Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/gae.2019.18.5.471

Delayed compaction effect on the strength and dynamic properties of clay treated with lime  

Turkoz, Murat (Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Civil Engineering Department)
Publication Information
Geomechanics and Engineering / v.18, no.5, 2019 , pp. 471-480 More about this Journal
Abstract
The constructions of engineering structures such as airports, highways and railway on clayey soils may create many problems. The economic losses and damages caused by these soils have led researchers to do many studies using different chemical additives for the stabilization of them. Lime is a popular additive used to stabilize the clayey soils. When the base course is stabilized by mixing with an additive, inevitable delays may occur during compaction due to reasons like insufficient workers, breakdown of compaction equipment, etc. The main purpose of this study is to research the effect of compaction delay time (7 days) on the strength, compaction, and dynamic properties of a clay soil stabilized with lime content of 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15% by dry weight of soil. Compaction characteristics of these mixes were determined immediately after mixing, and after 7 days from the end of mixing process. Within this context, unconfined compressive strength (UCS) under the various curing periods (uncured, 7 and 28 days) and dynamic triaxial tests were performed on the compacted specimens. The results of UCS and dynamic triaxial tests showed that delayed compaction on the strength of the lime-stabilized clay soil were significantly effective. Especially with the lime content of 9%, the increase in the shear modulus (G) and UCS of 28 days curing were more prominent after 7 days mellowing period. Because of the complex forms of hysteresis loops caused by the lime additive, the damping ratio (D) values differed from the trends presented in the literature and showed a scattered relationship.
Keywords
lime; stabilization; delayed compaction; strength; dynamic properties;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 9  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Gallage, C., Cochrane, M. and Ramanujam, J. (2012), "Effects of lime content and amelioration period in double lime application on the strength of lime treated expansive sub-grade soils", Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Transportation Geotechniques, Hokkaido, Japan, September.
2 Garzon, E., Cano, M., O'Kelly, B.C. and Sanchez-Soto, P.J. (2016), "Effect of lime on stabilization of phyllite clays", Appl. Clay Sci., 123, 329-334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2016.01.042.   DOI
3 Ghobadi, M.H., Abdilor, Y. and Babazadeh, R. (2014), "Stabilization of clay soils using lime and effect of pH variations on shear strength parameters", Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ., 73(2), 611-619. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-013-0563-7.   DOI
4 Hoyos, L.R., Puppala, A.J. and Chainuwat, P. (2004), "Dynamic properties of chemically stabilized sulfate rich clay", J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 130(2), 153-162. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2004)130:2(153).   DOI
5 Jahandari, S., Saberian, M., Zivari, F., Li, J., Ghasemi, M. and Vali, R. (2019), "Experimental study of the effects of curing time on geotechnical properties of stabilized clay with lime and geogrid", Int. J. Geotech. Eng., 13(2), 172-183. https://doi.org/10.1080/19386362.2017.1329259.   DOI
6 Kavak, A. and Akyarli, A. (2007), "A field application for lime stabilization", Environ. Geol., 51(6), 987-997. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-006-0368-0.   DOI
7 Kim, Y., Dang, M.Q. and Lee, J.K. (2018), "Soil stabilization by ground bottom ash and red mud", Geomech. Eng., 16(1), 105-112. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2018.16.1.105.   DOI
8 Lu, W., Miao, L., Zhang, J., Zhang, Y. and Li, J. (2019), "Characteristics of deformation and damping of cement treated and expanded polystyrene mixed lightweight subgrade fill under cyclic load", Appl. Sci., 9(1), 167. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9010167.   DOI
9 Mallela, J., Harold Von Quintus, P., Smith, K.L. and Consultants, E. (2004), Consideration of Lime Stabilized Layers in Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design, The National Lime Association, Arlington, Virginia, U.S.A.
10 Mebarki, M., Kareche, T., Derfouf, F.E.M., Taibi, S. and Aboubekr, N. (2019), "Hydromechanical behavior of a natural swelling soil of Boumagueur region (east of Algeria)", Geomech. Eng., 17(1), 69-79. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2019.17.1.069.   DOI
11 Millogo, Y., Morel, J.C., Traore, K. and Ouedraogo, R. (2012), "Microstructure, geotechnical and mechanical characteristics of quicklime-lateritic gravels mixtures used in road construction", Constr. Build. Mater., 26(1), 663-669. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.06.069.   DOI
12 Mitchell, J.K. and Hooper, D.R. (1961), "Influence of time between mixing and compaction on properties of a lime-stabilized expansive clay", Highway Res. Board Bull., 304, 14-31.
