Evaluation of reinforced concrete beam behaviour using finite element analysis by ABAQUS", Scientif. Res. Essay., 7(21), 2002-2009. https://doi.org/10.5897/SRE11.1393.
96 Ismail, M., Shariati, M., Abdul Awal, A.S.M., Chiong, C.E., Sadeghipour Chahnasir, E., Porbar, A., Heydari, A. and Khorami, M. (2018), "Strengthening of bolted shear joints in industrialized ferrocement construction", Steel Compos. Struct., 28(6), 681-690. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2018.28.6.681.   DOI
97 He, P., Jia, D., Wang, M. and Zhou, Y. (2010), "Improvement of high-temperature mechanical properties of heat treated Cf/geopolymer composites by Sol-$SiO_2$ impregnation", J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 30(15), 3053-3061. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2010.07.031.   DOI
98 Heydari, A. and Shariati, M. (2018), "Buckling analysis of tapered BDFGM nano-beam under variable axial compression resting on elastic medium", Struct. Eng. Mech., 66(6), 737-748. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2018.66.6.737.   DOI
99 Hosseinpour, E., Baharom, S., Badaruzzaman, W.H.W., Shariati, M. and Jalali, A. (2018), "Direct shear behavior of concrete filled hollow steel tube shear connector for slim-floor steel beams", Steel Compos. Struct., 26(4), 485-499. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2018.26.4.485.   DOI
100 Jalali, A., Daie, M., Nazhadan, S.V.M., Kazemi-Arbat, P. and Shariati, M. (2012), "Seismic performance of structures with pre-bent strips as a damper", Int. J. Phys. Sci., 7(26), 4061-4072. https://doi.org/10.5897/IJPS11.1324.
101 Janotka, I., Puertas, F., Palacios, M., Kuliffayova, M. and Varga, C. (2010), "Metakaolin sand-blended-cement pastes: Rheology, hydration process and mechanical properties", Constr. Build. Mater., 24(5), 791-802. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.10.028.   DOI
102 Toghroli, A. (2015), "Applications of the ANFIS and LR models in the prediction of shear connection in composite beams", University of Malaya.
103 Sabir, B., Wild, S. and Bai, J. (2001), "Metakaolin and calcined clays as pozzolans for concrete: a review", Cement Concrete Compos., 23(6), 441-454. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-9465(00)00092-5.   DOI
104 Suhatril, M., Osman, N., Sari, P.A., Shariati, M. and Marto, A. (2019), "Significance of surface eco-protection techniques for cohesive soils slope in Selangor, Malaysia", Geotech. Geolog. Eng., 37(3), 2007-2014.   DOI
105 Tahmasbi, F., Maleki, S., Shariati, M., Ramli Sulong, N.H. and Tahir, M.M. (2016), "Shear capacity of C-shaped and L-shaped angle shear connectors", PLoS One, 11(8), e0156989 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0156989.   DOI
106 Taylor-Lange, S.C., Riding, K.A. and Juenger, M.C. (2012), "Increasing the reactivity of metakaolin-cement blends using zinc oxide", Cement Concrete Compos., 34(7), 835-847. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2012.03.004.   DOI
107 Tironi, A., Trezza, M.A., Scian, A.N. and Irassar, E.F. (2013), "Assessment of pozzolanic activity of different calcined clays", Cement Concrete Compos., 37, 319-327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2013.01.002.   DOI
108 Safa, M., Maleka, A., Arjomand, M.A., Khorami, M. and Shariati, M. (2019), "Strain rate effects on soil-geosynthetic interaction in fine-grained soil", Geomech. Eng., 19(6), 533. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2019.19.6.533.   DOI
109 Katebi, J., Shoaei-parchin, M., Shariati, M., Trung, N.T. and Khorami, M. (2019), "Developed comparative analysis of metaheuristic optimization algorithms for optimal active control of structures", Eng. Comput., 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00366-019-00780-7.
110 Sadeghipour Chahnasir, E., Zandi, Y., Shariati, M., Dehghani, E., Toghroli, A., Mohamed, E.T., Shariati, A., Safa, M., Wakil, K. and Khorami, M. (2018), "Application of support vector machine with firefly algorithm for investigation of the factors affecting the shear strength of angle shear connectors", Smart Struct. Syst., 22(4), 413-424. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/sss.2018.22.4.413.   DOI
111 Safa, M., Sari, P.A., Shariati, M., Suhatril, M., Trung, N.T., Wakil, K. and Khorami, M. (2020), "Development of neuro-fuzzy and neuro-bee predictive models for prediction of the safety factor of eco-protection slopes", Physica A: Statist. Mech. Appl., 124046. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2019.124046.
