Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/eas.2017.12.3.309

A retrofitting method for torsionally sensitive buildings using evolutionary algorithms  

Efstathakis, Nikos C. (Lab of Reinforced Concrete and Masonry Structures, School of Civil Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki)
Papanikolaou, Vassilis K. (Lab of Reinforced Concrete and Masonry Structures, School of Civil Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki)
Publication Information
Earthquakes and Structures / v.12, no.3, 2017 , pp. 309-319 More about this Journal
Abstract
A new method is suggested for the retrofitting of torsionally sensitive buildings. The main objective is to eliminate the torsional component from the first two natural modes of the structure by properly modifying its stiffness distribution via selective strengthening of its vertical elements. Due to the multi-parameter nature of this problem, state-of-art optimization schemes together with an ad-hoc software implementation were used for quantifying the required stiffness increase, determine the required retrofitting scheme and finally design and analyze the required composite sections for structural rehabilitation. The performance of the suggested method and its positive impact on the earthquake response of such structures is demonstrated through benchmark examples and applications on actual torsionally sensitive buildings.
Keywords
structural optimization; evolutionary algorithms; retrofitting method; torsional sensitivity; R/C jackets;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 7  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 de la Llera, J.C., Almazan, J.L. and Vial, I.J. (2005), "Torsional balance of plan-asymmetric structures with frictional dampers: analytical results", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 34(9), 1089-1108.   DOI
2 Erbatur, F., Hasancebi, O., Tutuncu, I. and Kilic, H. (2000), "Optimal design of planar and space structures with genetic algorithms", Comput. Struct., 75(2), 209-224.   DOI
3 Thermou, G.E. and Psaltakis, M. (2015), "Design methodology for the seismic upgrading of torsionally unbalanced existing R/C buildings", Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, Crete, Greece, May.
4 Zacharenaki, A.E., Fragiadakis, M. and Papadrakakis, M. (2013), "Reliability-based optimum seismic design of structures using simplified performance estimation methods", Eng. Struct., 52, 707-717.   DOI
5 Eurocode 1-1 (2004), Actions on structures - Part 1-1: General actions - Densities, self-weight, imposed loads for buildings, European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, Belgium.
6 Eurocode 8-1 (2004), Design of structures for earthquake resistance. Part 1.1: General rules, seismic actions and rules for buildings, European Committee for Standardization; Brussels, Belgium.
7 Eurocode 8-3 (2004), Design of structures for earthquake resistance. Part 3: Assessment and retrofitting of buildings, European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, Belgium.
8 Fardis, M. and Negro, P. (2005), "Seismic Performance Assessment and Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings (SPEAR)", European Commission, Luxembourg.
9 Fiore, A., Marano, G.C., Greco, R. and Mastromarino, E. (2016), "Structural optimization of hollow-section steel trusses by differential evolution algorithm", Int. J. Steel Struct., 16(2), 411-423.   DOI
10 Fotopoulos, F. and Charalampakis, A. (2015), XL Optimizer: User Guide, Technologismiki, Athens, Greece.
11 Fragiadakis, M. and Lagaros, N.D. (2011), "An overview to structural seismic design optimisation frameworks", Comput. Struct., 89(1-2), 1155-1165.   DOI
12 Fragiadakis, M., Lagaros, N.D. and Papadrakakis, M. (2006), "Performance- based earthquake engineering using structural optimisation tools", Int. J. Reliab. Saf., 1(1-2), 59-76.   DOI
13 Fragiadakis, M., Lagaros, N.D. and Papadrakakis, M. (2006), "Performance- based multiobjective optimum design of steel structures considering life-cycle cost", Struct. Multidiscip. Optim., 32(1), 1-11.   DOI
14 Gokdemir, H., Ozbasaran, H., Dogan, M., Unluoglu, E. and Albayrak, U. (2013), "Effects of torsional irregularity to structures during earthquakes", Eng. Fail. Anal., 35(7), 713-717.   DOI
15 Fujita, K., Moustafa, A. and Takewaki, I. (2010a), "Optimal placement of viscoelastic dampers and supporting members under variable critical excitations", Earthq. Struct., 1(1), 43-67.   DOI
16 Fujita, K., Yamamoto, K. and Takewaki, I. (2010b), "An evolutionary algorithm for optimal damper placement to minimize interstorey-drift transfer function in shear building", Earthq. Struct., 1(3), 289-306.   DOI
17 Garcia M., de la Llera, J.C. and Almazan, J.L. (2007), "Torsional balance of plan asymmetric structures with viscoelastic dampers", Eng. Struct., 29(6), 914-932.   DOI
18 Haftka, R. and Gurdel, Z. (1992), Elements of Structural Optimization, Series: Solid Mechanics and Its Applications, Vol. 11, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands.
