Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/gae.2020.20.2.131

Determination of seismic hazard and soil response of a critical region in Turkey considering far-field and near-field earthquake effect  

Sonmezer, Yetis Bulent (Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kirikkale University)
Celiker, Murat (9th Regional Directorate, General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works)
Publication Information
Geomechanics and Engineering / v.20, no.2, 2020 , pp. 131-146 More about this Journal
Abstract
Evaluation of earthquake impacts in settlements with a high risk of earthquake occurrence is important for the determination of site-specific dynamic soil parameters and earthquake-resistant structural planning. In this study, dynamic soil properties of Karliova (Bingol) city center, located near to the intersection point of the North Anatolian Fault Zone and the East Anatolian Fault Zone and therefore having a high earthquake risk, were investigated by one-dimensional equivalent linear site response analysis. From ground response analyses, peak ground acceleration, predominant site period, 0.2-sec and 1-sec spectral accelerations and soil amplification maps of the study area were obtained for both near-field and far-field earthquake effects. The average acceleration spectrum obtained from analysis, for a near-field earthquake scenario, was found to exceed the design spectra of the Turkish Earthquake Code and Eurocode 8. Yet, the average acceleration spectrum was found to remain below the respective design spectra of the two codes for the far-field earthquake scenario. According to both near- and far-field earthquake scenarios in the study area, the low-rise buildings with low modal vibration durations are expected to be exposed to high spectral acceleration values and high-rise buildings with high modal vibration durations will be exposed to lower spectral accelerations. While high amplification ratios are observed in the north of the study area for the near-distance earthquake scenario, high amplification ratios are observed in the south of the study area for the long-distance earthquake scenario.
Keywords
site response analysis; far-field effect; near- field effect; local soil conditions; Karliova;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 4  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Kalafat, D., Pinar, A., Kuleli, S., Gulen, L. and Toksoz, N. (2006), "12, 14, 23 Mart (Mw=5.4, Mw=5.9, Mw=5.4), 6 Haziran 2005 (Mw=5.7) ve 2 Temmuz 2006 (Mw=4.9) The sequence of Karliova-Bingol earthquakes", Proceedings of the Active Tech. Ars Group 10th Meeting, Izmir, Turkey, November.
2 Kalkan, E., Gulkan, P., Yilmaz, N. and Celebi, M. (2009), "Reassessment of probabilistic seismic hazard in the Marmara Region", Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer., 99(4), 2127-2146. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120080285.   DOI
3 Kallberg, K.T. (1969), "Seismic risk of Southern California", M.I.T. Research Report R69-31, Department of Civil Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
4 Kienzle, A., Hannich, D., Wirth, W., Ehret, D., Rohn, J., Ciugudean, V. and Czurda, K. (2006), "A GIS-based study of earthquake hazard as a tool for the microzonation of Bucharest", Eng. Geol., 87(1-2), 13-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2006.05.008.   DOI
5 Kijko, A. and Graham, G. (1998), "Parametric-historic procedure for probabilistic seismic hazard analysis Part I: Estimation of maximum regional magnitude m max", Pure Appl. Geophys., 152(3), 413-442. https://doi.org/0033-4553/98/030413-30.   DOI
6 Kolat, C., Ulusay, R. and Suzen, M.L. (2012), "Development of geotechnical microzonation model for Yenisehir (Bursa, Turkey) located at a seismically active region", Eng. Geol., 127, 36-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2011.12.014.   DOI
7 Kramer, S.L. (1996), Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, U.S.A.
8 Allen, C.R. (1969), "Active faulting in northern Turkey", Division of Geological Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, U.S.A.
9 Ambraseys, N.N. and Bommer J.J. (1991), "The attenuation of ground accelerations in Europe", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 20, 1179-1202. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4290201207.   DOI
10 Ambraseys, N.N. (1989), "Temporary Seismic Quiescence: SE Turkey", Geophys. J., 96(2), 311-331. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1989.tb04453.x.   DOI
11 Ansal, A., Biro, Y., Erken, A. and Gulerce, U. (2004), Seismic Microzonation: A Case Study, in Recent Advances in Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering and Microzonation, Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, 253-266. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-2528-9_9.
12 Ansal, A., Ozaydin, K., Erdik, M., Yildirim, H., Kilic,, H., Adatepe, S., Ozener, P.T., Tonaroglu, M., Sesetyan, K. and Demircioglu, M. (2005), "Seismic microzonation for urban planning and vulnerability assessment", Proceedings of the International Symposium of Earthquake Engineering (ISEE2005), Awaji Island, Kobe, Japan.
