Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/gae.2019.18.5.535

Compacted expansive elastic silt and tyre powder waste  

Ghadr, Soheil (Department of Civil Engineering, Urmia university)
Mirsalehi, Sajjad (Department of Civil Engineering, University of Politecnica de Catalunya)
Assadi-Langroudi, Arya (School of the Architecture, Computing & Engineering, University of East London)
Publication Information
Geomechanics and Engineering / v.18, no.5, 2019 , pp. 535-543 More about this Journal
Abstract
Building on/with expansive soils with no treatment brings complications. Compacted expansive soils specifically fall short in satisfying the minimum requirements for transport embankment infrastructures, requiring the adoption of hauled virgin mineral aggregates or a sustainable alternative. Use of hauled aggregates comes at a high carbon and economical cost. On average, every 9m high embankment built with quarried/hauled soils cost $12600MJ.m^{-2}$ Embodied Energy (EE). A prospect of using mixed cutting-arising expansive soils with industrial/domestic wastes can reduce the carbon cost and ease the pressure on landfills. The widespread use of recycled materials has been extensively limited due to concerns over their long-term performance, generally low shear strength and stiffness. In this contribution, hydromechanical properties of a waste tyre sand-sized rubber (a mixture of polybutadiene, polyisoprene, elastomers, and styrene-butadiene) and expansive silt is studied, allowing the short- and long-term behaviour of optimum compacted composites to be better established. The inclusion of tyre shred substantially decreased the swelling potential/pressure and modestly lowered the compression index. Silt-Tyre powder replacement lowered the bulk density, allowing construction of lighter reinforced earth structures. The shear strength and stiffness decreased on addition of tyre powder, yet the contribution of matric suction to the shear strength remained constant for tyre shred contents up to 20%. Reinforced soils adopted a ductile post-peak plastic behaviour with enhanced failure strain, offering the opportunity to build more flexible subgrades as recommended for expansive soils. Residual water content and tyre shred content are directly correlated; tyre-reinforced silt showed a greater capacity of water storage (than natural silts) and hence a sustainable solution to waterlogging and surficial flooding particularly in urban settings. Crushed fine tyre shred mixed with expansive silts/sands at 15 to 20 wt% appear to offer the maximum reduction in swelling-shrinking properties at minimum cracking, strength loss and enhanced compressibility expenses.
Keywords
embankment; compaction; expansive; hydromechanical; tyre;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 5  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 ASTM D698-12e2 (2012), Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft3 (600 kN-m/m3)), ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
2 Shahin, A.M., Mardesic, T. and Nikraz, R.H., (2011), "Geotechnical characteristics of bauxite residue sand mixed with crumbed rubber from recycle car tires", J. GeoEng., 6(1), 63-72. http://dx.doi.org/10.6310%2fjog.2011.6(1).6.
3 Signes, C.H., Garzon-Roca, J., Fernandez, P.M., Torre, M.E.G. and Franco, R.I. (2016), "Swelling potential reduction of Spanish argillaceous marlstone facies tap soil through the addition of crumb rubber particles from scrap tyres", Appl. Clay Sci., 132-133, 768-773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2016.07.027.   DOI
4 Smith, R., Ellies, A. and Horn, R. (2000), "Modified Boussinesq's equations for nonuniform tire loading", J. Terramech., 37(4), 207-222. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-4898(00)00007-0.   DOI
5 SoilVision Systems Ltd (1999), User's Guide for a Knowledge-Based Database Program for Estimating Soil Properties of Unsaturated Soils for Use in Geotechnical Engineering, Soil Vision Systems Ltd., Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
6 Su, H., Yang, J., Ling, T., Ghataora, G. and Dirar, S. (2015), "Properties of concrete prepared with waste tyre rubber particles of uniform and varying sizes", J. Clean. Prod., 91, 288-296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.12.022.   DOI
7 Tafreshi, S.M. and Norouzi, A.H. (2015), "Application of waste rubber to reduce the settlement of road embankment", Geomech. Eng., 9(2), 219-241. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/gae.2015.9.2.219.   DOI
8 ASTM D854-10 (2010), Standard Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by Water Pycnometer, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
9 Bergado, D.T., Lornzo, G.A. and Balasubramaniam, A.S. (2005), "Compression mechanism of deep mixing improved clay ground", Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Geotechnical Engineering combined with 9th Yearly Meeting of the Indonesian Society for Geotechnical Engineering, Indonesia.
