Mid-term (2009-2019) demographic dynamics of young beech forest in Albongbunji Basin, Ulleungdo, South Korea |
Cho, Yong-Chan
(Conservation Center for Gwangneung Forest, Korea National Arboretum)
Sim, Hyung Seok (Conservation Center for Gwangneung Forest, Korea National Arboretum) Jung, Songhie (Conservation Center for Gwangneung Forest, Korea National Arboretum) Kim, Han-Gyeoul (Conservation Center for Gwangneung Forest, Korea National Arboretum) Kim, Jun-Soo (Korean Institute of Vegetation Science) Bae, Kwan-Ho (School of Ecology & Environmental System, Kyungpook National University) |
1 | Sheil D, May RM. Mortality and recruitment rate evaluations in heterogeneous tropical forests. J Ecol. 1996;84:91-100. DOI |
2 | Shimano K. Differences in beech (Fagus crenata) regeneration between two types of Japanese beech forest and along a snow gradient. Ecol Res. 2006;21:651-63. DOI |
3 | Spellerberg IF. Monitoring ecological change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2005. |
4 | Stephenson NL, Mantgem PJ. Forest turnover rates follow global and regional patterns of productivity. Ecol Lett. 2005;8:524-31. DOI |
5 | Umeki K, Kikuzawa K. Long-term growth dynamics of natural forests in Hokkaido, northern Japan. J Veg Sci. 1999;10:815-24. DOI |
6 | Vellend M. Conceptual synthesis in community ecology. Q Rev Biol. 2010;85:183-206. DOI |
7 | Weiner J, Thomas SC. The nature of tree growth and the "age-related decline in forest productivity". Oikos. 2001;94:374-6. DOI |
8 | Xu C-Y, Turnbull MH, Tissue DT, Lewis JD, Carson R, Schuster WSF, et al. Agerelated decline of stand biomass accumulation is primarily due to mortality and not to reduction in NPP associated with individual tree physiology, tree growth or stand structure in a Quercus-dominated forest. J Ecol. 2012;100:428-40. DOI |
9 | Hubbell SP. The unified neutral theory of biodiversity and biogeography (MPB32). Princeton: Princeton University Press; 2001. |
10 | Jeong KJ. Geographical information in The Diary of Inspection on Ulleungdo by Royal Inspector Rii Kyu Won. Geogr Res. 2006;31:27-40. |
11 | Jung SH, Cho YC. Redefining floristic zones on the Korean Peninsula using high-resolution georeferenced specimen data and self-organizing maps (SOMs). Authorea. 2020. doi: https://doi.org/10.22541/au.159301770.06491953. DOI |
12 | Kim JW. The phytosociology of forest vegetation on Ulreung-do. Phytocoenologia. 1988;16:259-81. DOI |
13 | Kim SD, Kimura M, Yim YJ. Phytosociological studies on the beech (Fagus nultinervis Nakai) forest and the pine (Pinus parviflora S. et Z.) forest of Ulreung island, Korea. Korean J Botany. 1986;29:53-65. |
14 | Kim TY, Kim JS. Woody plants of Korean Peninsula. Dolbegae: Paju; 2018. |
15 | Korea Meteorological Administration. Climatological normals of Korea. Seoul: Korea Meteorological Administration; 2011. |
16 | Korea Meteorological Administration. 2019 Abnormal climate report. Seoul: Korea Meteorological Administration; 2020. |
17 | Korea National Arboretum. Checklist of vascular plants in Korea. Pocheon: Korea National Arboretum; 2017. |
18 | Korea National Arboretum. Annual report on Gwangneung forest and experimental forest. Seoul: Sumeungil; 2019. |
19 | Kubota Y. Demographic traits of understory trees and population dynamics of a Picea-Abies forest in Taisetsuzan National Park, northern Japan. Ecol Res. 1997;12:1-9. DOI |
20 | Lee DH. Identification of Korean woody plants. Seoul: Ibirak; 2014. |
21 | Lee JH, Cho HJ, Hur TC. Spatial distribution and vegetation-environment relationship of forest vegetation in Ulleung Island, Korea. J Ecol Field Biol. 2006;29:521-9. DOI |
22 | Franklin JF, Van Pelt R. Spatial aspects of structural complexity in old-growth forests. J For. 2004;102:22-8. |
