Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/gae.2013.5.2.119

Shaft resistance of bored cast-in-place concrete piles in oil sand - Case study  

Barr, L. (Department of Civil Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary)
Wong, R.C.K. (Department of Civil Engineering, 2500 University Drive NW)
Publication Information
Geomechanics and Engineering / v.5, no.2, 2013 , pp. 119-142 More about this Journal
Abstract
Pile load tests using Osterberg cells (O-cell) were conducted on cast-in-place concrete piles founded in oil sand fill and in situ oil sand at an industrial plant site in Fort McMurray, Alberta, Canada. Interpreted pile test results show that very high pile shaft resistance (with the Bjerrum-Burland or Beta coefficient of 2.5-4.5) against oil sand could be mobilized at small relative displacements of 2-3% of shaft diameter. Finite element simulations based on linear elastic and elasto-plastic models for oil sand materials were used to analyze the pile load test measurements. Two constitutive models yield comparable top-down load versus pile head displacement curves, but very different behaviour in mobilization of pile shaft and end bearing resistances. The elasto-plastic model produces more consistent matching in both pile shaft and end bearing resistances whereas the linear elastic under- and over-predicts the shaft and end bearing resistances, respectively. The mobilization of high shaft resistance in oil sand under pile load is attributed to the very dense and interlocked structure of oil sand which results in high matrix stiffness, high friction angle, and high shear dilation.
Keywords
cast-in-place concrete pile; shaft resistance; Osterberg-cell pile test; shear dilation; oil sand;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 ABAQUS (2009), ABAQUS standard user's manual, Version 6.9, Hibbitt, Karlsson and Sorensen, Pawtucket, R.I.
2 Agar, J.G., Morgenstern, N.R. and Scott, J.D. (1987), "Shear strength and stress strain behaviour of Athabasca oil sands at elevated temperatures", Can. Geotech. J., 24(1), 1-10.   DOI   ScienceOn
3 API (2002), American Petroleum Institute (API), API Recommended Practice for Planning, Designing, and Constructing Fixed Offshore Platforms, Working Stress Design, 21st Edition, (RP 2AWSD), American Petroleum Institute.
4 ASCE (1984), "Guidelines for the seismic design of oil and gas pipeline systems", Committee on Gas and Liquid Fuel Lifelines, American Society for Civil Engineering (ASCE), New York.
5 ASTM (2007), Standard test methods for deep foundations under static axial compressive load, ASTM standard D1143/D1143M-07, In Annual Book of ASTM Standards, American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), West Conshohocken, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
6 Barr, L. (2011), Finite element analysis of straight shaft cast-in-place concrete pile set in oil sand", M. Eng. Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta.
7 Bawden, W.F. (1983), "Hydraulic fracturing in Alberta tar sand formations, a unique material for in-situ stress measurements", In Hydraulic Fracturing Stress Measurements, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 91-103.
8 Bolton, M.D. (1986), The strength and dilatancy of sands", Geotech., 36(1), 65-78.   DOI   ScienceOn
9 Burland, J.B. (1973), "Shaft friction piles in clay - a simple fundamental approach", Ground Eng., 6(3), 30-42.
10 CGS (2006), "Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual", Can. Geotech. Soc., 4th Edition, Bi-Tech Publisher Ltd. Richmond, British Columbia.
11 Carrigy, M.A. (1966), "Lithology of the Athabasca Oil Sands", Bulletin 14, Research Council of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta.
12 Clementino, R., Tweedie, R., Sobkowicz, J.C., Workman, C. and Sisson, R. (2006), "High capacity cast-in-place concrete pile load tests at CNRL's oil sand plant site near Fort McMurray", Alberta, 59th Canadian Geotechnical Conference, Vancouver, British Columbia.
13 Clementino, R., Tweedie, R., Workman, W.C. and Barr, L.A. (2011), High capacity cast-in-place concrete piles in oil sand near Fort McMurray, Alberta, Special Technical Publication Honouring Dr. Bent. Fellenius, J. Geotech. Eng. ASCE. [In Press]
14 DeJong, J.T., White, D.J. and Randolph, M.F. (2006), "Microscale observation and modelling of soil-structure interface behaviour using particle image velocimetry", Soils Found., 46(1), 15-28.   DOI
15 Dusseault, M.B. and Morgenstern, N.R. (1978), "Shear strength of Athabasca oil sands", Can. Geotech. J., 15(2), 216-238.   DOI   ScienceOn
16 Dusseault, M.B. (1979), "Shear state and hydraulic fracturing in Athabasca oil sands. Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology", Geotech. J., 16(1), 19-27.