19 Hasancebi, O. (2007a), "Discrete approaches in evolution strategies based optimum design of steel frames", Struct. Eng. Mech., 26(2), 1-20.   DOI
20 Hasancebi, O. (2007b), "Optimization of truss bridges within a specified design domain using evolution strategies", Eng. Optim., 39(6), 737-756.   DOI
21 Hasancebi, O. (2008), "Adaptive evolution strategies in structural optimization: enhancing their computational performance with applications to large-scale structures", Comput. Struct., 86(1-2), 119-132.   DOI
22 Hasancebi, O., Carbas, S., Dogan, E., Erdal, F. and Saka, M.P. (2009), "Performance evaluation of metaheuristic search techniques in the optimum design of real size pin jointed structures", Comput. Struct., 87(5-6), 284-302.   DOI
23 Kaveh, A., Kalateh-Ahani, M. and Fahimi-Farzam, M. (2014), "Life-cycle optimization of steel moment-frame structures: performance-based seismic design approach", Earthq. Struct., 7(3), 271-294.   DOI
24 Hendrix, E.M.T. and G.-Toth, B. (2010), Introduction to Nonlinear and Global Optimization, Springer, New York, NY, USA.
25 Hrstka, O., Ku, A. and Zeman, J.A. (2003), "Competitive comparison of different types of evolutionary algorithms", Comput. Struct., 81(18-19), 1979-1990.   DOI
26 Jeong, S.-H. and Elnashai, A. (2004), "Analytical Assessment of an Irregular RC Full Scale 3D Test Structure", Mid-America Earthquake Center, Urbana, Illinois, USA.
27 Kicinger, R., Arciszewski, T. and De Jong, K. (2005), "Evolutionary computation and structural design: a survey of the state-of-the-art", Comput. Struct., 83(23-24), 1943-1978.   DOI
28 Kim, J. and Bang, S. (2002), "Optimum distribution of added viscoelastic dampers for mitigation of torsional responses of plan-wise asymmetric structures", Eng. Struct., 24(10), 1257-1269.   DOI
29 Koumousis, V.K. and Arsenis, S.J. (1998), "Genetic algorithms in optimal detailed design of reinforced concrete members", Comput. Civ. Infrastruct. Eng., 13(1), 43-52.   DOI
30 Lagaros, N.D., Fragiadakis, M., Papadrakakis, M. and Tsompanakis, Y. (2006), "Structural optimization: a tool for evaluating seismic design procedures", Eng. Struct., 28(12), 1623-1633.   DOI
31 Lagaros, N.D., Papadrakakis, M. and Bakas, N. (2006), "Automatic minimization of the rigidity eccentricity of 3D reinforced concrete buildings", Earthq. Eng., 10(4), 533-564.
32 Lavan, O. and Levy, R. (2010), "Performance based optimal seismic retrofitting of yielding plane frames using added viscuous damping", Earthq. Struct., 1(3), 307-326.   DOI
33 ACI 318-14 (2014), Building code requirements for structural concrete, American Concrete Institute; Farmington Hills, MI, USA.
34 Martinez, F.J., Gonzalez-Vidosa, F., Hospitaler, A. and Yepes, V. (2010), "Heuristic optimization of RC bridge piers with rectangular hollow sections", Comput. Struct., 88(5-6), 375-386.   DOI
35 Leps, M. (2004), "Single and Multi-Objective Optimization in Civil Engineering with Applications", Ph.D. Dissertation, Czech Technical University, Prague, Czech Republic.
36 Leps, M. and Sejnoha, M. (2003), "New approach to optimization of reinforced concrete beams", Comput. Struct., 81(18-19), 1957-1966.   DOI
37 Manoharan, S. and Shanmuganathan, S. (1999), "Comparison of search mechanisms for structural optimization", Comput. Struct., 73(1-5), 363-372.   DOI
38 Paolacci, F. (2013), "An energy-based design for seismic resistant structures with viscoelastic dampers", Earthq. Struct., 4(2), 219-239.   DOI
39 Papadrakakis, M., Lagaros, N.D., Tsompanakis, Y. and Plevris, V. (2001), "Large scale structural optimization: computational methods and optimization algorithms", Arch. Comput. Methods Eng., 8(3), 239-301.   DOI
40 Papanikolaou, V.K (2015), "AnySection: Software for the analysis of arbitrary composite sections in biaxial bending and axial load", Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
41 Papanikolaou, V.K., Stefanidou, S.P. and Kappos, A.J. (2012), "The effect of preloading on the strength of jacketed R/C columns", Constr. Build. Mater., 38, 54-63.