13 Moayyeri, N., Oulapour, M. and Haghighi, A. (2019), "Study of geotechnical properties of a gypsiferous soil treated with lime and silica fume", Geomech. Eng., 17(2), 195-206. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2019.17.2.195.   DOI
14 Osinubi, K.J. (1998), "Influence of compactive efforts and compaction delays on lime-treated soil", J. Transport. Eng., 124(2), 149-155. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(1998)124:2(149).   DOI
15 Parsons, R.L., Johnson, C.P. and Cross, S.A. (2001), "Evaluation of soil modification mixing procedures", Proceedings of the 80th Annual Meeting, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
16 Rao, S.M., Shivananda, P. (2005), "Compressibility behavior of lime-stabilized clay", Geotech. Geol. Eng., 23, 309-319. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-004-1608-2.   DOI
17 Sahoo, S.P., Singh, S.P. and Das, R. (2017), "Effects of delay time on plasticity and compaction characteristics of lime modified expansive soil", Proceedings of the Indian Geotechnical Conference GeoNEst, Guwahati, India, December.
18 Al-Mukhtar, M., Lasledj, A. and Alcover, J.F. (2014), "Lime consumption of different clayey soils", Appl. Clay Sci., 95, 133-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2014.03.024.   DOI
19 Ali, H. and Mohamed, M. (2017), "The effects of compaction delay and environmental temperature on the mechanical and hydraulic properties of lime-stabilized extremely high plastic clays", Appl. Clay Sci., 150, 333-341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2017.09.019.   DOI
20 Al-Mukhtar, M., Khattab, S. and Alcover, J.F. (2012). "Microstructure and geotechnical properties of lime-treated expansive clayey soil", Eng. Geol., 139-140, 17-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2012.04.004.   DOI
21 Anon. (1990), Lime Stabilization Manual, British Aggregate Construction Materials Industry, London, U.K.
22 Al-Rawas, A.A., Hago, A. and Al-Sarmi, H. (2005), "Effect of lime, cement and Sarooj (artificial pozzolan) on the swelling potential of an expansive soil from Oman", Build. Environ., 40(5), 681-687. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2004.08.028.   DOI
23 Angin, Z. and Ikizler, S.B. (2018), "Assessment of swelling pressure of stabilized Bentonite", Geomech. Eng., 15(6), 1219-1225. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2018.15.6.1219.   DOI
24 Anon. (1985), Lime Stabilization Construction Manual, National Lime Association, Arlington, Virginia, U.S.A.
25 Asgari, M.R., Baghebanzadeh Dezfuli, A. and Bayat, M. (2015), "Experimental study on stabilization of a low plasticity clayey soil with cement/lime", Arab. J. Geosci., 8(3), 1439-1452. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-013-1173-1.   DOI
26 ASTM (1994), Annual Book of ASTM Standards: Soil and Rock, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, U.S.A.
27 Basma, A.A. and Tuncer, E.R. (1991), "Effect of lime on volume change and compressibility of expansive clays", Transport. Res. Rec., 1296, 54-61.
28 Sharma, L.K., Sirdesai, N.N., Sharma, K.M. and Singh, T.N. (2018), "Experimental study to examine the independent roles of lime and cement on the stabilization of a mountain soil: A comparative study", Appl. Clay Sci., 152, 183-195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2017.11.012.   DOI
29 Sas, W., Gluchowski, A., Gabrys, K., Sobol, E. and Szymanski, A. (2017), "Resilient modulus characterization of compacted cohesive subgrade soil", Appl. Sci., 7(4), 370. https://doi.org/10.3390/app7040370.   DOI
30 Seed, H.B. and Idriss, I.M. (1970), "Soil moduli and damping factors for dynamic response analyses", Report EERC70-10, Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, California, U.S.A.
31 Sherwood, P.T. (1993), Soil Stabilization with Cement and Lime, in State of Art Review, HMSO, London, U.K.
32 Sweeney, D.A., Wong, D.K.H. and Fredlund, D.G. (1988), "Effect of lime on highly plastic clay with special emphasis on aging", Transport. Res. Rec., 1190, 13-23.
