Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/acc.2019.8.2.101

Repair, retrofitting and rehabilitation techniques for strengthening of reinforced concrete beams - A review  

Ganesh, P. (AcSIR, CSIR-Structural Engineering Research Centre)
Murthy, A. Ramachandra (CSIR- Structural Engineering Research Centre)
Publication Information
Advances in concrete construction / v.8, no.2, 2019 , pp. 101-117 More about this Journal
Abstract
Structural strengthening of reinforced concrete (RC) beams is becoming essential to meet the up-gradation of existing structures due to the infrastructure development. Strengthening is also essential for damaged structural element due to the adverse environmental condition and other distressing factors. This article reviews the state of the field on repair, retrofitting and rehabilitation techniques for the strengthening of RC beams. Strengthening of RC beams using various promising techniques such as externally bonded steel plates, concrete jacketing, fibre reinforced laminates or sheets, external prestressing/external bar reinforcement technique and ultra-high performance concrete overlay have been extensively investigated for the past four decades. The primary objective of this article is to discuss investigations on various strengthening techniques over the years. Various parameters that have been discussed include the flexural capacity, shear strength, failure modes of various strengthening techniques and advances in techniques over the years. Firstly, background information on strengthening, including repair, retrofitting, and rehabilitation of RC beams is provided. Secondly, the existing strengthening techniques for reinforced concrete beams are discussed. Finally, the relative comparisons and limitations in the existing techniques are presented.
Keywords
RC beams; strengthening; retrofitting; rehabilitation; flexural capacity; shear strength;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 11  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Lamanna, A.J., Bank, L.C., Borowicz, D.T. and Arora, D. (2012), "Strengthening of concrete beams with mechanically Fastened FRP strips", Available: http://www.quakewrap.com/frp%20papers/Strengthening-Of-Concrete-Beams-With-Mechanically-Fastened-FRP-Strips.pdf.
2 Lee, M.G., Kan, Y.C. and Chen, K.C. (2006), "A preliminary study of RPC for repair and retrofitting materials", J. Chin. Inst. Eng., 29(6), 1099-1103.   DOI
3 Lee, M.G., Wang, Y.C. and Chiu, C.T. (2007), "A preliminary study of reactive powder concrete as a new repair material", Constr. Build. Mater., 21(1), 182-189.   DOI
4 Li, L.Z., Jiang, C.J. and Su, R.K.L. (2015), "Simplified flexural design of bolted side-plated beams with partial interaction", Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Advances in Experimental Structural Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, United States, August.
5 Li, L.Z., Lo, S.H. and Su, R.K.L. (2013), "Experimental study of moderately reinforced concrete beams strengthened with boltedside steel plates", Adv. Struct. Eng., 16(3), 499-516.   DOI
6 Mahal, M., Taljsten, B. and Blanksvard, T. (2016), "Experimental performance of RC beams strengthened with FRP materials under monotonic and fatigue loads", Constr. Build. Mater., 122, 126-139.   DOI
7 Marijana, H.N., Naida, A., Gordana, P. and Tanja, K.S. (2018), "Strengthening techniques for masonry structures of cultural heritage according to recent Croatian provisions", Earthq. Struct., 15(5), 473-485.   DOI
8 Meier, U. (1987), "Bridge repair with high performance composite materials", Mater. Technik, 15, 125-128.
9 Meier, U. and Kaiser, H. (1991), "Strengthening of structures with CFRP laminates", Proc. Advanced Composite Materials in Civil Engineering Structures, ASCE, Las Vegas, Nevada, 224-232.
10 Azam, R., Soudki, K., West, J.S. and Noel, M. (2017), "Strengthening of shear-critical RC beams: Alternatives to externally bonded CFRP sheets", Constr. Build. Mater., 151, 494-503.   DOI
11 Barnes, A.R. and Mays, C.G. (1999), "Fatigue Performance of Concrete Beams Strengthened with CFRP Plates", J. Compos. Constr., ASCE, 3(2), 63-72.   DOI
12 Bruhwiler, E. and Denarie, E. (2008), "Rehabilitation of concrete structures using ultra-high performance fibre reinforced concrete", Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Ultra High Performance Concrete, Kassel, Germany.
