Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/eas.2018.15.1.009

Recommended seismic performance requirements for building structures in Hong Kong  

Tsang, Hing-Ho (Department of Civil & Construction Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology)
Publication Information
Earthquakes and Structures / v.15, no.1, 2018 , pp. 9-17 More about this Journal
Abstract
This paper provides recommendations for setting performance requirements for the seismic design of building structures in Hong Kong. Fundamental issues relating to the required level of structural safety will be addressed, which is then followed with a recommended seismic action model for structural design purposes in Hong Kong. The choice of suitable performance criteria of structures and the return period of the design seismic actions are first discussed. The development of the seismic hazard model for Hong Kong is then reviewed. The determination of the design response spectrum and the choice of design parameters for structures of different importance classes will also be presented.
Keywords
seismic design; building structures; performance requirements; response spectrum; return period;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 1  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 AS/NZS 1170.2 (2011), Structural Design Actions-Part 2: Wind Actions, Standards Australia, Sydney, Australia, and Standards New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand.
2 ASCE/SEI 7-10 (2011), Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, Structural Engineering Institute (SEI), the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), U.S.
3 ATC (1997), NEHRP Guidelines for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings (FEMA Publication 273), Prepared by Applied Technology Council (ATC) for the Building Seismic Safety Council (BSSC), Washington, D.C., U.S.
4 BC3 (2013), Guidebook for Design of Buildings in Singapore to Design Requirements in SSEN-1998-1, Building and Construction Authority, Singapore.
5 BD (2004), Code of Practice on Wind Effects in Hong Kong 2004, Buildings Department (BD), The Government of the HKSAR, Hong Kong, China.
6 BSSC (2003), NEHRP Recommended Provisions for Seismic Regulations for New Buildings and Other Structures (FEMA 450), Building Seismic Safety Council for the Federal Emergency Management Agency, National Institute of Building Sciences, Washington, D.C., U.S.
7 CEN (2004), EN 1998 1, Eurocode 8: Design of Structures for Earthquake Resistance-Part 1: General Rules, Seismic Actions and Rules for Buildings, European Committee for Standardisation, Brussels.
8 Chandler, A.M. and Lam, N.T.K. (2002), "Intensity attenuation relationship for the South China region and comparison with the component attenuation model", J. Asian Earth Sci., 20(7), 775-790.   DOI
9 Chandler, A.M. and Lam, N.T.K. (2004), "An attenuation model for distant earthquakes", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 33(2), 183-210.   DOI
10 Chandler, A.M., Lam, N.T.K. and Tsang, H.H. (2005), "Shear wave velocity modelling in crustal rock for seismic hazard analysis", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 25(2), 167-185.   DOI
11 Chandler, A.M., Lam, N.T.K. and Tsang, H.H. (2006a), "Nearsurface attenuation modelling based on rock shear-wave velocity profile", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 26(11), 1004-1014.   DOI
12 Chandler, A.M., Lam, N.T.K. and Tsang, H.H. (2006b), "Regional and local factors in attenuation modelling: Hong Kong case study", J. Asian Earth Sci., 27(6), 892-906.   DOI
13 Cornell, C.A. (1968), "Engineering seismic risk analysis", Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 58, 1583- 1606.
14 Dolsek, M., Sinkovic, N.L. and Zizmond, J. (2017), "IM-based and EDP-based decision models for the verification of the seismic collapse safety of buildings", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 46(15), 2665-2682.   DOI
15 Fardis, M.N. (2009), Seismic Design Assessment and Retrofitting of Concrete Buildings based on EN-Eurocode 8, Springer.
16 Free, M., Pappin, J. and Koo, R.C.H. (2004), "Seismic hazard assessment in a moderate seismicity region", Hong Kong Proceedings of the 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Vancouver, Canada.
17 Geoscience Australia (2012), The 2012 Australian Earthquake Hazard Map., Ed. D.R. Burbridge, Canberra, Geoscience Australia Publication, GeoCat 74811.
18 Haselton, C.B. and Deierlein, G.G. (2007), "Assessing seismic collapse safety of modern reinforced concrete moment frame buildings", Report No. 156, The John A. Blume Earthquake Engineering Center, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, US.
19 Holmes, J.D., Kwok, K.C.S. and Hitchcock, P. (2009). "Extreme wind speeds and wind load factors for Hong Kong", Proceedings of the 7th Asia-Pacific Conference on Wind Engineering, Taipei, Taiwan, November.
20 Hashemi, M.J., Tsang, H.H., Al-Ogaidi, Y., Wilson, J.L. and Al-Mahaidi, R. (2017), "Collapse assessment of reinforced concrete building columns through multi-axis hybrid simulation", ACI Struct. J., 114(2), 437-449.