112 Safa, M., Shariati, M., Ibrahim, Z., Toghroli, A., Baharom, S.B., Nor, N.M. and Petkovic, D. (2016), "Potential of adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system for evaluating the factors affecting steel-concrete composite beam's shear strength", Steel Compos. Struct., 21(3), 679-688 https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2016.21.3.679.   DOI
113 Saikia, N., Kato, S. and Kojima, T. (2006), "Thermogravimetric investigation on the chloride binding behaviour of MK-lime paste", Thermochimica Acta, 444(1), 16-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2006.02.012.   DOI
114 Sajedi, F. and Shariati, M. (2019), "Behavior study of NC and HSC RCCs confined by GRP casing and CFRP wrapping", Steel Compos. Struct., 30(5), 417-432. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2019.30.5.417.   DOI
115 Samet, B., Mnif, T. and Chaabouni, M. (2007), "Use of a kaolinitic clay as a pozzolanic material for cements: Formulation of blended cement", Cement Concrete Compos., 29(10), 741-749. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2007.04.012.   DOI
116 Shariati, M., Mafipour, M.S., Ghahremani, B., Azarhomayun, F., Ahmadi, M., Trung, N.T. and Shariati, A. (2020c), "A novel hybrid extreme learning machine-grey wolf optimizer (ELM-GWO) model to predict compressive strength of concrete with partial replacements for cement", Eng. Comput., 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00366-020-01081-0.
117 Shariati, M., Faegh, S.S., Mehrabi, P., Bahavarnia, S., Zandi, Y., Masoom, D.R., Toghroli, A., Trung, N.T. and Salih, M.N. (2019b), "Numerical study on the structural performance of corrugated low yield point steel plate shear walls with circular openings", Steel Compos. Struct., 33(4), 569-581. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2019.33.4.569.   DOI
118 Shariati, M., Ghorbani, M., Naghipour, M., Alinejad, N. and Toghroli, A. (2020b), "The effect of RBS connection on energy absorption in tall buildings with braced tube frame system", Steel Compos. Struct., 34(3), 393. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2020.34.3.393.   DOI
119 Shariati, M., Heyrati, A., Zandi, Y., Laka, H., Toghroli, A., Kianmehr, P., Safa, M., Salih, M. N. and Poi-Ngian, S. (2019c), "Application of waste tire rubber aggregate in porous concrete", Smart Struct. Syst., 24(4), 553-566. https://doi.org/10.12989/sss.2019.24.4.553.   DOI
120 Shariati, M., Mafipour, M.S., Haido, J.H., Yousif, S.T., Toghroli, A., Trung, N.T. and Shariati, A. (2020d), "Identification of the most influencing parameters on the properties of corroded concrete beams using an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS)", Steel Compos. Struct., 34(1), 155. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2020.34.1.155.   DOI
121 Shariati, M., Mafipour, M.S., Mehrabi, P., Ahmadi, M., Wakil, K., Trung, N.T. and Toghroli, A. (2020e), "Prediction of concrete strength in presence of furnace slag and fly ash using Hybrid ANN-GA (Artificial Neural Network-Genetic Algorithm)", Smart Struct. Syst., 25(2), 183. https://doi.org/10.12989/sss.2020.25.2.183.   DOI
122 Ambroise, J., Maximilien, S. and Pera, J. (1994), "Properties of metakaolin blended cements", Adv. Cement Bas. Mater., 1(4), 161-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/1065-7355(94)90007-8.   DOI
123 Afshar, A., Jahandari, S., Rasekh, H., Shariati, M., Afshar, A. and Shokrgozar, A. (2020), "Corrosion resistance evaluation of rebars with various primers and coatings in concrete modified with different additives", Constr. Build. Mater., 262, 120034. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120034.   DOI
124 Alaskar, A., Alyousef, R., Alabduljabbar, H., Alrshoudi, F., Mohamed, A.M., Jermsittiparsert, K. and Ho, L.S. (2020a), "Elevated temperature resistance of concrete columns with axial loading", Adv. Concrete Constr., 9(4), 355-365. https://doi.org/10.12989/acc.2020.9.4.355.   DOI
125 Alaskar, A., Wakil, K., Alyousef, R., Jermsittiparsert, K., Ho, L. S., Alabduljabbar, H., Alrshoudi, F. and Mohamed, A.M. (2020b), "Computational analysis of three dimensional steel frame structures through different stiffening members", Steel Compos. Struct., 35(2), 187-197. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2020.35.2.187.   DOI
126 Alyousef, R., Alabduljabbar, H., Mohamed, A.M., Alaskar, A., Jermsittiparsert, K. and Ho, L.S. (2020), "A model to develop the porosity of concrete as important mechanical property", Smart Struct. Syst., 26(2), 147-156. https://doi.org/10.12989/sss.2020.26.2.147.   DOI
127 Ambroise, J., Martin-Calle, S. and Pera, J. (1992), "Pozzolanic behavior of thermally activated kaolin", Special Publication, 132, 731-748.
