Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/eas.2021.20.1.071

Stochastic analysis of the rocking vulnerability of irregular anchored rigid bodies: application to soils of Mexico City  

Ramos, Salvador (Instituto de Ingenieria, Circuito Escolar, Ciudad Universitaria)
Arredondo, Cesar (E.R.N. Evaluacion de Riesgos Naturales y Antropogenicos)
Reinoso, Eduardo (Instituto de Ingenieria, Circuito Escolar, Ciudad Universitaria)
Leonardo-Suarez, Miguel (Instituto de Ingenieria, Circuito Escolar, Ciudad Universitaria)
Torres, Marco A. (Instituto de Ingenieria, Circuito Escolar, Ciudad Universitaria)
Publication Information
Earthquakes and Structures / v.20, no.1, 2021 , pp. 71-86 More about this Journal
Abstract
This paper focuses on the development and assessment of the expected damage for the rocking response of rigid anchored blocks, with irregular geometry and non-uniform mass distribution, considering the site conditions and the seismicity of Mexico City. The non-linear behavior of the restrainers is incorporated to evaluate the pure tension and tension-shear failure mechanisms. A probabilistic framework is performed covering a wide range of block sizes, slenderness ratios and eccentricities using physics-based ground motion simulation. In order to incorporate the uncertainties related to the propagation of far-field earthquakes with a significant contribution to the seismic hazard at study sites, it was simulated a set of scenarios using a stochastic summation methods of small-earthquakes records, considered as Empirical Green's Function (EGFs). As Engineering Demand Parameter (EDP), the absolute value of the maximum block rotation normalized by the body slenderness, as a function of the peak ground acceleration (PGA) is adopted. The results show that anchorages are more efficient for blocks with slenderness ratio between two and three, while slenderness above four provide a better stability when they are not restrained. Besides, there is a range of peak intensities where anchored blocks located in soft soils are less vulnerable with respect to those located in firm soils. The procedure used in here allows to take decisions about risk, reliability and resilience assessment of different types of contents, and it is easily adaptable to other seismic environments.
Keywords
rocking vulnerability; uncertainty; non-linear modelling; irregularity; anchorage;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 1  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Purvance, M., Abdolrasool, A. and James, B.N. (2008), "Freestading block overturning fragilities: Numerical simulation and experimental validation", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 37, 791-808. https://doi.org/DOI:10.1002/eqe.789.   DOI
2 Ramos Gomez, Pedro S. (2018), "Seismic vulnerability functions of electrical equipment for risk assessment", Master Dissesartion, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM).
3 einoso, E. and Ordaz, M. (1999), "Spectral ratios for Mexico City from free-field recordings", Earthq. Spectra, 15, 273-295.   DOI
4 Roeslin, S., Ma, Q.T.M. and Garcia, H.J. (2018), "Damage assessment on buildings following the 19th September 2017 Puebla, Mexico Earthquake", 4, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2018.00072.   DOI
5 Sarieddine, M. and Lin, L. (2013), "Investigation correlations between strong-motion duration and structural damage", Struct. Congr 2013 Bridg Your Passion with Your Prof - Proc 2013 Struct Congr, 2926-2936. https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784412848.255.   DOI
6 Sorrentino, L., AlShawa, O. and Decanini, L.D. (2011), "The relevance of energy damping in unreinforced masonry rocking mechanisms experimental and analytic investigations", Bull. Earthq. Eng., 9, 1617-1642. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-011-9291-1.   DOI
7 Swan, S.W. and Conoscente, G. (1997), Earthquake of October 9, 1995: Effects at the Manzanillo Power Plant
8 Swan, S.W. and Kassawara, R. (1998), "The use of earthquake experiences data for estimates of the seismic fragility of standar industrial equipment", In: ATC 29-1 Proc of Seminar on Seismic Design, Retrofit and Performance of Nonstructural Components, Applied Technology Council. 313-322.
9 Tang, A. (2000), "IZMIT (Kocaeli), Turkey, Earthquake of August 17,1999, including Duzce Earthquake of November 12, 1999: Lifeline Performance, ASCE Publications.