21 International Building Code (IBC) (2012), International Code Council (ICC), Country Club Hill, Illinois, U.S.
22 Lam, N.T.K. (1999), Program 'GENQKE' User's Guide, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Australia.
23 Lam, N.T.K., Asten, M., Roberts, J., Srikanth, V., Wilson, J., Chandler, A.M. and Tsang, H.H. (2006), "Generic approach for modelling earthquake hazard", Adv. Struct. Eng., 9(1), 67-82.   DOI
24 Lam, N.T.K., Balendra, T., Wilson, J.L. and Srikanth, V. (2009), "Seismic load estimates of distant subduction earthquakes affecting Singapore", Eng. Struct., 31(5), 1230-1240.   DOI
25 Lam, N.T.K., Sinadinovski, C., Koo, R.C.H. and Wilson, J.L. (2003), "Peak ground velocity modelling for Australian intraplate earthquakes", Int. J. Seismol. Earthq. Eng., 5(2), 11-22.
26 Lam, N.T.K., Tsang, H.H., Lumantarna, E. and Wilson, J.L. (2016), "Minimum loading requirements for areas of low seismicity", Earthq. Struct., 11(4), 539-561.   DOI
27 Lam, N.T.K., Wilson, J.L. and Chandler, A.M. (2001), "Seismic displacement response spectrum estimated from the frame analogy soil amplification model", Eng. Struct., 23, 1437-1452.   DOI
28 Tsang, H.H., Chandler, A.M. and Lam, N.T.K. (2006b), "Simple models for estimating period-shift and damping in soil", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 35(15), 1925-1947.   DOI
29 Tsang, H.H. and Wenzel, F. (2016), "Setting structural safety requirement for controlling earthquake mortality risk", Saf. Sci., 86, 174-183.   DOI
30 Tsang, H.H., Chandler, A.M. and Lam, N.T.K. (2006a), "Estimating non-linear site response by single period approximation", J. Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 35(9), 1053-1076.   DOI
31 Tsang, H.H., Lumantarna, E., Lam, N.T.K., Wilson, J.L. and Gad, E.F. (2016), "Annualised collapse risk of soft-storey building with precast RC columns in Australia", Proceedings of the 24th Australasian Conference on the Mechanics of Structures and Materials, December.
32 Tsang, H.H., Sheikh, M.N. and Lam, N.T.K. (2012), "Modeling shear rigidity of stratified bedrock in site response analysis", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 34(1), 89-98.   DOI
33 Tsang, H.H., Sheikh, N. and Lam, N.T.K. (2010), "Regional differences in attenuation modelling for Eastern China", J. Asian Earth Sci., 39(5), 451-459.
34 Tsang, H.H., Su, R.K.L., Lam, N.T.K. and Lo, S.H. (2009), "Rapid assessment of seismic demand in existing building structures", Struct. Des. Tall Spec. Build., 18(4), 427-439.   DOI
35 Liel, A.B. and Deierlein, G.G. (2008), "Assessing the collapse risk of California's existing reinforced concrete frame structures: Metrics for seismic safety decisions", Report No. 166, The John A. Blume Earthquake Engineering Center, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, US.
36 Lam, N.T.K., Wilson, J.L. and Hutchinson, G.L. (2000), "Generation of synthetic earthquake accelerograms using seismological modelling: A review", J. Earthq. Eng., 4(3), 321-354.   DOI
37 Lam, N.T.K., Wilson, J.L., Chandler, A.M. and Hutchinson, G.L. (2002), "Response spectrum predictions for potential near-field and far-field earthquakes affecting Hong Kong: Rock sites", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 22, 47-72   DOI
38 Lee, C.F., Ding, Y.Z., Huang, R.H., Yu, Y.B., Guo, G.A., Chen, P.L. and Huang, X.H. (1998), "Seismic hazard analysis of the Hong Kong region, (GEO Report No. 65)", Geotechnical Engineering Office, Civil Engineering Department, Government of the Hong Kong SAR.
39 Mak, S., Chan, L.S., Chandler, A.M. and Koo, R.C.H. (2004), "Coda Q estimates in the Hong Kong region", J. Asian Earth Sci., 24,127-136.   DOI
40 McGuire, R.K. (1976), "FORTRAN computer program for seismic risk analysis", U.S. Geol. Surv., Open-File Rept. 76-67.
41 McGuire, R.K. (1995), "Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis and design earthquakes: Closing the loop", Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 85(5), 1275-1284.
42 Mitchell, D., Paultre, P., Tinawi, R., Saatcioglu, M., Tremblay, R., Elwood, K., Adams, J. and DeVall, R. (2010), "Evolution of seismic design provisions in the national building code of Canada", Can. J. Civil Eng., 37, 1157-1170.   DOI
43 Tsang, H.H., Yaghmaei-Sabegh, S., Anbazhagan, P. and Sheikh, M.N. (2011), "A checking method for probabilistic seismichazard assessment: Case studies on three cities", Nat. Hazard., 58(1), 67-84.   DOI
44 Tsang, H.H., Wenzel, F. and Daniell, J.E. (2017c), "Residual fatality risk estimates for setting earthquake safety requirement", Proceedings of the 16th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Santiago, Chile, January.