13 AASHTO, (1983), Standart Specifications for Highway Bridges, 13th ed., American Association of state Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
14 Bardet, J.P., Ichii, K. and Lin, C.H. (2000), "EERA - A computer program for equivalent-linear earthquake site response analyses of layered soil deposits", University of Southern California, California, U.S.A.
15 NTC (2008), "Norme Tecniche per le Costruzioni (Italian Technical Regulation for Constructions)", D.M. Ministero Infrastrutture e Trasporti 14 gennaio. Roma, Italy.
16 Barka, A.A. (1996), "Slip distribution along the North Anatolian fault associated with the large earthquakes of the period 1939-1967", Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer., 86(5), 1238-1254.
17 Kramer, S. (2009a), "CEE 526 Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering lecture notes", University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, U.S.A.
18 Midorikawa, S. (1987), "Prediction of isoseismal map in Kanto plain due to hypothetical earthquake", J. Struct. Dyn., 33, 43-48.
19 Nalbant, S., Mc Closkey, J., Steacy, S. and Barka, A. (2002), "Strees accumulation and increased seismic risk in eastern Turkey", Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 195(3-4), 291-298. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00592-1.   DOI
20 NEHRP-BSSC (2003), "NEHRP (National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program) recommended provisions for New buildings and other structures (FEMA 450)", Building Seismic Safety Council, National Institute of Building Sciences, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
21 Ordonez, G. (2012), "Shake2000: A computer program for the 1-D analysis of geotechnical earthquake engineering problems", GeoMotions, LLC, Washington, U.S.A.
22 Ozalp, S., Dogan, A. and Emre, O. (2005), "6 June 2005 Evaluation of the Karliova Earthquake", MTA Geological Studies Department, Earth Dynamics Research and Evaluation Coordinator Active Tectonic Research Unit.
23 Ozbey, C., Sari, A., Manuel, L., Erdik, M. and Fahjan, Y. (2004), "An empirical attenuation relationship for Northwestern Turkey ground motion using a random effects approach", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 24(2), 115-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2003.10.005.   DOI
24 PEER (2019), Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Strong Motion Database, https://ngawest2.berkeley.edu.
25 Bozkurt, E., (2001), "Neotectonics of Turkey", Geodinamica Acta, 14(1-3), 3-30. https://doi.org/10.1080/09853111.2001.11432432.   DOI
26 Bohnhoff, M., Martinez-Garzon, P., Bulut, F., Stierl, E. and Ben-Zion, Y. (2016), "Maximum earthquake magnitudes along different sections of the North Anatolian fault zone", Tectonophysics, 674, 147-165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2016.02.028.   DOI
27 Boore, D.M., Stewart, J.P., Seyhan, E., Atkinson, G.M. (2013), "NGA-West2 equations for predicting response spectral accelerations for shallow crustal earthquakes", Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER), University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, U.S.A.
28 Borcherdt, R.D. (1994), "Estimates of site-dependent response spectra for design (methodology and justification)", Earthq. Spect., 10(4), 617-653. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1585791.   DOI
29 Burgmann, R., Ayhan, M.E., Fielding, E.J., Wright, T.J., McClusky, S., Aktug, B., Demir, C., Lenk, O. and Turkezer, A. (2002), "Deformation during the 12 November 1999 Duzce, Turkey, earthquakes, from GPS and InSAR data", Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer., 92(1), 161-171. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120000834.   DOI
30 Campbell, K.W. (1989), "The dependence of peak horizontal acceleration on magnitude, distance, and site effects for small-magnitude earthquakes in California and Eastern North", Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer., 79(5), 1311-1346.
31 Campbell, K.W. and Bozorgnia, Y. (2013), "NGA-West2 Campbell-Bozorgnia ground motion model for the horizontal components of PGA, PGV, and 5%-damped elastic pseudo-acceleration response spectra for periods ranging from 0.01 to 10 s", Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER), University of California, Berkeley, California, U.S.A.
32 Castelli, F., Cavallaro, A. and Grasso, S. (2016b), "SDMT soil testing for the local site response analysis", Proceedings of the 1st IMEKO TC4 International Workshop on Metrology for Geotechnics, Benevento, Italy, March.