13 Mesbah, H. and Benzaid, R. (2017), "Damage-based stress-strain model of RC cylinders wrapped with CFRP composites", Adv. Concr. Constr., 5(5), 539-561.   DOI
14 Murthy, A.R.C., Aravindan, M. and Ganesh, P. (2018b), "Prediction of flexural behaviour of RC beams strengthened with ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concrete", Struct. Eng. Mech., 65(3), 315-325.   DOI
15 Barnes, B.A., Baglin, P.S., Mays, G.C. and Subedi, N.K. (2001), "External steel plate systems for the shear strengthening of reinforced concrete beams", Eng. Struct., 23, 1162-1176.   DOI
16 Benyahia, A. and Ghrici, M. (2018), "Behaviour of self compacting repair mortars based on natural pozzolana in hot climate", Adv. Concr. Constr., 6(3), 285-296.   DOI
17 Bhattacharjee, J. (2016), "Repair, rehabilitation & retrofitting of RCC for sustainable development with case studies", Civil Eng. Urban Plan.: Int. J., 3, 33-47.
18 Cairns, J. and Rafeeqi, S.F.A. (1997), "Behaviour of reinforced concrete beams strengthened by external unbonded reinforcement", Constr. Build. Mater., 11(5-6), 309-317.   DOI
19 Cairns, J. and Rafeeqi, S.F.A. (2002), "Analysis of reinforced concrete beams strengthened by external unbonded bars", Mag. Concrete Res., 54(2), 141-153.   DOI
20 Cairns, J. and Rafeeqi, S.F.A. (2003), "Strengthening reinforced concrete beams with external unbonded bars: Experimental investigation", Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Structures & Buildings, 156, 27-37.   DOI
21 Oesterlee, C., Denarie, E. and Bruhwiler, E. (2007), "In-situ casting of UHPFRC protection layer on crash barrier walls", Proc. Adv. Constr. Mater., 21(1), 182-189.
22 Murthy, A.R.C., Karihaloo, B.L. and Priya, D.S. (2018a), "Flexural behavior of RC beams retrofitted with ultra-high strength concrete", Constr. Build. Mater., 175, 815-824.   DOI
23 Murthy, A.R.C., Karihaloo, B.L., Rani, P.V. and Priya, D.S. (2018c), "Fatigue behaviour of damaged RC beams strengthened with ultra high performance fibre reinforced concrete", Int. J. Fatig., 116, 659-668.   DOI
24 Oehlers, D.J. (2001), "Development of design rules for retrofitting by adhesive bonding or bolting either FRP or Steel plates to RC beams or slabs in bridges and buildings", Compos. Part A, 32, 1345-1355.   DOI
25 Oudah, F. and El-Hacha, R. (2013), "Research progress on the fatigue performance of RC beams strengthened in flexure using Fiber Reinforced Polymers", Compos. Part B Eng., 47, 82-95.   DOI
26 Papakonstantinou, C.G., Petrou, M.F. and Harries, K.A. (2001), "Fatigue of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with GFRP sheets", J. Compos. Const., ASCE, 5(4), 246-253.   DOI
27 Parkinson, J. (1978), "Glue solves a sticky problem for Gestetner", New Civil Eng., 14, 26-27.
28 Peng, H., Zhang, J., Shang, S., Liu, Y. and Cai, C.S. (2016), "Experimental study of flexural fatigue performance of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with prestressed CFRP plates", Eng. Struct., 127, 62-72.   DOI
29 Prem, P.R., Murthy, A.R.C., Gopal, R. and Bharathkumar, B.H. (2014), "Flexural behaviour of damaged RC beams strengthened with ultra-high performance concrete", Adv. Struct. Eng., 2057-2069.
30 Prem, P.R. and Murthy, A.R.C. (2016), "Acoustic emission and flexural behaviour of RC beams strengthened with UHPC overlay", Constr. Build. Mater., 123, 481-492.   DOI
31 Quattlebaum, J., Harries, K.A. and Petrou, M.F. (2005), "Comparison of three CFRP flexural retrofit systems under monotonic and fatigue loads", J. Bridge Eng., ASCE, 10(6), 731-740.   DOI
32 Raghavachary, S. (1992), "Experimental studies on flexural behavior of CFRP retro fired concrete members", Thesis, Florida Atlantic University, Florida.