10 Bernal, A., Salgado,, R. and Lovell, C.W. (1997), "Tire shreds and rubber-sand as light weight backfill material", J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 4(6), 623-43.
11 Chen, F.H. (1988), Foundations on Expansive Soils, Elsevier Science, New York, U.S.A.
12 Driscoll, R. and Crilly, M. (2000), Subsidence Damage to Domestic Buildings: Lessons Learned and Questions Asked, Building Research Establishment, CRC Press.
13 Dutta, R.K. and Venkatappa Rao, G. (2009), "Regression models for predicting the behaviour of sand mixed with tire chips", Int. J. Geotech. Eng., 3(1), 51-63. https://doi.org/10.3328/IJGE.2009.03.01.51-63.   DOI
14 Edil, T.B. (2005), "A review of mechanical and chemical properties of shredded tires and soil mixtures", Proceedings of the Recycled Materials in Geotechnics Sessions at ASCE Civil Engineering Conference and Exposition 2004, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., October.
15 Edil, T.B. and Bosscher, P.J. (1994), "Engineering properties of tire chips and soil mixtures", Geotech. Test. J., 17(4), 453-464. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ10306J.   DOI
16 Trouzine, H, Bekhiti, M. and Asroun, A. (2012), "Effects of scrap tyre rubber fibre on swelling behaviour of two clayey soils in Algeria", Geosynth. Int., 19(2), 124-132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/gein.2012.19.2.124.   DOI
17 Tatlisoz, N., Benson, C.H. and Edil, T.B. (1997), Effect of Fines on Mechanical Properties of Soil-Tire Chip Mixtures, in Testing Soil Mixed with Waste or Recycled Materials, ASTM STP1275, ASTM, 93-108.
18 Terzi, N.U., Erenson, C. and Selcuk, M.E. (2015), "Geotechnical properties of tire-sand mixtures as backfill material for buried pipe installations", Geomech. Eng., 9(4), 447-464. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/gae.2015.9.4.447.   DOI
19 Teymur, B. and Atapek, A.B. (2010), "Mechanical properties of used tire granulates, sand and cement mixtures", Proceedings of the GeoShanghai International Conference 2010, Shanghai, China, June.
20 Topcu, I.B. (1995), "The properties of rubberized concretes", Cement Concrete Res., 25(2), 304-310. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(95)00014-3.   DOI
21 Van Genuchten, M.T. (1980), "A closed-form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils", Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J., 44(5), 892-898.   DOI
22 Youwai, S. and Bergado, D. T. (2003), "Strength and deformation characteristics of shredded rubber tire-sand mixtures", Can. Geotech. J., 40(2), 254-264. https://doi.org/10.1139/t02-104.   DOI
23 Zornberg, J.G., Viratjandr, C. and Cabral, A.R. (2004), "Behaviour of tire shred-sand mixtures", Can. Geotech. J., 41(2), 227-241. https://doi.org/10.1139/t03-086.   DOI
24 Ghadr, S. and Assadi-Langroudi, A. (2018), "Structure-based hydro-mechanical properties of sand-bentonite composites", Eng. Geol., 235, 53-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2018.02.002.   DOI
25 O'Riordan, N. and Phear, A. (2012), "Measuring and mitigation the environmental impact of earthworks and other geotechnical processes", Geol. Soc. London Eng. Geol. Special Pub., 26(1), 163-173. https://doi.org/10.1144/EGSP26.18.   DOI
26 Eldin, N.N, and Senouci, A.B. (1993), "Rubber-tire particles as concrete aggregate", J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 5(4), 478-496. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(1993)5:4(478).   DOI
27 Foose, G.J., Benson, C.H. and Bosscher, P.J. (1996), "Sand reinforced with shredded waste tyres", J. Geotech. Eng., 122(9), 760-767. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1996)122:9(760).   DOI
28 Fredlund, D.G. and Xin, A. (1994), "Equations for the soil-water characteristic curve", Can. Geotech. J., 31(4), 521-532. https://doi.org/10.1139/t94-061.   DOI
29 Fredlund, D.G., Stone, J., Stianson, J. and Sedgwick, A. (2011), "Determination of water storage and permeability functions for oil sands tailings", Proceedings of the Tailings and Mine Waste Conference, Vancouver, B.C., Canada, June.