45 Tsang, H.H., Wilson, J.L. and Lam, N.T.K. (2017a), "A refined design spectrum model for regions of lower seismicity", Aust. J. Struct. Eng., 18, 3-10.   DOI
46 Tsang, H.H., Wilson, J.L., Lam, N.T.K. and Su, R.K.L. (2017b), "A design spectrum model for flexible soil sites in regions of low-to-moderate seismicity", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 92, 36-45.   DOI
47 Yaghmaei-Sabegh, S. and Lam, N.T.K. (2010), "Ground motion modelling in Tehran based on the stochastic method", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 30, 525-535.   DOI
48 NRCC (2005), National Building Code of Canada, Associate Committee on the National Building Code, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON.
49 NA to MS EN 1998-1 (2018), "Malaysia national annex to Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance -Part 1: General rules", Seismic Actions and Rules for Buildings, Standard Malaysia.
50 NA to SS EN 1998-1 (2013), "Singapore national annex to Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance -Part 1: General Rules", Seismic Actions and Rules for Buildings, Singapore.
51 Pappin, J.W., Jiang, H., Koo, R.C.H., Yu, Y.B., Kwan, J.S.H., So, M.M.L., Shiu, Y.K., Ho, K.K.S. and Pun, W.K. (2015a), "An updated seismic hazard analysis of the Hong Kong region", Hong Kong Inst. Eng. Tran., 22(3), 153-178.
52 Pappin, J.W., Koo, R.C.H., Free, M.W. and Tsang, H.H. (2008), "Seismic hazard of Hong Kong", Elec. J. Struct. Eng., Special Issue, 42-56.
53 Pappin, J.W., Koo, R.C.H., Jiang, H., Kwan, J.S.H., Yu, Y.B., So, M.M.L., Shiu, Y.K., Ho, K.K.S. and Pun, W.K. (2015b), "A rigorous probabilistic seismic hazard model for Southeast China: A case study of Hong Kong", Bull. Earthq. Eng., 13(12), 3597-3623.   DOI
54 Porter, K.A. (2014), "Safe enough? How building codes protect our lives but not our cities", Proceedings of the 10th U.S. National Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Anchorage, Alaska, US, July.
55 Pun, W.K. and Ambraseys, N.N. (1992), "Earthquake data review and seismic hazard analysis for the Hong Kong region", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 21, 433-443.   DOI
56 SEAOC (1995), Vision 2000: Performance-Based Seismic Engineering of Buildings, Structural Engineers Association of California Sacramento, California, U.S.
57 Tsang, H.H. (2011), "Should we design buildings for lowerprobability earthquake motion?", Nat. Hazard., 58, 853-857.   DOI
58 Su, R.K.L, Tsang, H.H. and Lam, N.T.K. (2011), "Seismic design of buildings in Hong Kong", Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong.
59 Su, R.K.L., Lee, C.L., He, C.H., Tsang, H.H. and Law, C.W. (2015), "Rare earthquake response spectra for typical site conditions in Hong Kong", Hong Kong Inst. Eng. Tran., 22(3), 179-191.
60 Tsang, H.H. (2006), "Probabilistic seismic hazard assessment: Direct amplitude-based approach", PhD Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong.
61 Tsang, H.H. (2014), "Seismic performance requirements and collapse risk of structures", Proceedings of the Annual Seminar entitled "Advances in Seismic Engineering", HKIE/IStructE Joint Structural Division.
62 Tsang, H.H. (2015), "Evaluation of codified elastic design spectrum models for regions of low-to-moderate seismicity", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 70, 148-152.   DOI
63 Tsang, H.H. and Chandler, A.M. (2006), "Site-specific probabilistic seismic-hazard assessment: Direct amplitude-based approach", Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 96(2), 392-403.   DOI
64 Tsang, H.H. and Lam, N.T.K. (2010), Seismic Hazard Assessment in Regions of Low-to-Moderate Seismicity, LAP Lambert Academic Publishing, Koln, Germany.
65 AS 1170.4 (2007), Structural Design Actions-Part 4: Earthquake Actions, Standards Australia, Sydney, Australia.
66 AEES (2009), AS 1170.4 Commentary: Structural Design Actions-Part 4 Earthquake Actions, Australian Earthquake Engineering Society (AEES), Victoria.
67 Arup (2002), Final Report on Evaluation of Seismic Response of Buildings, Consultancy to Study the Seismic Effects on Buildings in Hong Kong, Agreement No. CAO K49, Building Department, The Government of the HKSAR.
68 Arup (2011), Final Report on Overall Seismic Hazard Assessment. Pilot Seismic Microzonation Study in North-west New Territories for the Study of Potential Effect of Earthquake on Natural Terrain Investigation, Agreement No. CE49/2008(GE), Landslip Prevention and Mitigation Programme, Geotechnical Engineering Office, Civil Engineering and Development Department, The Government of the HKSAR.