33 Capilleri, P., Cavallaro, A. and Maugeri, M. (2014), "Static and Dynamic Characterization of Soils at Roio Piano (AQ)", Italian Geotech. J., 48(2), 38-52.
34 Caruso, S., Ferraro, A., Grasso, S. and Massimino, M.R. (2016), "Site response analysis in eastern Sicily based on direct and indirect Vs measurements", Proceeding of the 1st IMEKO TC4 International Workshop on Metrology for Geotechnics, Benevento, Italy, March.
35 Castelli, F., Cavallaro, A., Grasso, S. and Ferraro, A. (2016a), "In situ and laboratory tests for site response analysis in the ancient city of Noto (Italy)", Proceedings of the 1st IMEKO TC4 International Workshop on Metrology for Geotechnics, Benevento, Italy, March.
36 Cavallaro, A., Ferraro, A., Grasso, S. and Maugeri, M. (2008), "Site response analysis of the Monte Po Hill in the city of Catania", AIP Conf. Proc., 1020, 240-251. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2963841.
37 Chen, W.F. and Scawthorn, C. (2002), Earthquake Engineering Handbook, CRC Press.
38 Cornell, C.A. (1968), "Engineering seismic risk analysis", Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer., 58(5), 1583-1606.   DOI
39 Richter, C.F. (1958), Elementary Seismology, W.H. Freeman, London, U.K.
40 Reilinger, R.E., McClusky, S.C., Oral, M.B., King, W. and Toksoz, M.N. (1997), "Global Positioning System measurements of present-day crustal movements in the Arabian-Africa-Eurasia plate collision zone", J. Geophys. Res., 102(B5), 9983-9999. https://doi.org/10.1029/96JB03736.   DOI
41 Robertson, P.K., Woeller, D.J. and Finn, W.D.L. (1992), "Seismic cone penetration test for evaluating liquefaction potential under cyclic loading", Can. Geotech. J., 29(4), 686-695. https://doi.org/10.1139/t92-075   DOI
42 Saroglu, F., Emre, O. and Kuscu, I. (1992), "The East Anatolian fault zone of Turkey", Annales Tectonicae, 7, 99-125.
43 Seed, H. and Idriss, I. (1981), "Evaluation of liquefaction potential sand deposits based on observation of performance in previous earthquakes", Proceedings of the ASCE National Convention (MO), St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A., October.
44 Seed, H.B., Wong, R.T., Idriss, I.M. and Tokimatsu, K. (1986), "Moduli and damping factors for dynamic analyses of cohesionless soils", J. Geotech. Eng., 112(11), 1016-1032. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1986)112:11(1016).   DOI
45 Selcuk, L. and Ciftci, Y. (2007), "Microzonation of the Plio-Quaternary soils: a study of the liquefaction risk potential in the Lake Van Basin Turkey", Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ., 66(2), 161-176. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-006-0052-3.   DOI
46 Shafiee, A., Kamalian, M., Jafari, M.K. and Hamzehloo, H. (2011), "Ground motion studies for microzonation in Iran", Nat. Hazards, 59(1), 481-505. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-011-9772-1.   DOI
47 Shiuly, A. and Narayan, J.P. (2012), "Deterministic seismic microzonation of Kolkata city", Nat. Hazards, 60(2), 223-240. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-011-0004-5.   DOI
48 Deniz, A. (2006), "Estimation of earthquake insurance premium rates for Turkey", M.Sc. Thesis, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.
49 Das, S., Gupta, I.D. and Gupta, V.K. (2006), "A probabilistic seismic hazard analysis of Northeast India", Earthq. Spect., 22(1), 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.2163914.
50 Darendeli, M. (2001), "Development of a new family of normalized modulus reduction and material damping curves", Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, U.S.A.
51 El-Hady, S., Fergany, E.A.A., Othman, A. and Mohamed, G.E.A. (2012), "Seismic microzonation of Marsa Alam, Egypt using inversion HVSR of microtremor observations", J. Seismol., 16(1), 55-66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-011-9249-4.   DOI
52 Dikmen, U. (2009), "Statistical correlations of shear wave velocity and penetration resistance for soils", J. Geophys. Eng., 6(1), 61-72. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-2132/6/1/007.   DOI
53 EC8 (2004) EN 1998-1 (2004), "Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance", Part 1: General Rules, Seismic Actions and Rules for Buildings. European Committee for Standardization (CEN), Brussels, Belgium.