33 Raval, S.S. and Dave, U.V. (2013), "Effectiveness of various methods of jacketing for RC beams", Procedia Eng., 51, 230-239.   DOI
34 Razavi, S.V., Jumaat, M.Z., El-Shafie, A.H. and Ronagh, H.R. (2015), "Load-deflection analysis prediction of CFRP strengthened RC slab using RNN", Adv. Concr. Constr., 3(2), 91-102.   DOI
35 Richard, P. and Cheyrezy, M.H. (1994), "Reactive powder concretes with high ductility and 200-800 MPa compressive strength", ACI SP144-24, 144, 507-518.
36 Richard, P. and Cheyrezy, M.H. (1995), "Composition of reactive powder concretes", Cement Concrete Res., 25, 1501-1511.   DOI
37 Ritchie, P.A. (1988), "External reinforcement of concrete beams using fiber reinforced plastic", Thesis, Leigh University.
38 Ritchie, P.A., Thomas, D.A., Lu, L.W. and Conelly, G.M. (1991), "External reinforcement of concrete beams using fiber reinforced plastics", ACI Struct. J., 88, 490-500.
39 Saadatmanesh, H. and Ehsani, M.R. (1990). "Fiber composite plates can strengthen beams", Concrete Int., 12(3), 65-71.
40 Ross, C.A., Jerome, D.M., Tedesco, J.W. and Hughes, M.L. (1994), "Strengthening of reinforced concrete beams with externally bonded composite laminates", ACI Struct. J., 96(3), 212-220.
41 SAMARIS (2005), Report D22, "Full scale application of UHPFRC for the rehabilitation of bridges - from the lab to the field", European Project 5th FWP / SAMARIS - Sustainable and Advanced MAterials for Road Infrastructures-WP 14: HPFRCC, http://samaris.zag.si/.
42 Shahawy, M. and Beitelman, E.T. (1999), "Static and fatigue performance of RC beams strengthened with CFRP laminates", J. Struct. Eng., ASCE, 125(6), 613-621.   DOI
43 Sharif, A.M., Al-Sulaimani, G.J. and Hussain, M. (1995), "Strengthening of shear damaged RC beams by external plate bonding of steel plates", Mag. Concrete Res., 47(173), 329-334.   DOI
44 Shehata, I.A.E.M., Shehata, L.C.D, Santos, E.W.F. and Simoes, M.L.F. (2009), "Strengthening of reinforced concrete beams in flexure by partial jacketing", Mater. Struct., 42, 495-504.   DOI
45 Sheikh, S.A. (2002), "Performance of concrete structures retrofitted with fibre reinforced polymers", Eng. Struct., 24, 869-879.   DOI
46 Shin, K.J., Lim, J.H., Oh, Y.S. and Moon, J.H. (2007), "An experimental study on the flexural behavior of RC beams strengthened with high-strength bars", Mag. Concrete Res., 59(7), 469-481.   DOI
47 Soheil, E. and Javad, E. (2016), "Simulation of the behaviour of RC columns strengthen with CFRP under rapid loading", Adv. Concr. Constr., 4(4), 319-332.   DOI
48 Central Public Works Department (2011), Hand Book on "Repairs and Rehabilitation of RCC Buildings, CPWD, Govt. of India, New Delhi.
49 Cairns, J. and Watson, D. (1993), "Structural aspects of concrete repairs: behavior of beams with exposed reinforcement", Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Deterioration & Repairs of Reinforced Concrete in the Arabian Gulf, Bahrain.