33 Tebaldi, G., Orazi, M. and Orazi, U.S. (2016), "Effect of freeze-thaw cycles on mechanical behavior of lime-stabilized soil", J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 28(6), 06016002. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001509.   DOI
34 Turkoz, M., Savas, H., Acaz, A. and Tosun, H. (2014), "The Effect of magnesium chloride solution on the engineering properties of clay soil with expansive and dispersive characteristics", Appl. Clay Sci., 101, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2014.08.007.   DOI
35 Sakr, M.A., Shahin, M.A. and Metwally, Y.M. (2009), "Utilization of lime for stabilization soft clay soil of high organic content", Geotech. Geol. Eng., 27, 105-113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-008-9215-2.   DOI
36 Akoto, B.K.A. and Singh, G. (1986), "Behavior of lime-stabilized laterite under repeated loading", Australian Road Res., 16(4), 259-267.
37 Vucetic, M. and Dobry, R. (1991), "Effect of soil plasticity on cyclic response", J. Geotech. Eng., 117(1), 89-107. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1991)117:1(89).   DOI
38 Bell, F.G. (1996), "Lime stabilization of clay minerals and soils", Eng. Geol., 42(4), 223-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-7952(96)00028-2.   DOI
39 Bozbey, I. and Garaisayev, S. (2010), "Effects of soil pulverization quality on lime stabilization of an expansive clay", Environ. Earth Sci., 60(6), 1137-1151. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-009-0256-5.   DOI
40 Afacan, K.B, Brandenberg, S.J. and Stewart, J.P. (2014), "Centrifuge modeling studies of site response in soft clay over wide strain range", J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 140(2), 04013003. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001014.   DOI
41 Cheng, Y. and Huang, X. (2019), "Effect of mineral additives on the behavior of an expansive soil for use in highway subgrade soils", Appl. Sci., 9(1), 30. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9010030.   DOI
42 Calik, U. and Sadoglu, E. (2014), "Engineering properties of expansive clayey soil stabilized with lime and perlite", Geomech. Eng., 6(4), 403-418. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/gae.2014.6.4.403.   DOI
43 Canakci, H., Aziz, A. and Celik, F. (2015), "Soil stabilization of clay with lignin, rice husk powder and ash", Geomech. Eng., 8(1), 67-79. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/gae.2015.8.1.067.   DOI
44 Chavali, R.V.P. and Reddy, P.H.P. (2018), "Control of phosphoric acid induced volume change in clays using fly ash", Geomech. Eng., 15(6), 1135-1141. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2018.15.6.1135.   DOI
45 Di Sante, M., Fratalocchi, E., Mazzieri, F. and Brianzoni, V. (2015), "Influence of delayed compaction on the compressibility and hydraulic conductivity of soil-lime mixtures", Eng. Geol., 185, 131-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2014.12.005.   DOI
46 Escolano, F., Sanchez, J.R., Pacheco-Torres, R. and Cerro-Prada, E. (2018), "Strategies on reuse of clayey expansive soils as embankment material in urban development areas: A case study in new urbanized zones", Appl. Sci., 8(5), 764. https://doi.org/10.3390/app8050764.   DOI
47 Fahoum, K., Aggour, M.S. and Amini, F. (1996), "Dynamic properties of cohesive soils treated with lime", J. Geotech. Eng., 122(5), 382-389. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1996)122:5(382).   DOI
48 Wang, M., Kong, L., Zhao, C. and Zang, M. (2012), "Dynamic characteristics of lime-treated expansive soil under cyclic loading", J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng., 4(4), 352-359. https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1235.2012.00352.   DOI
49 Yilmaz, Y., Eun, J. and Goren, A. (2018), "Individual and combined effect of Portland cement and chemical agents on unconfined compressive strength for high plasticity clayey soils", Geomech. Eng., 16(4), 375-384. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2018.16.4.375.   DOI
50 Yilmaz, F. and Fidan, D. (2018), "Influence of freeze-thaw on strength of clayey soil stabilized with lime and perlite", Geomech. Eng., 14(3), 301-306. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2018.14.3.301.   DOI