54 Edincliler, A. and Tuncay, G.S. (2018), "Nonlinear and equivalent linear site response analysis for the Bodrum Region", Euras. J. Civ. Eng. Architect, 2(2), 59-68.
55 Eskisar, T., Kuruoglu, M., Altun, S., Ozyalin, S. and Yilmaz, H.R. (2014), "Site response of deep alluvial deposits in the northern coast of Izmir Bay (Turkey) and a microzonation study based on geotechnical aspects", Eng. Geol., 172, 95-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2014.01.006.   DOI
56 ESRI (2013), ArcGIS version 10.1, 380 New York Street, Redlands, CA 92373-8100, U.S.A.
57 Fatahi, B., Far, H. and Samali, B. (2014), "Soil-structure interaction vs site effect for seismic design of tall buildings on soft soil", Geomech. Eng., 6(3), 293-320. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2014.6.3.293.   DOI
58 Sonmezer, Y.B., Bas, S., Isik, N.S. and Akbas, S.O. (2018), "Linear and nonlinear site response analyses to determine dynamic soil properties of Kirikkale", Geomech. Eng., 16(4), 435-448. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2018.16.4.435.   DOI
59 Sitharam, T.G. and Anbazhagan, P. (2007), "Seismic Hazard Analysis for the Bangalore Region", Nat. Hazards, 40(2), 261-278. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-006-0012-z.   DOI
60 Sonmezer, Y.B., Akbas, S.O. and Isik, N.S. (2015), "Assessment of the peak acceleration, amplification ratio and fundamental period properties for the Kirikkale province settlement area", J. Fac. Eng. Archit. Gazi Univ., 30(4), 711-721.
61 Sonmezer, Y.B., Celiker, M. and Bas, S. (2019), "An investigation on the evaluation of dynamic soil characteristics of the Elazig City through the 1-D equivalent linear site-response analysis", Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ., 78(7), 4689-4712. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-018-01450-6.   DOI
62 Sun, J., Golesorkhi, R. and Seed, H. (1988), "Dynamic moduli and damping ratios for cohesive soils", Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Berkeley, California, U.S.A.
63 Tavakoli, H., Amiri, M., Abdollahzadeh, G. and Janalizade, A. (2016), "Site effect microzonation of Babol Iran", Geomech. Eng., 11(6), 821-845. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2016.11.6.82.1   DOI
64 Toksoz, M.N., Shakal, A.F. and Michael, A.J. (1979), "Space-time migration of earthquakes along the North Anatolian Fault Zone and seismic gaps", Pure Appl. Geophys., 117(6), 1258-1270.   DOI
65 Grasso, S. and Maugeri, M. (2009), "The seismic microzonation of the city of Catania (Italy) for the maximum expected scenario earthquake of January 11, 1693", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 29(6), 953-962. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2008.11.006.   DOI
66 Ferraro, A., Grasso, S., Maugeri, M., Totani, F. (2016), "Seismic response analysis in the southern part of the historic Centre of the City of L'Aquila (Italy)", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 88, 256-264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2016.06.009.   DOI
67 Deniz, A. and Yucemen, M.S. (2010), "Magnitude conversion problem for the Turkish earthquake data", Nat. Hazards, 55(2), 333-352. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-010-9531-8.   DOI
68 TEC (2018), "Turkish earthquake code for buildings", Disaster and Emergency Management Directorate; Ankara, Turkey.
69 Tunc, B., Guven, T., Ulutas, E., Irmak, T.S., Sertcelik, F., Cetinol, T., Caka, D., Ozer, M.F. and Edge, O. (2003), "Experimental largest horizontal acceleration distance decrease relationship for the Eastern Marmara Region and the probalistic earthquake hazard of Kocaeli", Proceedings of the Earthquake Symposium, Kocaeli, Turkey.
70 Finn, W.D.L. and Ventura, C.E. (1995), "Challenging issues in local microzonation", Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Seismic Zonation, Nice, France, October.
71 Gutenberg, B. and Richter, C.F. (1942), "Earthquake magnitude, intensity, energy, and acceleration", Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer., 32, 163-191.   DOI
72 Gutenberg, B. and Richter, C.F. (1944), "Frequency of earthquakes in California", Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer., 34(4), 185-188.   DOI
73 Gutenberg, B. and Richter, C. (1956), "Magnitude and energy of earthquakes", Annals Geophys., 9, 1-15.
74 Gulkan, P., Kocyigit, A., Yucemen, S., Doyuran, V. and Basoz, N. (1993), "Earthquake zoning map of Turkey based on most recent data", METU Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Ankara, Turkey.