17 Dusseault, M.B. and Morgenstern, N.R. (1979), "Locked sands", Quarter. J. Eng. Geol., 12(2), 117-131.   DOI
18 Eigenbrod, K.D., Sheng, D. and Wiggers, P. (2005), "Finite element analysis of pile installation using large-slip", Comp. Geotech., 32(1), 17-26.   DOI   ScienceOn
19 Fellenius, B.H. (1999), Bearing capacity of footings and piles - A delusion?, Proceedings of the Deep Foundation Institute Annual Meeting, Dearborn, Michigan, October.
20 Fellenius, B.H. (2009), The red book - basics of foundation design, Revised electronic Edition, Available from http://www.fellenius.net.
21 Gomez, J.E., Filz, G.M., Ebeling, R.M. and Dove, J.E. (2008), "Sand-to-concrete interface response to complex load paths in a large displacement shear box", Geotech. Test. J., 31(4), 1-12.
22 Goodman, R.E. (1989), Introduction to rock mechanics, 2nd Edition, John Whiley and Sons, Berkeley, California.
23 Lehane, B.M. and White, D.J. (2005), "Lateral stress changes and shaft friction for model displacement piles in sand", Can. Geotech. J., 42(4), 1039-1052. doi:10.1139/t05-023.   DOI   ScienceOn
24 Lee, J.S. and Park, Y.H. (2008), "Equivalent pile load-head settlement curve using a bi-directional pile load test", Comp. Geotech., 35(2), 124-133.   DOI   ScienceOn
25 Randolph, M.F. and Wroth, P. (1978), "Analysis of vertically loaded piles", J. Geotech. Eng. ASCE, 104(GT 12), 1465-1488.
26 Menetrey, Ph. and Willam K.J. (1995), "Triaxial failure criterion for concrete and its generalization", ACI Struct. J., 92(3), 311-318.
27 Osterberg, J.O. (1984), "A new simplified method for load testing drilled shafts", Found. Dril. ASDC, 23(6), 9.
28 Osterberg, J.O. (1998), "The Osterberg load test method for drilled shaft and driven piles - The first ten years. Seventh International Conference and Exhibition on Piling and Deep Foundations", Deep Found. Inst. Vienna, Austria.
29 Rowe, P.W. (1962), The stress-dilatancy relation for static equilibrium of an assembly of particles in contact, Proceedings of Royal Society, 269A, 500-527.
30 Said, I., De Gennaro, R. and Frank, R. (2009), "Axisymmetric finite element analysis of pile load tests", Comp. Geotech., 36(5), 6-19.   DOI   ScienceOn
31 Samieh, A.M. and Wong, R.C.K. (1997), "Deformation of Athabasca oil sand at low effective stresses under varying boundary conditions", Can. Geotech. J., 34(6), 985-990.   DOI
32 Samieh, A.M. and Wong, R.C.K. (1998), "Modelling the response of Athabasca oil sand in triaxial compression tests at low pressure", Can. Geotech. J., 35(2), 395-406.   DOI   ScienceOn
33 Sharma, H.D., Harris, M.C., Scott, J.D. and McAllister, K.C. (1986), "Bearing capacity of bored cast-in-place piles on oil sand", J. Geotech. Eng. ASCE, 112(12), 1101-1116.   DOI   ScienceOn
34 Sobkowicz, J.C. and Harris, M.C. (1977), "Engineering behaviour of oil sand. The oil sands of Canada and Venezuela", Can. Inst. Mining Metallurgy, Special Volume 17, 271-283.
35 Terzaghi, K. (1943), Theoretical soil mechanics, John Whiley and Sons, Inc., New York.
36 Wijewickreme, D., Karimian, H. and Honegger, D. (2009), "Response of buried steel pipelines subject to relative axial soil movement", Can. Geotech. J., 46(7), 735-752.   DOI   ScienceOn
37 Veiskarami, M., Eslami, A. and Kumar, J. (2011), "End-bearing capacity of driven piles in sand using the stress characteristics method: analysis and implementation", Can. Geotech. J., 48(12), 1570-1586.   DOI   ScienceOn
38 Wong, R.C.K. (1999), "Mobilized strength components of Athabasca oil sand in triaxial compression", Can. Geotech. J., 36(4), 718-735.   DOI   ScienceOn