23 | Legendre P, Legendre LF. Numerical ecology. Boston: Elsevier; 2012. |
24 | Lima RA, Muller-Landau HC, Prado PI, Condit R. How do size distributions relate to concurrently measured demographic rates? Evidence from over 150 tree species in Panama. J Trop Ecol. 2016;32:179-92. DOI |
25 | Liu B, Chen HYH, Yang J. Understory community assembly following wildfire in boreal forests: Shift from stochasticity to competitive exclusion and environmental filtering. Front Plant Sci. 2018;9:1854. DOI |
26 | Maren IE, Kapfer J, Aarrestad PA, Grytnes J-A, Vandvik V. Changing contributions of stochastic and deterministic processes in community assembly over a successional gradient. Ecology. 2018;99:148-57. DOI |
27 | Ministry of Land Infrastructure and Transport. The national atlas of Korea II. Suwon: National Geography Information Institute; 2016. |
28 | Lutz JA, Halpern CB. Tree mortality during early forest development: a long-term study of rates, causes, and consequences. Ecol Monogr. 2006;76:257-75. DOI |
29 | Fang J, Lechowicz MJ. Climatic limits for the present distribution of beech (Fagus L.) species in the world. J Biogeogr. 2006;33:1804-19. DOI |
30 | Franklin JF, Spies TA, Pelt RV, Carey AB, Thornburgh DA, Berg DR, et al. Disturbances and structural development of natural forest ecosystems with silvicultural implications, using Douglas-fir forests as an example. Forest Ecol Manag. 2002;155:399-423. DOI |
31 | Frazer GW, Canham CD, Lertzman KP. Gap Light Analyzer (GLA), Version 2.0: Imaging software to extract canopy structure and gap light transmission indices from true-colour fisheye photographs, users manual and program documentation. Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, and the Institute of Ecosystem Studies. New York: Millbrook; 1999. |
32 | Gitzen RA, Cooper AB, Millspaugh JJ, Licht DS. Design and analysis of long-term ecological monitoring studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2012. |
33 | Glatthorn J, Feldmann E, Tabaku V, Leuschner C, Meyer P. Classifying development stages of primeval European beech forests: is clustering a useful tool? BMC Ecol. 2018;18:47. DOI |
34 | Guo K, Werger MJA. Effect of prevailing monsoons on the distribution of beeches in continental East Asia. Forest Ecol Manag. 2010;259:2197-203. DOI |
35 | Cao K-F, Peters R, Oldeman RAA. Climatic range and distribution of Chinese Fagus species. J Veg Sci. 1995;6:317-24. DOI |
36 | Halpern CB, Lutz JA. Canopy closure exerts weak controls on understory dynamics: a 30-year study of overstory-understory interactions. Ecol Monogr. 2013;83:221-37. DOI |
37 | Heiri C, Wolf A, Rohrer L, Bugmann H. Forty years of natural dynamics in Swiss beech forests: structure, composition, and the influence of former management. Ecol Appl. 2009;19:1920-34. DOI |
38 | Hobbie JE. Scientific accomplishments of the Long Term Ecological Research program: an introduction. BioScience. 2003;53:17-20. DOI |
39 | Chen W. Tree size distribution functions of four boreal forest types for biomass mapping. For Sci. 2004;50:436-49. |
40 | Chase JM, Myers JA. Disentangling the importance of ecological niches from stochastic processes across scales. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2011;366:2351-63. DOI |
41 | Cheon KI, Chun JH, Yang HM, Lim JH, Shin JH. Changes of understory vegetation structure for 10 years in long-term ecological research site at Mt. Gyebang. J Korean Soc For Sci. 2014;103:1-11. DOI |
42 | Cho HJ, Bae KH, Lee BC, Hong SC. Ecological studies on the vegetation characteristics of the virgin forests of Songin-bong in Ulreung Island, Korea. J Korean For Soc. 1993;82:139-51. |
43 | Hallett LM, Jones SK, MacDonald AAM, Jones MB, Flynn DFB, Ripplinger J, et al. codyn: An r package of community dynamics metrics. Methods Ecol Evol. 2016;7:1146-51. DOI |