50 Cairns, J. and Zhao, Z. (1993), "Structural behavior of concrete beams with reinforcement exposed", Proceedings of the Inst. Civil Eng.: Struct. Build., 99, 141-154.   DOI
51 Chaallal, O., Nollet, M.J. and Perraton, D. (1998), "Strengthening of reinforced concrete beams with externally bonded fibrereinforced-plastic plates: Design guidelines for shear and flexure", Can. J. Civil Eng., 25(4), 692-704.   DOI
52 Chajes, M.J., Thomson, T.A., Januszka, T.F. and Finch, W. (1994), "Flexural strengthening of concrete beams using externally bonded composite materials", Constr. Build. Mater., 8(3), 191-201.   DOI
53 Chakrabortty, A. and Khennane, A. (2014), "Failure mechanisms of hybrid FRP-concrete beams with external filament-wound wrapping", Adv. Concr. Constr., 2(1), 57-75.   DOI
54 Chalioris, C.E., Thermou, G.E. and Pantazopoulou, S.J. (2014), "Behaviour of rehabilitated RC beams with self-compacting concrete jacketing - Analytical model and test results", Constr. Build. Mater., 55, 257-273.   DOI
55 Chen, J.F. and Teng, J.G. (2003), "Shear capacity of FRP strengthened RC beams: FRP debonding", Constr. Build. Mater., 17(1), 27-41.   DOI
56 Chen, J.F. and Teng, J.G. (2001), "Anchorage strength models for FRP and steel plates bonded to concrete", J. Struct. Eng., ASCE, 127(7), 784-91.   DOI
57 Subedi, N.K. and Baglin, P.S. (1998), "External plate reinforcement for concrete beams", J. Struct. Eng., ASCE, 124(12), 1490-1495.   DOI
58 Su R.K.L. and Zhu Y. (2005), "Experimental and numerical studies of external steel plate strengthened reinforced concrete coupling beams", Eng. Struct., 27, 1537-1550.   DOI
59 Su, R.K.L. and Siu, W.H. (2007), "Nonlinear response of bolt groups under in-plane loading", Eng. Struct., 29(4), 626-634.   DOI
60 Su, R.K.L., Siu, W.H. and Smith, S.T. (2010), "Effects of boltplate arrangements on steel plate strengthened reinforced concrete beams", Eng. Struct., 32, 1769-1778.   DOI
61 Swamy, R.N., Jones, R. and Charif, A. (1989), "The effect of external plate reinforcement on the strengthening of structurally damaged RC beams", Struct. Eng., 67(3), 45-56.
62 Swamy, R.N., Jones, R. and Charif, A. (1996), "Contribution of externally bonded steel plate reinforcement to the shear resistance of reinforced concrete beams", ACI SP, 165, 1-24.
63 Taerwe, L. (1995), "Non-metallic (FRP) reinforcement for concrete structures", Proceedings of the Second International RILEM Symposium (FRPRCS-2), E&FN Spon, London, UK, ISBN 0 41920540 3.
64 Tahsiri, H., Sedehi, O., Khaloo, A. and Raisi, E.M. (2015), "Experimental study of RC jacketed and CFRP strengthened RC beams", Constr. Build. Mater., 95, 476-485.   DOI
65 Thermou, G.E., Pantazopoulou, S.J. and Elnashai, A.S. (2007), "Flexural behavior of brittle RC members rehabilitated with concrete jacketing" J. Struct. Eng., 133(10), 1373-1384.   DOI
66 Triantafillou, R.C. and Plevris, N. (1992), "Strengthening of RC beams with epoxy-bonded fibercomposite materials", Mater. Struct., 25, 201-211.   DOI
67 Upreti, G., Murthy, A.R.C., Smitha, G., Iyer, N.R. and Venkat, L. (2016), "Strength and ductility of RC beams strengthened with ultra high strength cementitious composite overlay", J. Struct. Eng. (JOSE-Madras), 43(2), 190-198.
68 Triantafillou, T.C. and Deskovic, N. (1991), "Innovative prestressing with FRP sheets: Mechanics of short term behaviour", J. Eng. Mech., 117(7), 1652-1672.   DOI
69 Tsioulou, O.T., Lampropoulos, A.P. and Dritsos, A.E. (2013), "Experimental investigation of interface behaviour of RC beams strengthened with concrete layers", Constr. Build. Mater., 40, 50-59.   DOI
70 Uji, K. (1992), "Improving shear capacity of existing reinforced concrete members by applying carbon fibre sheets", Tran. JPN Concrete Inst., 14, 253-266.
71 Varastehpour, H. and Hamelin, P. (1997), "Strengthening of concrete beams using fiber reinforced plastics", Mater. Struct., 30, 160-166.   DOI
72 Varghese, P.C. (2014), Maintenance, Repair & Rehabilitation & Minor Works of Buildings, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.
73 Vasudevan, G. and Kothandaraman, S. (2014), "Experimental investigation on the performance of RC beams strengthened with external bars at soffit", Mater. Struct., 47, 1617-1631.   DOI
74 Vesmawala, G. and Pradeep, K. (2017). "Investigation of GFRP strengthened RC non-slender columns under eccentric Loading", Gradjevinar, 69(9), 831-840.
75 Voo, Y.L., Augustin, P.C. and Thamboe, T.A.J. (2011), "Construction and Design of a 50M Single Span UHP Ductile Concrete Composite Road Bridge", Struct. Eng., 89, 24-31.
