Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.5385/jksn.2011.18.1.59

The Neuroprotective Effects of 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxalin-2,3-dione (CNQX) Via Mediation of Nitric Oxide Synthase on Hypoxic-ischemic Brain Injury in Neonatal Rats  

Jung, Ji-Eun (Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu)
Keum, Kyung-Hae (Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu)
Choi, Eun-Jin (Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu)
Kim, Jin-Kyung (Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu)
Chung, Hai-Lee (Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu)
Kim, Woo-Taek (Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu)
Publication Information
Neonatal Medicine / v.18, no.1, 2011 , pp. 59-69 More about this Journal
Abstract
Purpose: Current studies have demonstrated the neuroprotective effects of 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxalin-2,3-dione (CNQX) in many animal models of brain injury, including hypoxic-ischemic (HI) encephlopathy, trauma and excitotoxicity, but limited data are available for those during the neonatal periods. Here we investigated whether CNQX can protect the developing rat brain from HI injury via mediation of nitric oxide synthase. Methods: In an in vivo model, left carotid artery ligation was done in 7-day-old Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat pups. The animals were divided into six groups; normoxia (N), hypoxia (H), hypoxia with sham-operation (HS), hypoxia with operation (HO), HO treated with vehicle (HV), and HO treated with CNQX at a dose of 10 mg/kg (HC). Hypoxia was made by exposure to a 2 hr period in the hypoxic chamber (92% $N_2$, 8% $O_2$). In an in vitro model, embryonic cortical neuronal cell culture of SD rats at 18-day gestation was done. The cultured cells were divided into three groups: normoxia (N), hypoxia (H), and hypoxia treated with CNQX (HC). The N group was prepared in 5% $CO_2$ incubators and the other groups were placed in 1% $O_2$) incubators (94% $N_2$, 5% $CO_2$) for 16 hr. Results: In the in vitvo and in vivo models, the expressions of iNOS and eNOS were reduced in the hypoxia group when compared to the normoxia group, whereas they were increased in the CNQX-treated group compared to the hypoxia group. In contrast, the expression of nNOS was showed reversely. Conclusion: CNQX has neuroprotective property over perinatal HI brain injury via mediation of nitric oxide synthase.
Keywords
CNQX; Nitric oxide synthase; Cerebral ischemia; Neuroprotection;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Calvert JW, Zhang JH. Pathophysiology of an hypoxic-ischemic insult during the perinatal period. Neurol Res 2005;27:246-60.   DOI   ScienceOn
2 Delivoria-Papadopoulos M, Mishra OP. Mechanisms of cerebral injury in perinatal asphyxia and strategies for prevention. J Pediatr 1998;132:S30-4.   DOI   ScienceOn
3 Gunn AJ, Gunn TR. The 'pharmacology' of neuronal rescue with cerebral hypothermia. Early Hum Dev 1998;53:19-35.   DOI   ScienceOn
4 Matute C, Sanchez-Gomez MV, Martinez-Millan L, Miledi R. Glutamate receptor-mediated toxicity in optic nerve oligodendrocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997;94:8830-5.   DOI   ScienceOn
5 Dirnagl U, Iadecola C, Moskowitz MA. Pathobiology of ischaemic stroke: an integrated view. Trends Neurosci 1999;22:391-7.   DOI   ScienceOn
6 Komuro H, Rakic P. Modulation of neuronal migration by NMDA receptors. Science 1993;260:95-7.   DOI
7 Kawasaki H, Morooka T, Shimohama S, Kimura J, Hirano T, Gotoh Y, et al. Activation and involvement of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in glutamate-induced apoptosis in rat cerebellar granule cells. J Biol Chem 1997;272:18518-21.   DOI
8 Ashwal S, Pearce WJ. Animal models of neonatal stroke. Curr Opin Pediatr 2001;13:506-16.   DOI   ScienceOn
9 Ignarro LJ. Biosynthesis and metabolism of endothelium-derived nitric oxide. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 1990;30:535-60.   DOI   ScienceOn
10 Bult H, Boeckxstaens GE, Pelckmans PA, Jordaens FH, Van Maercke YM, Herman AG. Nitric oxide as an inhibitory non-adrenergic non-cholinergic neurotransmitter. Nature 1990;345:346-7.   DOI   ScienceOn
11 Garthwaite J, Garthwaite G, Palmer RM, Moncada S. NMDA receptor activation induces nitric oxide synthesis from arginine in rat brain slices. Eur J Pharmacol 1989;172:413-6.   DOI   ScienceOn
12 Bredt DS, Hwang PM, Glatt CE, Lowenstein C, Reed RR, Snyder SH. Cloned and expressed nitric oxide synthase structurally resembles cytochrome P-450 reductase. Nature 1991;351:714 -8.   DOI   ScienceOn
13 Dienel GA, Hertz L. Astrocytic contributions to bioenergetics of cerebral ischemia. Glia 2005;50:362-88.   DOI   ScienceOn
14 Dawson TM, Bredt DS, Fotuhi M, Hwang PM, Snyder SH. Nitric oxide synthase and neuronal NADPH diaphorase are identical in brain and peripheral tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991;88:7797- 801.   DOI   ScienceOn
15 Lamas S, Marsden PA, Li GK, Tempst P, Michel T. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase: molecular cloning and characterization of a distinct constitutive enzyme isoform. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992;89:6348-52.   DOI   ScienceOn
16 Lowenstein CJ, Dinerman JL, Snyder SH. Nitric oxide: a physiologic messenger. Ann Intern Med 1994;120:227-37.   DOI   ScienceOn
17 Galea E, Reis DJ, Feinstein DL. Cloning and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase from rat astrocytes. J Neurosci Res 1994;37: 406-14.   DOI   ScienceOn
18 Samdani AF, Dawson TM, Dawson VL. Nitric oxide synthase in models of focal ischemia. Stroke 1997;28:1283-8.   DOI   ScienceOn
19 Forman LJ, Liu P, Nagele RG, Yin K, Wong PY. Augmentation of nitric oxide, superoxide, and peroxynitrite production during cerebral ischemia and reperfusion in the rat. Neurochem Res 1998;23: 141-8.   DOI   ScienceOn
20 Iadecola C, Zhang F, Casey R, Nagayama M, Ross ME. Delayed reduction of ischemic brain injury and neurological deficits in mice lacking the inducible nitric oxide synthase gene. J Neurosci 1997; 17:9157-64.
