Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/gae.2014.6.2.117

Backfill and subsoil interaction effects on seismic behavior of a cantilever wall  

Cakir, Tufan (Department of Civil Engineering, Gumushane University)
Publication Information
Geomechanics and Engineering / v.6, no.2, 2014 , pp. 117-138 More about this Journal
Abstract
The main focus of the current study is to evaluate the dynamic behavior of a cantilever retaining wall considering backfill and soil/foundation interaction effects. For this purpose, a three-dimensional finite element model (FEM) with viscous boundary is developed to investigate the seismic response of the cantilever wall. To demonstrate the validity of the FEM, analytical examinations are carried out by using modal analysis technique. The model verification is accomplished by comparing its predictions to results from analytical method with satisfactory agreement. The method is then employed to further investigate parametrically the effects of not only backfill but also soil/foundation interactions. By means of changing the soil properties, some comparisons are made on lateral displacements and stress responses. It is concluded that the lateral displacements and stresses in the wall are remarkably affected by backfill and subsoil interactions, and the dynamic behavior of the cantilever retaining wall is highly sensitive to mechanical properties of the soil material.
Keywords
soil-structure interaction; viscous boundary; finite element analysis; analytical verification;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 5  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Arias, A., Sanchez-Sesma, F.J. and Ovando-Shelley, E. (1981), "A simplified elastic model for seismic analysis of earth-retaining structures with limited displacement", Proceedings of International Conference on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics, St. Louis, MO, USA, April-May, pp. 235-240.
2 ATC (1981), Seismic Design Guidelines for Highway Bridges, ATC-6, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
3 Bardet, J.P., Oka, F., Sugito, M. and Yashima, A. (1995), The Great Hanshin Earthquake Disaster, Preliminary Investigation Rep., University of Southern California, Department of Civil Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
4 Cakir, T. and Livaoglu, R. (2012), "Fast practical analytical model for analysis of backfill-rectangular tank-fluid interaction systems", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 37, 24-37.   DOI   ScienceOn
5 Cakir, T. and Livaoglu, R. (2013), "Experimental analysis on FEM definition of backfill-rectangular tank-fluid system", Geomech. Eng., 5(2), 165-185.   DOI   ScienceOn
6 EERI (2001), Chi-Chi, Taiwan, Earthquake of September 21, 1999, Reconnaisance Report, Earthquake Spectra 17 Supplement A.
7 Carpinteri, A., Corrado, M., Lacidogna, G. and Cammarano, S. (2012), "Lateral load effects on tall shear wall structures of different height", Struct. Eng. Mech., Int. J., 41(3), 313-337.   DOI   ScienceOn
8 Chopra, A.K. (2007), Dynamics of Structures: Theory and Applications to Earthquake Engineering, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, NY, USA.
9 Dewoolkar, M.M., Ko, H.K. and Pak, R.Y.S. (2001), "Seismic behavior of cantilever retaining walls with liquefiable backfills", J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., ASCE, 127(5), 424-435.   DOI   ScienceOn
10 Wood, J.H. (1973), Earthquake-induced soil pressures on structures, Report EERL 73-05, Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology.
11 Wood, J.H. (1975), "Earthquake-induced pressures on rigid wall structure", Bull. New Zeeland Soc. Earthquake Eng., 8, 175-186.
12 Wolf, J.P. (1994), Foundation Vibration Analysis Using Simple Physical Models, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, NY, USA.
13 Wolf, J.P. and Song, C. (1996), "Finite element modelling of unbounded media", 11th World Conf. on Earthquake Eng., San Francisco.
14 Younan, A.H. and Veletsos, A.S. (2000), "Dynamic response of flexible retaining walls", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 29(12), 1815-1844.   DOI
15 Wolf, J.P. and Song, C. (2002), "Some cornerstones of dynamic soil-structure interaction", Eng. Struct., 24(1), 13-28.   DOI   ScienceOn
16 Wu, G. and Finn, W.D. (1999), "Seismic lateral pressures for design of rigid walls", Can. Geotech. J., 36(3), 509-522.   DOI   ScienceOn
17 Newmark, N.M. (1959), "A method of computation for structural dynamics", J. Eng. Mech. Div., ASCE., 85(SM3), 67-84.
18 Mononobe, N. and Matsuo, H. (1929), "On the determination of earth pressures during earthquakes", Proceedings of World Engineering Congress, Tokyo, Japan, October-November.
19 Nadim, F. and Whitman, R.V. (1983), "Seismically induced movement of retaining walls", J. Geotech. Eng., ASCE, 109(7), 915-931.   DOI
20 Psarropoulos, P.N., Klonaris, G. and Gazetas, G. (2005), "Seismic earth pressures on rigid and flexible retaining walls", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 25(7-10), 795-809.   DOI   ScienceOn
21 Richards, R. and Elms, D.G. (1979), "Seismic behavior of gravity retaining walls", J. Geotech. Eng. Div., ASCE, 105(4), 449-464.
22 Scott, R.F. (1973), "Earthquake-induced pressures on retaining walls", Proceedings of the 5th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Rome, Italy, June.
23 Seed, H.B. and Whitman, R.V. (1970), "Design of earth retaining structures for dynamic loads", Proceedings of the Speciality Conference on Lateral Stresses in the Ground and Design of Earth Retaining Structures, ASCE, Ithaca, NY, USA.