10 Taniguchi, T. (2002), "Non-linear response analyses of rectangular rigid bodies subjected to horizontal and vertical ground motion", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 31, 1481-1500. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.170.   DOI
11 Vamvatsikos, D. and Cornell, C.A. (2004), "Applied incremental dynamic analysis", Earthq. Spectra, 20, 523-553. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1737737.   DOI
12 Vamvatsikos, D., Allin Cornell, C. (2002), "Incremental dynamic analysis", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 31, 491-514. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.141.   DOI
13 Vassiliou, M.F. and Makris, N. (2012), "Analysis of the rocking response of rigid blocks standing free on a seismically isolated base", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 41, 177-196. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.1124.   DOI
14 Arredondo, C., Jaimes, M.A. and Reinoso, E. (2017), "A simplified model to evaluate the dynamic rocking behavior of irregular free-standing rigid bodies calibrated with experimental shaking-table tests", J. Earthq. Eng., 23(1) 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2017.1309601.   DOI
15 ACI (2014), Building code requirements for structural concrete (ACI 318-14) and commentary.
16 Aki, K. (1967). "Scaling law of seismic spectrum", J. Geophys. Res., 72(4), 1217-1231, https://doi.org/10.1029/JZ072i004p0121Aki, K. (1967).   DOI
17 Arnau, O., Chavez, M., Guerrero, H., Jaimes, M. and Pozos, A. (2017), "Observations of the damages in some locations of Oaxaca due to the Tehuantepec Mw8. 2 earthquake", In Structural engineering world conference, Cancun, Mexico.
18 Arredondo, C.A. and Reinoso, E. (2008), "Influence of frequency content and peak intensities in the rocking seismic response of rigid bodies", J. Earthq. Eng., 12(4), 517-533. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632460701672755.   DOI
19 ASCE 7-16 (2017), Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures.
20 Bachmann, J.A., Strand, M., Vassiliou, M.F., Broccardo, M. and Stojadinovic, B. (2018), "Is rocking motion predictable?", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 47(2), 535-552. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2978.   DOI
21 Badillo-Almaraz H, Whittaker A.S. and Reinhorn, A.M. (2007), "Seismic fragility of suspended ceiling systems", Earthq. Spectra, 23(1), 21-40. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.2357626.   DOI
22 Yim, C.S., Chopra, A.K. and Penzien, J. (1980), "Rocking response of rigid blocks to earthquakes", Earthq. Eng. Estruct. Dyn., 8, 565-587. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4290080606.   DOI
23 Wen, Y.K. (1975), "Approximate method for nonlinear random vibration", J. Eng. Mech. Div., 101, 389-401. http://ascelibrary.org/journal/jenmdt%22.s   DOI
24 Wen, Y.K. (1976), "Method for random vibration of hysteretic system", J. Eng. Mech. Div., 102(2), 249-263.   DOI
25 Wen, Y.K. (1976), "Method for random vibration of hysteretic systems", J. Eng. Mech. Div., 102(2), 249-263.   DOI
26 Bradley, B.A. (2010), "Epistemic uncertainties in component fragility functions", Earthq. Spectra, 26(1), 41-62. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.3281681.   DOI
27 Baker, J.W. (2015), "Efficient analytical fragility function fitting using dynamic structural analysis", Earthq. Spectra, 31, 579-599. https://doi.org/10.1193/021113EQS025M.   DOI
28 Baker, J.W. and Cornell, C.A. (2005), "A vector-valued ground motion intensity measure consisting of spectral acceleration and epsilon", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 34(10), 93-1217. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.474.   DOI
29 Bitran, D., Colorado Lango, J., Garcia Arroliga N. (2003), "Socieconomic impact during the 21 January earthquake at 2003 in Colima, Mexico", Centro Nacional de Prevencion de Desastres 49.
30 Brune, J.N. (1970), "Tectonic stress and the spectra of seismic shear waves from earthquakes", J. Geophys. Res., 75(26), 4997-5009. https://doi.org/10.1029/jb075i026p04997.   DOI
31 Casapulla, C. and Maione, A. (2017), "Rocking resonance conditions of large and slender rigid blocks under the intense phase of an earthquake", COMPDYN 2017 - Proc 6th Int. Conf. Comput. Methods Struct. Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 2, 2867-2878. https://doi.org/10.7712/120117.5612.17190.   DOI
32 Casapulla, C., Jossa, P. and Maione, A. (2010), "Rocking motion of a masonry rigid block under seismic actions: A new strategy based on the progressive correction of the resonance response, II moto sotto sisma del blocco murario: Analisi per progressiva correzione della risposta in risonanza", Ing Sismica, 27, 35-48.