76 Wang, J.H. (2018), Lifecycle Cost and Performance Analysis for Repair of Concrete Tunnels, Eco-Efficient Repair and Rehabilitation of Concrete Infrastructures, 1st Edition, Chapter: 23, Woodhead Publishing.
77 Yaman, S.T. (2016), "Behaviour of precast concrete beams prestressed with CFRP strands", Gradjevinar, 68(10), 775-786.
78 Wang, L. and Su, R.K.L. (2013), "A unified design procedure for preloaded rectangular RC columns strengthened with postcompressed plates", Adv. Concr. Constr., 1(2), 163-185.   DOI
79 Wang, Y.C., Lee, M.G. and Chen, B.C. (2007), "Experimental study of FRP-strengthened RC bridge girders subjected to fatigue loading", Compos. Struct., 81, 491-498.   DOI
80 Xu, S.L., Wang, N. and Zhang, X.F. (2012), "Flexural behavior of plain concrete beams strengthened with ultra-high toughness cementitious composites layer", Mater. Struct., 45, 851-859.   DOI
81 Yang, D., Park, S. and Neale, K.W. (2009), "Flexural behaviour of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with prestressed carbon composites", Compos. Struct., 88, 497-508.   DOI
82 Ziraba, N., Baluch, M.H., Basunbul, I.A., Sharif, A., Azad, A.K. and Al-Sulaimani, G.J. (1994), "Guidelines towards the design of RC beams with external plates", ACI Struct. J., 91(6), 639-646.
83 Davis, B.L. and Powell, J. (1984), "Strengthening of Brinsworth Rad Bridge, Rotherham, IABSE", 12th Congress, Vancouver, BC, 401-407.
84 Chen, W., Pham, T.M., Sichembe, H., Chen, L. and Hao, H. (2018), "Experimental study of flexural behaviour of RC beams strengthened by longitudinal and U-shaped basalt FRP sheet", Compos. Part-B Eng., 134, 114-126.   DOI
85 Cheong, H.K. and MacAlevey, N. (2000). "Experimental behaviour of jacketed reinforced concrete beams", J. Struct. Eng., 126(6), 692-699.   DOI
86 Dave, U.V. and Trambadia, K.H. (2004), "Behavior of prestressed concrete beams using GFRP wrapping", J. Compos. Constru., 10(1). http://www.nbmcw.com/articles/concrete/314-behaviorof-prestressed-concrete-beams-using-gfrp-wrapping.html.
87 Diab, Y.G. (1998), "Strengthening of RC beams by using sprayed concrete experimental approach", Eng. Struct., 20, 631-643.   DOI
88 Diagana, C., Li, A. Gedalia, B. and Delmas, Y. (2003), "Shear strengthening effectiveness with CFF strips", Eng. Struct., 25, 507-516.   DOI
89 Dias, S.J.E., Barros, J.A.O. and Janwaen, W. (2018), "Behavior of RC beams flexurally strengthened with NSM CFRP laminates", Compos. Struct., 201, 363-376.   DOI
90 Dong, J., Wang, Q. and Guan, Z. (2013), "Structural behaviour of RC beams with external flexural and flexural-shear strengthening by FRP sheets", Compos. Part-B Eng., 44, 604-612.   DOI
91 Duthinh, D. and Starnes, M. (2001), Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Beams with Carbon FRP, Eds. Figueiras et al., Composites in Constructions.
92 Aidoo, J., Harries, K.A. and Petrou, M.F. (2004), "Fatigue Behaviour of CFRP Strengthened Reinforced Concrete Bridge Girders", J. Compos. Constr., ASCE, 7(6), 501-518.
93 Adhikary, B.B. and Mutsuyoshi, H. (2002), "Numerical simulation of steel-plate strengthened concrete beam by a non-linear finite element method model", Constr. Build. Mater., 16, 291-301.   DOI
94 Adhikary, B.B. and Mutsuyoshi, H. (2006), "Shear strengthening of RC beams with web-bonded continuous steel plates", Constr. Build. Mater., 20, 296-307.   DOI
95 Adhikary, B.B., Mutsuyoshi, H. and Sano, M. (2000), "Shear strengthening of reinforced concrete beams using steel plates bonded on beam web: experiments and analysis", Constr. Build. Mater., 14(5), 237-244.   DOI
96 Alaee, F.J. and Karihaloo, B.L. (2003a), "Fracture model for flexural failure of beams retrofitted with CARDIFRC", J. Eng. Mech., 129, 10-28.