24 Theodorakopoulos, D.D., Chassiakos, A.P. and Beskos, D.E. (2001a), "Dynamic pressures on rigid cantilever walls retaining poroelastic soil media. Part I. First method of solution", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 21(4), 315-338.   DOI   ScienceOn
25 Shukla, S.K. and Bathurst, R.J. (2012), "An analytical expression for the dynamic active thrust from c-$\phi$ soil backfill on retaining walls with wall friction and adhesion", Geomech. Eng., Int. J., 4(3), 209-218.   DOI   ScienceOn
26 Veletsos, A.S. and Younan, A.H. (1994a), "Dynamic soil pressures on rigid vertical walls", Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 23(3), 275-301.   DOI   ScienceOn
27 TEC (2007), Specification for structures to be built in disaster areas, Turkish Earthquake Code, Ministry of Public Works and Settlement Government of Republic of Turkey.
28 Theodorakopoulos, D.D., Chassiakos, A.P. and Beskos, D.E. (2001b), "Dynamic pressures on rigid cantilever walls retaining poroelastic soil media. Part II. Second method of solution", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 21(4), 339-364.   DOI   ScienceOn
29 Veletsos, A.S. and Younan, A.H. (1994b), "Dynamic modeling and response of soil-wall systems", J. Geotech. Eng., ASCE, 120(12), 2155-2179.   DOI   ScienceOn
30 Veletsos, A.S. and Younan, A.H. (1997), "Dynamic response of cantilever walls", J. Geotech. Eng., 123(2), 161-172.   DOI   ScienceOn
31 Elgamal, A.W., Alampalli, S. and Laak, P.V. (1996), "Forced vibration of full-scale wall-backfill system", J. Geotech. Eng., ASCE, 122(10), 849-858.   DOI   ScienceOn
32 Eurocode 8 (1994), Design Provisions for Earthquake Resistance of Structures, part 5.
33 Giri, D. (2011), "Pseudo-dynamic approach of seismic earth pressure behind cantilever retaining wall with inclined backfill surface", Geomech. Eng., Int. J., 3(4), 255-266.   DOI   ScienceOn
34 IS-1893 (2002), Indian Standard Criteria for Earthquake for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures, Part 1, General Provisions and Buildings.
35 Eurocode 8 (2003), Design of Structures for Earthquake Resistance - part 5: Foundations, retaining structures and geotechnical aspects, Final draft, European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, Belgium.
36 Giarlelis, C. and Mylonakis, G. (2011), "Interpretation of dynamic retaining wall model tests in light of elastic and plastic solutions", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 31(1), 16-24.   DOI   ScienceOn
37 Japanese Geotechnical Society (JGS) (1998), Geotechnical Aspects of the January 17, 1995 Hyogoken-Nambu Earthquake, Soils and Foundations, Special Issue No. 2.
38 Khajehzadeh, M., Taha, M.R. and Eslami, M. (2013), "Efficient gravitational search algorithm for optimum design of retaining walls", Struct. Eng. Mech., Int. J., 45(1), 111-127.   DOI   ScienceOn
39 Kontoe, S., Zdravkovic, L., Menkiti, C.O. and Potts, D.M. (2012), "Seismic response and interaction of complex soil retaining systems", Comput. Geotech., 39, 17-26.   DOI   ScienceOn
40 Kuhlemeyer, R.L. and Lysmer, J. (1973), "Finite element method accuracy for wave propagation problems", J. Soil Mech. Found. Div., ASCE, 99(sm5), 421-427.
41 Livaoglu, R. and Dogangun, A. (2007), "Effect of foundation embedment on seismic behavior of elevated tanks considering fluid-structure-soil interaction", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 27(9), 855-863.   DOI   ScienceOn
42 Madabhushi, S.P.G. and Zeng, X. (2007), "Simulating seismic response of cantilever retaining walls", J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., ASCE, 133(5), 539-549.   DOI   ScienceOn
43 Livaoglu, R., Cakir, T., Dogangun, A. and Aytekin, M. (2011), "Effects of backfill on seismic behavior of rectangular tanks", Ocean Eng., 38(10), 1161-1173.   DOI   ScienceOn
44 Luco, J.E. and Hadjian, A.H. (1974), "Two-dimensional approximations to the three-dimensional soil-structure interaction problem", Nucl. Eng. Des., 31(2), 195-203.   DOI   ScienceOn
45 Lysmer, J. and Kuhlemeyer, R.L. (1969), "Finite dynamic model for infinite media", J. Eng. Mech. Div., ASCE, 95(EM4), 859-877.
46 Matsuo, H. and Ohara, S. (1960), "Lateral earth pressure and stability of quay walls during earthquakes", Proceedings of the 2nd World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Tokyo, Japan, July.
47 ANSYS 10 (2006), ANSYS Inc., Canonsburg, PA.
48 Okabe, S. (1924), "General theory of earth pressure and seismic stability of retaining wall and dam", J. Jap. Soc. of Civ. Eng., 10(6), 1277-1323.
49 Jennings, P.C. (1971), Engineering Features of the San Fernando Earthquake, February 9, 1971, Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
50 Veletsos, A.S. and Younan, A.H. (1995), "Dynamic soil pressures on vertical walls", (S. Prakash Editor), Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics, University of Missouri, Rolla, MO, USA, April.