30 Guleria, S.R. and Dutta, R.K. (2012), "Behaviour of fly ash-lime-gypsum composite mixed with treated tire chips", Geomech. Eng., 4(3), 151-171. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/gae.2012.4.3.151.
31 Harrison, R., Newwell, W., Panayides, I., Stone, B., Tsiolakis, E., Necdet, M., Batihanli, H., Ozhur, A., Lord, A., Berksoy, O., Zomeni, Z. and Schindler, J.S. (2008), "Bedrock geological map of the greater Lefkosia Area, Cyprus", US Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia, U.S.A.
32 HM Treasury, (2010), "Infrastructure cost review: Technical report", HM Treasure and Infrastructure UK, London, U.K.
33 Ho, H.M and Chan, M.C. (2010), "The potential of using rubber chips as a soft clay stabilizer enhancing agent", Modern Appl. Sci., 4(10), 122.
34 Keskin, M.S. and Laman, M. (2014), "Experimental study of bearing capacity of strip footing on sand slope reinforced with tire chips", Geomech. Eng., 6(3), 249-262. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2014.6.3.249.   DOI
35 Humphrey, D.N., Katz, L.E. and Blumenthal, M. (1997), "Water quality effects of tire chip fills placed above the groundwater table", Proceedings of the Symposium on Testing Soil Mixed with Waste or Recycled Materials, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A., January.
36 Hylands, K.N. and Shulman, V. (2003), Civil Engineering Applications of Tyres, Viridis.
37 Karabash, Z. and Cabalar, A.F. (2015), "Effect of tire crumb and cement addition on triaxial shear behavior of sandy soils", Geomech. Eng., 8(1), 1-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/gae.2015.8.1.001.   DOI
38 Kim, K.S., Yoon, Y.W. and Song, K.I. (2018), "Pullout resistance of treadmats for reinforced soil structures", Geomech. Eng., 14(1), 83-90. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2018.14.1.083.   DOI
39 Kim, T.Y, Kang, S.H. and Jo, Y.K. (2011), "Shear properties of waste tire-bottom ash mixture with various particle sizes of waste tire", J. Kor. Geotech. Soc., 26(2), 55-62.
40 Koerner, R.M. (1994), Designing with Geosynthetics, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, U.S.A.
41 Lee, J.H., Salgado, R., Bernal, A. and Lovell, C.W. (1999), "Shredded tires and rubber-sand as lightweight backfill", J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 125(2), 132-141. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1999)125:2(132).   DOI
42 Leong, E.C. and Rahardjo, H. (1997), "Review of soil-water characteristic curve equations", J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1997)123:12(1106).