97 Alaee, F.J. and Karihaloo, B.L. (2003b), "Retrofitting of reinforced concrete neams with CARDIFRC", J. Compos. Constr., 7, 174-186.   DOI
98 Engindeniz, M. (2008), "Repair and strengthening of Pre-1970 reinforced concrete corner beam-column joints using CFRP composites", ProQuest, http://hdl.handle.net/1853/24808.
99 El-Ghandour, A.A. (2011), "Experimental and analytical investigation of CFRP flexural and shear strengthening efficiency of RC beams", Constr. Build. Mater., 25, 1419-1429.   DOI
100 El-shafie, A.H (2014), "Shear strengthening of reinforced concrete beams with rectangular web openings by FRP Composites", Adv. Concr. Constr., 3(2), 281-300.
101 Esfahani, M.R., Kianoush, M.R. and Tajari, A.R. (2007), "Flexural behaviour of reinforced concrete beams strengthened by CFRP sheets", Eng. Struct., 29, 2428-2444.   DOI
102 Farhat, F.A., Nicolaides, D., Kanellopoulos, A. and Karihaloo, B.L. (2007), "High performance fibre-reinforced cementitious composite (CARDIFRC)-Performance and application to retrofitting", Eng. Fract. Mech., 74, 151-167.   DOI
103 Fayyadh, M.M. and Razak, H.A. (2012), "Assessment of effectiveness of CFRP repaired RC beams under different damage levels based on flexural stiffness", Constr. Build. Mater., 37, 125-134.   DOI
104 Ferrier, E., Bigaud, D., Clement, J.C. and Hamelin, P. (2011), "Fatigue-loading effect on RC beams strengthened with externally bonded FRP", Constr. Build. Mater., 25, 539-546.   DOI
105 Frederick, F.F.R., Sharma, U.K. and Gupta, V.K. (2015), "Effect of end anchorage in external CFRP confinement on shear damaged RC beams", Procedia Eng., 125, 963-958.
106 Garden, H.N., Hollaway, L.C. and Thorne, A.M. (1998), "The strengthening and deformation behaviour of reinforced concrete beams upgraded using prestressed composite plates", Mater. Struct., 31, 247-258.   DOI
107 Gemert, V.D.A. (1981), "Repairing of concrete structures by externally bonded steel plates", Proceedings of the ICP/RILEM/IBK International Symposium on Plastics in Material and Structural Engineering, 519-526.
108 Gulsan, M.E., Al-Jawahery, M.S., Alshawaf, A.H., Hussein, T.A., Abdulhaleem, K.N. and Cevik, A. (2018), "Rehabilitation of normal and self-compacted steel fiber reinforced concrete corbels via basalt fiber", Adv. Concr. Constr., 6(5), 423-463.   DOI
109 Ghaleb, B.M. (1992), "Strengthening of damaged reinforced concrete beams by external fiber glass plates", Thesis, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Saudi Arabia.
110 Gheorghiu, C., Labossiere, P. and Proulx, J. (2006), "Fatigue and monotonic strength of RC beams strengthened with CFRPs", Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf., 37, 1111-1118.   DOI
111 Hammad, A., Rashid, H., Muhammad, R.R. and Asad, A.G. (2018), "Strengthening of concrete damaged by mechanical loading and elevated temperature", Adv. Concr. Constr., 6(6), 645-658.   DOI
112 Harajli, M.H. (1993), "Strengthening of concrete beams by external prestressing", PCI J., 38(6), 76-88.   DOI
113 Hussain, M., Sharif, A., Basunbul, I.A., Baluch, M.H. and Al-Sulaimani, G.J (1995), "Flexural behavior of precracked reinforced concrete beams strengthened externally by steel plates", ACI Struct. J., 92(1), 14-22.
114 International Federation for Structural Concrete (fib) (2001), Externally Bonded FRP Reinforcement for RC Structures, FIB bulletin No. 14, Lausanne, Switzerland
115 Jones, R., Swamy, R.N. and Ang, T.H. (1982), "Under and over reinforced concrete beams with glued steel plates", Int. J. Cement Compos. Lightwt. Concrete, 4(1), 19-32.   DOI
116 Karam, G.N. (1992), "Optimal design for prestressing with FRP sheets in structural members", Proceedings of the First International Conference on Advanced Composite Materials in Bridges and Structures, Sherbrooke, Canada.