75 Vucetic, M. and Dobry, R. (1991), "Effect of soil plasticity on cyclic respons", J. Geotech. Eng., 117(1), 89-107. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1991)117:1(89).   DOI
76 Unutmaz, B., Siyahi, B., Fahjan, Y. and Akbas, B. (2011), "Derin aluvyon dolgunun dogrusal olmayan davranisinin esdeger lineer ve dogrusal olmayan yontemlerle karsilastirilmasi", Proceedings of the 1. Turkiye Deprem Muhendisligi ve Sismoloji Konferansi, Ankara, Turkey.
77 Ulusay, R., Tuncay, E., Sonmez, H. and Gokceoglu, C. (2004), "An attenuation relationship based on Turkish strong motion data and iso-acceleration map of Turkey", Eng. Geol., 74(3), 265-291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2004.04.002.   DOI
78 Vucetic, M. and Dobry, R. (1988), "Degradation of marine clays under cyclic loading", J. Geotech. Eng., 114 (2), 133-149. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1988)114:2(133).   DOI
79 Yucemen, M.S. (2011), "Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis: Overview and next generation earthquake hazard maps", Proceedings of the 7th National Earthquake Engineering Conference, Istanbul, Turkey.
80 Hanumantharao, C. and Ramana, G.V. (2008), "Dynamic soil properties for microzonation of Delhi, India", J. Earth Syst. Sci., 117, 719-730. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-008-0066-2.   DOI
81 Hardin, B.O. and Drnevich, V.P. (1972), "Shear modulus and damping in soil: Measurement and parameter effects", J. Soil Mech. Found. Div., 98(6), 603-624.   DOI
82 Hubert-Ferrari, A., Barka, A.A., Jacques, E., Nalbant, S., Meyer, B., Armijo, R., Tapponnier, P. and King, G.C.P. (2000), "Seismic hazard in the Marmara Sea region following the 17 August 1999 Izmit earthquake, Nature, 404, 269-273. https://doi.org/10.1038/35005054.   DOI
83 Iyisan, R. (1996), "Correlations between shear wave velocity and penetration experiments in soils", IMO (Technical Periodical), 7, 1187-1199.
84 Akkar, S. and Bommer, J.J. (2007), "Empirical prediction equations for peak ground velocity derived from strong motion records from Europe and the Middle East", Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer., 97(2), 511-530. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120060141.   DOI
85 Abrahamson, N.A., Silva, W.J. and Kamai, R. (2013), "Update of the AS08 ground-motion prediction equations based on the NGAWest2 data set", Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER), University of California, Berkeley, California, U.S.A.
86 Akin, M. (2009), "Seismic microzonation of Erbaa (Tokat-Turkey) located along eastern segment of the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ)", Ph.D. Dissertation, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.
87 Akin, M.K., Topal, T. and Kramer, S.L. (2013) "A newly developed seismic microzonation model of Erbaa (Tokat, Turkey) located on seismically active eastern segment of the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ)", Nat. Hazards 65(3), 1411-1442. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-012-0420-1.   DOI
88 Akkar, S. and Gulkan, P. (2002), "Tasarim spektrumlarinin performansa dayali deprem muhendisligi (PDDM) ve yakin mesafe depremler yonunden incelenmesi", Proceedings of the Uluslararasi Yapi ve Deprem Muhendisligi Sempozyumu, (ECAS2002), Ankara, Turkey.
89 Joyner, W.B. and Boore, D.M. (1981), "Peak horizontal acceleration and velocity from strong-motion records including records from the 1979 imperial valley, California, Earthquake", Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer., 71(6), 2011-2038.   DOI
90 ILBANK (2015), "Karliova municipality the basis of the zoning plan geological-geotechnical survey report", General Directorate of Bank of Provinces, Ankara, Turkey.
91 Algermissen, S.T. and Perkins, D.M. (1976), "A probabilistic estimate of maximum acceleration in rock in the contiguous United States", Report, U.S. Geological Survey, U.S.A.
92 Aktug, B., Dikmen, U., Dogru, A., Ozener, H. (2013), "Seismicity and strain accumulation around Karliova Triple Junction (Turkey)", J. Geodyn., 67, 21-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2012.04.008.   DOI