128 Arabnejad Khanouki, M.M., Ramli Sulong, N.H. and Shariati, M. (2010), "Investigation of seismic behaviour of composite structures with concrete filled square steel tubular (CFSST) column by push-over and time-history analyses", Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Steel & Composite Structures.
129 Toghroli, A., Darvishmoghaddam, E., Zandi, Y., Parvan, M., Safa, M., Abdullahi, M.A.M., Heydari, A., Wakil, K., Gebreel, S.A. and Khorami, M. (2018a), "Evaluation of the parameters affecting the Schmidt rebound hammer reading using ANFIS method", Comput. Concrete, 21(5), 525-530. https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2018.21.5.525.   DOI
130 Khorami, M., Alvansazyazdi, M., Shariati, M., Zandi, Y., Jalali, A. and Tahir, M. (2017a), "Seismic performance evaluation of buckling restrained braced frames (BRBF) using incremental nonlinear dynamic analysis method (IDA)", Earthq. Struct., 13(6), 531-538. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/eas.2017.13.6.531.   DOI
131 Khorami, M., Khorami, M., Motahar, H., Alvansazyazdi, M., Shariati, M., Jalali, A. and Tahir, M.M. (2017b), "Evaluation of the seismic performance of special moment frames using incremental nonlinear dynamic analysis", Struct. Eng. Mech., 63(2), 259-268. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2017.63.2.259.   DOI
132 Khorramian, K., Maleki, S., Shariati, M., Jalali, A. and Tahir, M. (2017), "Numerical analysis of tilted angle shear connectors in steel-concrete composite systems", Steel Compos. Struct., 23(1), 67-85. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2017.23.1.067.   DOI
133 Khorramian, K., Maleki, S., Shariati, M. and Ramli Sulong, N.H. (2015), "Behavior of tilted angle shear connectors", PLoS One, 10(12), e0144288 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0144288.   DOI
134 Khorramian, K., Maleki, S., Shariati, M. and Ramli Sulong, N.H. (2015), "Behavior of tilted angle shear connectors", PLoS one, 10(12), e0144288. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0144288.   DOI
135 Shah, S., Ramli Sulong, N.H., Shariati, M., Khan, R. and Jumaat, M. (2016a), "Behavior of steel pallet rack beam-to-column connections at elevated temperatures", Thin Wall. Struct., 106, 471-483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2016.05.021.   DOI
136 Sari, P.A., Suhatril, M., Osman, N., Mu'azu, M., Dehghani, H., Sedghi, Y., Safa, M., Hasanipanah, M., Wakil, K. and Khorami, M. (2018), "An intelligent based-model role to simulate the factor of safe slope by support vector regression", Eng. Comput., 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00366-018-0677-4.
137 Sedghi, Y., Zandi, Y., Shariati, M., Ahmadi, E., Moghimi Azar, V., Toghroli, A., Safa, M., Tonnizam Mohamad, E., Khorami, M. and Wakil, K. (2018), "Application of ANFIS technique on performance of C and L shaped angle shear connectors", Smart Struct. Syst., 22(3), 335-340. https://doi.org/10.12989/sss.2018.22.3.335.   DOI
138 Shah, S., Ramli Sulong, N.H., Shariati, M. and Jumaat, M.Z. (2015), "Steel rack connections: identification of most influential factors and a comparison of stiffness design methods", PloS one, 10(10), e0139422. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0139422.   DOI
139 Shah, S., Sulong, N.R., Jumaat, M. and Shariati, M. (2016b), "State-of-the-art review on the design and performance of steel pallet rack connections", Eng. Fail. Anal., 66, 240-258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2016.04.017.   DOI
140 Shah, S., Sulong, N.R., Khan, R., Jumaat, M. and Shariati, M. (2016c), "Behavior of industrial steel rack connections", Mech. Syst. Signal Pr., 70, 725-740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2015.08.026.   DOI