42 Belejo, A., Bento, R. and Bhatt, C. (2008), "Comparison of different computer programs to predict the seismic performance of spear building by means of pushover analysis", 15th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Lisbon, Portugal, September.
43 Charmpis, D.C., Phocas, M.C. and Komodromos, P. (2015), "Optimized retrofit of multi-storey buildings using seismic isolation at various elevations: assessment for several earthquake excitations", Bull. Earthq. Eng., 13(9), 2745-2768.   DOI
44 Penelis, G. and Penelis, G. (2014), Concrete Buildings in Seismic Regions, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA.
45 Penelis, G.G. and Papanikolaou, V.K. (2010), "Nonlinear static and dynamic behaviour of a 16-story torsionally sensitive building designed according to Eurocodes", J. Earthq. Eng., 14(5), 706-725.   DOI
46 Camp, C.V., Pezeshk, S. and Hansson, H. (2003), "Flexural design of reinforced concrete frames using a genetic algorithm", J. Struct. Eng., 129(1), 105-115.   DOI
47 Charalampakis, A.E. (2016), "Comparison of metaheuristic algorithms for size optimization of trusses", Proceeding of the 11th HSTAM International Congress on Mechanics, Athens, May.
48 Charalampakis, A.E. and Dimou, C.K. (2013), "Comparison of evolutionary algorithms for the identification of Bouc-Wen hysteretic systems", J. Comput. Civ. Eng., 29(3), Article number 04014053.
49 Christensen, P. and Klarbring, A. (2008), An Introduction to Structural Optimization, Springer, Linkoping, Sweden.
50 Coello, C.A., Christiansen, A.D. and Hernandez, F.S. (1997), "A simple genetic algorithm for the design of reinforced concrete beams", Eng. Comput., 13(4), 185-196.   DOI
51 Daniel, Y. and Lavan, O. (2014), "Gradient based optimal seismic retrofitting of 3D irregular buildings using multiple tuned mass dampers", Comput. Struct., 139, 84-96.   DOI
52 Daniel, Y. and Lavan, O. (2015), "Optimality criteria based seismic design of multiple tuned-mass-dampers for the control of 3D irregular buildings", Earthq. Struct., 8(1), 77-100.   DOI
53 ASCE/SEI 41-13 (2013), Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Existing Buildings, American Society of Civil Engineers; Reston, Virginia, USA.
54 Quaranta, G. and Fiore, A. (2014), "Optimum design of prestressed concrete beams using constrained differential evolution algorithm", Struct. Multidiscip. Optim., 49(3), 441-453.   DOI
55 Perea, C., Alcala, J., Yepes, V., Gonzalez-Vidosa, F. and Hospitaler, A. (2008), "Design of reinforced concrete bridge frames by heuristic optimization", Adv. Eng. Softw., 39(8), 676-688.   DOI
56 Plevris, V., Mitropoulou, C.C. and Lagaros, N.D. (2012), Structural Seismic Design Optimization and Earthquake Engineering: Formulations and Applications, Engineering Science Reference, Hershey, PA, USA.
57 Price, K. and Storn, R. (2005), Differential Evolution - A Practical Approach to Global Optimization, Springer, Berlin, Germany.
58 Rafiq, M.Y. and Southcombe, C. (1998), "Genetic algorithms in optimal design and detailing of reinforced concrete biaxial columns supported by a declarative approach for capacity checking", Comput. Struct., 69(4), 443-457.   DOI
59 Rofooei, F.R. and Mohammadzadeh, S. (2016), "Improving the seismic torsional behavior of plan-asymmetric, single-storey, concrete moment resisting buildings with fluid viscous dampers", Earthq. Eng. Eng. Vib., 15(1), 61-78.   DOI
60 SAP2000 (2015), Computers & Structures Inc., Berkeley, California, USA.
61 Shayanfar, M., Abbasnia, R. and Khodam, A. (2014), "Development of a GA- based method for reliability-based optimization of structures with discrete and continuous design variables using opensees and tcl", Finite Elem. Anal. Des., 90, 61-73.   DOI
62 Storn, R. and Price, K. (1997), "Differential evolution - a simple and efficient heuristic for global optimization over continuous spaces", J. Glob. Optim., 11(4), 341-359.   DOI