33 Eguchi, R.T. and Seligson, H.A. (1994), Practical Lessons from the Loma Prieta Earthquake.
34 Ceravolo, R., Leonarda, M. and Zanotti, L. (2016), "Semi-active control of the rocking motion of monolithic art objects", J. Sound Vib., 374(21), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2016.03.038.   DOI
35 Cornell, C.A., Asce, M., Jalayer, F. (2000), Management Agency Steel MGuidelinesoment Frame. 526-533.
36 Cremen, G. and Baker, J.W. (2019), "Improving FEMA P-58 non-structural component fragility functions and loss predictions", Bull. Earthq. Eng., 17(4), 1941-1960. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-018-00535-7.   DOI
37 DeJong, M.J. (2012), "Amplification of rocking due to horizontal ground motion", Earthq. Spectra, 28, 1405-1421. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.4000085.   DOI
38 Dimitrakopoulos, E.G. and Paraskeva, T.S. (2015), "Dimensionless fragility curves for rocking response to nearfault excitations", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 44(12), 2015-2033. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2571.   DOI
39 FEMA (2012), Seismic Performance Assessment of Buildings - Volume 1 - Methodology FEMA P-58-1.
40 Giouvanidis, A.I. and Dimitrakopoulos, E.G. (2018), "Rocking amplification and strong-motion duration", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 47(10), 2094-2116. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.3058.   DOI
41 Giresini, L., Casapulla, C., Denysiuk, R., Matos, J. and Sassu, M. (2018), "Fragility curves for free and restrained rocking masonry facades in one-sided motion", Eng. Struct., 164, 195-213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.03.003.   DOI
42 Jaimes, M.A. and Candia, G. (2018), "Toppling of rigid electric equipment during earthquakes", Eng. Struct., 168, 229-242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.04.083.   DOI
43 Giresini, L., Sassu, M. and Sorrentino, L. (2018), "In situ freevibration tests on unrestrained and restrained rocking masonry walls", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 47(15), 3006-3025. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.3119.   DOI
44 Giresini, L., Solarino, F., Paganelli, O., Oliveira, D.V. and Froli, M. (2019), "ONE-SIDED rocking analysis of corner mechanisms in masonry structures: Influence of geometry, energy dissipation, boundary conditions", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 123, 357-370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2019.05.012.   DOI
45 Housner, W.G. (1963), "The behavior of inverted pendulum structures during earthquakes", Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 53(2), 403-417.   DOI
46 Hutchinson, T.C. and Ray Chaudhuri, S. (2006), "Simplified expression for seismic fragility estimation of sliding-dominated equipment and contents", Earthq. Spectra, 22(3), 709-732. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.2220637.   DOI
47 Ishiyama, Y. (1982), "Motions of rigid bodies and criteria for overturning by earthquakes excitations", Earthq. Eng. Estruct. Dyn., 10(5), 635-650. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4290100502.   DOI
48 Jaimes, M.A., Lermo, J. and Garcia-Soto, A.D. (2016), "Ground-motion prediction model from local earthquakes of the Mexico basin at the hill zone of Mexico City", Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 106(6), 2532-2544. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120150283.   DOI
49 Jaimes, M.A., Ramirez-Gaytan, A. and Reinoso, E. (2015), "Ground-motion prediction model from intermediate-depth intraslab earthquakes at the hill and lake-bed zones of Mexico City", J. Earthq. Eng., 19(8), 1260-1278. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2015.1025926.   DOI
50 Jaimes, M.A., Reinoso, E. and Esteva, L. (2013), "Seismic vulnerability of building contents for a given occupancy due to multiple failure modes", J. Earthq. Eng., 17, 658-672. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2013.771588.   DOI
51 Jaimes, M.A., Reinoso, E. and Lopez, G. (2009), "Earthquake losses at electrical substation under strong ground motions", Congreso Nacional de Ingenieria Estructural.
52 Jaimes, M.A., Reinoso, E. and Lopez, G. (2009), "Earthquake losses at electrical substation under strong ground motions" (in spanish), Congreso Nacional de Ingenieria Estructural.
53 Kampas, G. and Makris, N. (2016), "Size versus slenderness: Two competing parameters in the seismic stability of free‐standing rocking columnssize versus slenderness: Two competing Parameters in the Seismic Stability of Free‐Standing Rocking columns. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 106, 104-122. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120150138.   DOI
54 Jaimes, M.A., Reinoso, E. and Ordaz, M. (2006), "Comparison of methods to predict response spectra at instrumented sites given the magnitude and distance of an earthquake", J. Earthq. Eng., 10, 887-902. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632460609350622.   DOI
55 Jaimes, M.A., Reinoso. E. and Ordaz, M. (2008), "Empirical Green's functions modified by attenuation for sources located at intermediate and far distances from the original source", J. Earthq. Eng., 12, 584-595. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632460701669967.   DOI
56 Jalayer, F. (2014), Direct Probabilistic Seismic Analysis: Implementing Non-linear Dynamic Assessments, Master Dissertation.