43 ASTM D2166-06 (1963), Standard Test Method for Unconfined Compressive Strength of Cohesive Soil, in Annual Book of ASTM Standards, ASTM, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
44 Liu, H.S., Mead, J.L. and Stacer, R.G. (2000), "Environmental effects of recycled rubber in light-fill applications", Rubber Chem. Technol. 73(3), 551-564. https://doi.org/10.5254/1.3547605.   DOI
45 Acar, A., Dincer, I. and Necdet, M. (2007), "Geotechnical characteristics of the clayey soils and rocks of the North Lefkosa, Nicosia, Cyprus", Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ., 66, 473-481. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-007-0090-5.   DOI
46 Albano, C., Camacho, N., Reyes, J., Feliu, J.L. and Hernandez, M. (2005), "Influence of scrap rubber addition to Portland I concrete composites: destructive and non-destructive testing", Compos. Struct., 71(3-4), 439-446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2005.09.037.   DOI
47 Assadi-Langroudi, A. (2014), "Shear strength in terms of Coulomb C-Intercept", Appl. Geol., 9(4), 283-292.
48 Assadi-Langroudi, A. and Jefferson, I. (2016), "The response of reworked aerosols to climate through estimation of inter-particle forces", Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol., 13(4), 1159-1168. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-016-0958-7.   DOI
49 Assadi-Langroudi, A. and Yasrobi, S.S. (2009), "A micro-mechanical approach to swelling behavior of unsaturated expansive clays under controlled drainage conditions", Appl. Clay Sci., 45, 8-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2008.09.004.   DOI
50 Assadi-Langroudi, A. and Yasrobi, S.S. (2013), "Drainage controlled uniaxial swelling cell", Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Geotech. Eng., 166(4), 357-364. https://doi.org/10.1680/geng.9.00017.   DOI
51 ASTM D2435 (1965), Standard Test Methods for One-Dimensional Consolidation Properties of Soils Using Incremental Loading, in Annual Book of ASTM Standards, ASTM, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
52 ASTM D4318-10 (1983), Standard Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of Soils, in Annual Book of ASTM Standards, ASTM, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
53 Mineral Production Association MPA. (2016), The Mineral Products Industry at a Glance, Mineral Production Association, London, U.K.
54 Loukidis, D., Bardanis, M. and Lazarou, G. (2016), "Classification, soil-water characteristic curve and swelling/collapse behaviour of the Nicosia marl, Cyprus", Proceedings of the 3rd European Conference on Unsaturated Soils E-UNSAT 2016, Paris, France, July.
55 Marie, I. and Quiasrawi, H. (2012), "Close-loop recycling of recycled concrete aggregates", J. Clean. Prod., 37, 243-248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.07.020.   DOI
56 Mashiri, M.S., Vinod, J.S., Neaz Sheikh, M. and Carraro, J.A.H. (2017), "Shear modulus of sand-tyre chip mixtures", Environ. Geotech., 5(6), 336-344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jenge.16.00016.   DOI
57 Nelson, J.D. and Miller, D.J. (1992), Expansive Soils: Problems and Practice in Foundation and Pavement Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, U.S.A.
58 NetworkRail (2013), A Better Railway for a Better Britain.
59 Pritchard, O.G., Hallett, S.H. and Farewell, T.S. (2013), "Soil movement in the UK-Impact on critical infrastructure", Infrastructure Transitions Research Consortium Working Paper Series, National Soil Resources Institute, Cranfield University, Cranfield, U.K.
60 Rahgozar, M.A. and Saberian, M. (2016), "Geotechnical properties of peat soil stabilised with shredded waste tyre chips", Mires Peat, 18, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.19189/MaP.2015.OMB.211
61 Reddy, B.S., Kumar, P.D. and Krishna, M.A. (2016), "Evaluation of the optimum mixing ratio of a sand-tire chips mixture for geoengineering applications", J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 28(2). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001335.   DOI
62 Seda, H.J., Lee, C.J. and Carraro, H.A. (2007), "Beneficial use of waste tire rubber for swelling potential mitigation in expansive soils", Proceedings of the Geo-Denver 2007, Denver, Colorado, U.S.A., February.