21 Stagliano NE, Dietrich WD, Prado R, Green EJ, Busto R. The role of nitric oxide in the pathophysiology of thromboembolic stroke in the rat. Brain Res 1997;759:32-40.   DOI   ScienceOn
22 Dimmeler S, Dernbach E, Zeiher AM. Phosphorylation of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase at ser-1177 is required for VEGFinduced endothelial cell migration. FEBS Lett 2000;477:258-62.   DOI   ScienceOn
23 Higuchi Y, Hattori H, Kume T, Tsuji M, Akaike A, Furusho K. Increase in nitric oxide in the hypoxic-ischemic neonatal rat brain and suppression by 7-nitroindazole and aminoguanidine. Eur J Pharmacol 1998;342:47-9.   DOI   ScienceOn
24 Nikam SS, Kornberg BE. AMPA receptor antagonists. Curr Med Chem 2001;8:155-70.   DOI   ScienceOn
25 Tsuji M, Higuchi Y, Shiraishi K, Kume T, Akaike A, Hattori H. Protective effect of aminoguanidine on hypoxic-ischemic brain damage and temporal profile of brain nitric oxide in neonatal rat. Pediatr Res 2000;47:79-83.   DOI   ScienceOn
26 Vannucci RC, Perlman JM. Interventions for perinatal hypoxicischemic encephalopathy. Pediatrics 1997;100:1004-14.   DOI   ScienceOn
27 Monaghan DT, Bridges RJ, Cotman CW. The excitatory amino acid receptors: their classes, pharmacology, and distinct properties in the function of the central nervous system. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 1989;29:365-402.   DOI   ScienceOn
28 Varju P, Schlett K, Eisel U, Madarasz E. Schedule of NMDA receptor subunit expression and functional channel formation in the course of in vitro-induced neurogenesis. J Neurochem 2001;77: 1444-56.   DOI   ScienceOn
29 Dingledine R, Borges K, Bowie D, Traynelis SF. The glutamate receptor ion channels. Pharmacol Rev 1999;51:7-61.
30 Alabadi JA, Thibault JL, Pinard E, Seylaz J, Lasbennes F. 7- Nitroindazole, a selective inhibitor of nNOS, increases hippocampal extracellular glutamate concentration in status epilepticus induced by kainic acid in rats. Brain Res 1999;839:305-12.   DOI   ScienceOn
31 Moncada S, Palmer RM, Higgs EA. Biosynthesis of nitric oxide from L-arginine. A pathway for the regulation of cell function and communication. Biochem Pharmacol 1989;38:1709-15.   DOI   ScienceOn
32 Heales SJ, Bolanos JP, Stewart VC, Brookes PS, Land JM, Clark JB. Nitric oxide, mitochondria and neurological disease. Biochim Biophys Acta 1999;1410:215-28.   DOI   ScienceOn
33 Sengpiel B, Preis E, Krieglstein J, Prehn JH. NMDA-induced superoxide production and neurotoxicity in cultured rat hippocampal neurons: role of mitochondria. Eur J Neurosci 1998;10:1903- 10.   DOI   ScienceOn
34 Patel M, Li QY. Age dependence of seizure-induced oxidative stress. Neuroscience 2003;118:431-7.   DOI   ScienceOn
35 Gunasekar PG, Kanthasamy AG, Borowitz JL, Isom GE. NMDA receptor activation produces concurrent generation of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species: implication for cell death. J Neurochem 1995;65:2016-21.
36 Iwasaki Y, Ikeda K, Shiojima T, Kinoshita M. CNQX prevents spinal motor neuron death following sciatic nerve transection in newborn rats. J Neurol Sci 1995;134:21-5.   DOI
37 Zhou Y, Zhou L, Chen H, Koliatsos VE. An AMPA glutamatergic receptor activation-nitric oxide synthesis step signals transsynaptic apoptosis in limbic cortex. Neuropharmacology 2006;51:67-76.   DOI   ScienceOn
38 Radenovic L, Selakovic V. Differential effects of NMDA and AMPA/kainate receptor antagonists on nitric oxide production in rat brain following intrahippocampal injection. Brain Res Bull 2005; 67:133-41.   DOI
39 Levine S. Anoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in rats. Am J Pathol 1960;36:1-17.
40 Brewer GJ. Isolation and culture of adult rat hippocampal neurons. J Neurosci Methods 1997;71:143-55.   DOI   ScienceOn