117 Jones, R., Swamy, R.N. and Charif, A. (1988), "Plate separation and anchorage of reinforced concrete beams strengthened by epoxy bonded steel plates", Struct. Eng., 66(5), 85-94.
118 Jones, R., Swamy, R.N., Bloxham, J. and Bouderbalah, A. (1980), "Composite behaviour of concrete beams with epoxy bonded external reinforcement", Int. J. Cement Compos. Lightwt. Concrete, 2(2), 91-107.
119 Julio, E.N.B.S., Fernando, A.B.B. and Vitor, D.S. (2005), "Reinforced concrete jacketing-interface influence on monotonic loading response", ACI Struct. J., 102(2), 252-257.
120 Jumaat, M.Z., Kabir, M.H. and Obaydullah, M. (2006), "A review of the repair of reinforced concrete beams", J. Appl. Sci. Res., 2(6), 317-326.
121 Khalifa, A. and Nanni, A. (2000), "Improving shear capacity of existing RC T-section beams using CFRP composites", Cement Concrete Compos., 22, 165-174.   DOI
122 Khalifa, A.M. (2016), "Flexural performance of RC beams strengthened with near surface mounted CFRP strips", Alexandria Eng. J., 55, 1497-1505.   DOI
123 Khalil, H.S., Soliman, H.S., Sallam, H.E.M. and Shaheen, H.H. (2008), "Flexural strengthening of reinforced concrete beams using external unbonded steel bars", Eng. Res. J., 31(4), 407-412.
124 Kyriaki, G.S., Mistakidis, E. and Stylianidis, K.A. (2013), "Simulation of experiments on RC frames strengthened with dissipative steel links", Adv. Concr. Constr., 3(2), 253-272.
125 Alexander, J.G.S. (1996), "Shear strengthening of small scale concrete beams with carbon fibre reinforced plastic sheets", Proceedings of the 1st Structural Specialty Conference on Canadian Society for Civil Engineering, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, May-June.
126 Allen, R.T.L., Edwards, S.C. and Shaw, D.N. (1992), Repair of Concrete Structures, Taylor & Francis.
127 Altun, F. (2004), "An experimental study of the jacketed reinforced-concrete beams under bending", Constr. Build. Mater., 18, 611-618.   DOI
128 Kim, Y.J. and Heffernan, P.J. (2008), "Fatigue behavior of externally strengthened concrete beams with fiber-reinforced polymers: State of the art", J. Compos. Constr., 12(3), 246-256.   DOI
129 Krstulov, N. and Toutanj, H. (1996), "Infrastructural repair and retrofit with HPFRCCs", Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on High Performance Fibre Reinforced Cement Composites, Ann Arbor, USA.
130 L'Hermite, R. and Bresson, J. (1967), "Concrete reinforced with glued plates", RILEM International Symposium, Synthetic Resins in Building Construction, Paris, 175-203.
131 An, W., Saadatmanesh, H. and Ehsani, M.R. (1991), "RC beams strengthened with FRP plates. 2: Analysis and parametric study", J. Struct. Eng., 117(11), 3434-3455.   DOI
132 American Concrete Institute (ACI) (1993), Causes, Evaluation and Repair of Cracks in Concrete Structures, ACI Committee 224.1R-93, Farmington Hills (MI), ACI.
133 American Concrete Institute (ACI) (2008), Guide for the Design and Construction of Externally Bonded FRP Systems for Strengthening Concrete Structures, ACI Committee 440.2R-08. Farmington Hills (MI), ACI.
134 American Concrete Institute (ACI). (1992), Guide for the Use of Preplaced Aggregate Concrete for Structural and Mass Concrete Applications, ACI Committee 304, ACI Manual of Concrete Practice, Part 3, Detroit, Mich.
135 Aravind, N., Samanta, A.K., Thanikal, J.V. and Roy, D.S. (2017), "An experimental study on the effectiveness of externally bonded corrugated GFRP laminates for flexural cracks of RC beams", Constr. Build. Mater., 136, 348-360.   DOI
136 Aslam, M., Shafigh, P., Jummat, M.Z. and Shah, S.N.R. (2015), "Strengthening of RC beams using prestressed fiber reinforced polymers - A review", Constr. Build. Mater., 82, 235-256.   DOI