57 Mahrenholtz, P. (2012), Experimental performance and recommendations for qualification of post-installed anchors for seismic applications, Institut fur Werkstoffe im Bauwesen der Universitat Stuttgart.
58 Kavvadias, I.E., Vasiliadis, L.K. and Elenas, A. (2017), "Seismic response parametric study of ancient rocking columns", Int. J. Architect. Herit., 11, 791-804. https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2017.1298009.   DOI
59 Kennedy, R.P. and Ravindra, M. (1983), "Seismic fragilities for nuclear power plant risk studies", Nuclear Eng. Des., 79(1), 47-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/0029-5493(84)90188-2.   DOI
60 Lopez Garcia. D. and Soong, T.T. (2003), "Sliding fragility of block-type non-structural components. Part 1: Unrestrained components", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 32, 111-129. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.217.   DOI
61 Makris, N. and Konstantinidis, D. (2003), "The rocking spectrum and the limitations of practical design methodologies", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 32, 265-289. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.223.   DOI
62 Mahrenholtz, P., Eligehausen, R., Hutchinson, T.C., Hoehler, M.S. (2016), "Behavior of post-installed anchors tested by stepwise increasing cyclic load protocols", ACI Struct. J., 113, 997-1008. https://doi.org/10.14359/51689023.BEHAVIOR   DOI
63 Mahrenholtz, P., Wood, R.L., Eligehausen, R., Hutchinson, T.C. and Hoehler, M.S. (2017), "Development and validation of European guidelines for seismic qualification of post-installed anchors", Eng. Struct., 148, 497-508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.06.048.   DOI
64 Makris, N. (2014), "A half-century of rocking isolation", Earthq. Struct., 7, 1187-1221. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2014.7.6.1187.   DOI
65 Makris, N. (2014), "The role of the rotational inertia on the seismic resistance of free-standing rocking columns and articulated frames", Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 104, 2226-2239. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120130064.   DOI
66 Makris, N. and Black, C.J. (2002), "Uplifting and overturning of equipment anchored to a base foundation", Earthq. Spectra, 18, 631-661. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1515730.   DOI
67 Makris, N. and Roussos, Y.S. (2000), "Rocking response of rigid blocks under near-source ground motions", Geotechnique, 50, 243-262. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2000.50.3.243.   DOI
68 Makris, N. and Zhang, J. (2001), "Rocking response of anchored blocks under Pulse-type motions", J. Eng. Mech., 127, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2001)127.   DOI
69 NTC-CDMX (2017) Normas Tecnicas Complementarias para la Revision de la Seguridad Estructural de las Edificaciones (NTC-RSEE). Gac Of la Ciudad Mex.
70 Ordaz, M. and Singh, S.K. (1992), "Source spectra and spectral attenuation of seismic waves from Mexican earthquakes, and evidence of amplification in the hill zone of Mexico City", Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 82(1), 24-43
71 Ordaz, M., Arboleda, J. and Singh, S.K. (1995), "A scheme of random summation of an empirical green's function to estimate ground motion from future large earthquakes", Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 85, 1635-1647.
72 Owa, S., Yamamoto, Y., Kondo, T. and Fogstad, C. (2012), "Study on strength and ductility of post-installed adhesive anchoring system - comparison and analysis of experimental values, various values in ultimate strength and design strength", 15WCEE / 15th World Conf. Earthq. Eng. Lisbon.
73 Pecorelli, M.L. and Ceravolo, R. (2017), "Semiactive control of rigid blocks under earthquake excitation", J. Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2988.   DOI
74 Pena, F., Lourenco, P.B. and Campos-Costa, A. (2008), "Experimental dynamic behavior of free- standing multi-block structures under seismic loadings", J. Earthq. Eng., 12(6), 37-41. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632460801890513.   DOI
75 Porter, K., Johnson, G., Sheppard, R. and Bachman, R. (2010), "Fragility of mechanical, electrical, and plumbing equipment.", Earthq. Spectra, 26, 451-472. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.3363847.   DOI
76 Purvance, M. (2005), "Overturning of slender blocks: Numerical investigation and application to precariously balanced rocks in Southern California", University of Nevado, Reno.
77 Porter, K., Kennedy, R. and Bachman, R. (2007), "Creating fragility functions for performance-based earthquake engineering", Earthq. Spectra, 23, 471-489. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.2720892.   DOI
78 Porter, K.A. and Kiremidjian, A.S. (2001), Assembly-based vulnerability of buildings and its use in performance evaluation.