44 | Cho YC, Kim H-G, Kim JS, Lee H, Jung SH, Lee DH, et al. 2019 Annual report on Gwangneung forest and experimental forest. Seoul: Sumeungil; 2020. |
45 | Cho YC, Kim H-G, Kim JS, Lee H, Lee DH, Bae KH, et al. 2018 Annual report on Gwangneung forest and experimental forest. Seoul: Sumeungil; 2019. |
46 | Nakashizuka T, Numata M. Regeneration process of climax beech forests. I. Structure of a beech forest with the undergrowth of Sasa. Japanese J Ecol. 1982;32:57-67. |
47 | Condit R. Research in large, long-term tropical forest plots. Trends Ecol Evol. 1995;10:18-22. DOI |
48 | Condit R, Ashton PS, Manokaran N, LaFrankie JV, Hubbell SP, Foster RB. Dynamics of the forest communities at Pasoh and Barro Colorado: comparing two 50-ha plots. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1999;354:1739-48. DOI |
49 | Coomes DA, Allen RB. Mortality and tree-size distributions in natural mixed-age forests. J Ecol. 2007;95:27-40. DOI |
50 | Moridi M, Sefidi K, Etemad V. Stand characteristics of mixed oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) stands in the stem exclusion phase, northern Iran. Eur J For Res. 2015;134:693-703. DOI |
51 | Needham J, Merow C, Chang-Yang CH, Caswell H, McMahon SM. Inferring forest fate from demographic data: from vital rates to population dynamic models. Proc Biol Sci. 2018;20172050. |
52 | Noss RF. Indicators for monitoring biodiversity: a hierarchical approach. Conserv Biol. 1990;4:355-64. DOI |
53 | Oliver CD. Forest development in North America following major disturbances. Forest Ecol Manag. 1981;3:153-68. DOI |
54 | Park HD. The physical geography of Ulreungdo Island. Geogr Res. 1997;31:27-40. |
55 | Peters R. Ecology of beech forests in the northern hemisphere. Wageningen: Landbouwuniversiteit; 1992. |
56 | Phillips OL, Hall P, Gentry AH, Sawyer SA, Vásquez R. Dynamics and species richness of tropical rain forests. P Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994;91:2805-9. DOI |
57 | Rii HU. Geographical landscape of Ulleung Island in the re-settlement period. J Assoc Korean Photo-Geogr. 2012;22:13-23. |
58 | RStudio Team. RStudio: Integrated development for R. Boston: RStudio, PBC; 2020. |
59 | Ryan M, Binkley D, Fownes JH. Age-related decline in forest productivity: pattern and process. Adv Ecol Res. 1997;27:213-62. DOI |
60 | Sergeant CJ, Moynahan BJ, Johnson WF. Practical advice for implementing longterm ecosystem monitoring. J Appl Ecol. 2012;49:969-73. DOI |
61 | Barnes B, Zak D, Denton S, Spurr S. Forest ecology. New York: Wiley; 1998. |
62 | Cooper CF. Carbon storage in managed forests. Can J For Res. 1983;13:155-66. DOI |
63 | Delignette-Muller ML, Dutang C. Fitdistrplus: An R package for fitting distributions. J Stat Softw. 2015;64:34. |
64 | Ediriweera S, Bandara C, Woodbury DJ, Mi X, Gunatilleke IAUN, Gunatilleke CVS, et al. Changes in tree structure, composition, and diversity of a mixed-dipterocarp rainforest over a 40-year period. Forest Ecol Manag. 2020;458:117764. DOI |
65 | Brandl SJ, Tornabene L, Goatley CHR, Casey JM, Morais RA, Cote IM, et al. Demographic dynamics of the smallest marine vertebrates fuel coral reef ecosystem functioning. Science. 2019;364:1189-92. DOI |
66 | Chun J-H, Lee C-B. Temporal changes in species, phylogenetic, and functional diversity of temperate tree communities: Insights from assembly patterns. Front Plant Sci. 2019;10:294. DOI |
67 | Yu S, Wang R, Liu M, Yang S-Z, Luo Y, Chen X-Y. Species composition and sprouting regeneration of Fagus engleriana community in Tian-mushan Mountain. Chinese J Ecol. 2009;28:182-7. |
68 | Zhang Q, Jiang M, Chen F. Canopy recruitment in the beech (Fagus engleriana) forest of Mt. Shennongjia, Central China. J For Res. 2017;12:63-7. DOI |