Powder Packing Behavior and Constrained Sintering in Powder Processing of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) |
Lee, Hae-Weon
(Center for Energy Materials Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST))
Ji, Ho-Il (Center for Energy Materials Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)) Lee, Jong-Ho (Center for Energy Materials Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)) Kim, Byung-Kook (Center for Energy Materials Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)) Yoon, Kyung Joong (Center for Energy Materials Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)) Son, Ji-Won (Center for Energy Materials Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)) |
1 | S. C. Singhal, "Solid Oxide Fuel Cells," Electrochem. Soc. Interface, 16 41-4 (2007). DOI |
2 | S. C. Singhal and K. Kendall, High-Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: Fundamentals, Design and Applications; Elsevier, 2003. |
3 | J. Fergus, R. Hui, X. Li, D. P. Wilkinson, and J. Zhang, Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: Materials Properties and Performance; CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2016. |
4 | L. Fan, C. Wang, M. Chen, and B. Zhu, "Recent Development of Ceria-Based (Nano) Composite Materials for Low Temperature Ceramic Fuel Cells and Electrolyte-Free Fuel Cells," J. Power Sources, 234 154-74 (2013). DOI |
5 | V. Haanappel, "Advances in Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Development between 1995 and 2010 at Forschungszentrum Julich GmbH, Germany," pp. 247-74 in Fuel Cell Science and Engineering. Ed. by D. Stolten and B. Emonts, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA; 2012. |
6 | A. Bieberle-Hutter, D. Beckel, U. P. Muecke, J. L. Rupp, A. Infortuna, and L. J. Gauckler, "Micro-Solid Oxide Fuel Cells as Battery Replacement," MST News, 4 12 (2005). |
7 | D. Beckel, A. Bieberle-Hütter, A. Harvey, A. Infortuna, U. P. Muecke, M. Prestat, J. L. Rupp, and L. J. Gauckler, "Thin Films for Micro Solid Oxide Fuel Cells," J. Power Sources, 173 [1] 325-45 (2007). DOI |
8 | N. Q. Minh, "Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Technology-Features and Applications," Solid State Ionics, 174 [1-4] 271-77 (2004). DOI |
9 | V. Haanappel, J. Mertens, D. Rutenbeck, C. Tropartz, W. Herzhof, D. Sebold, and F. Tietz, "Optimisation of Processing and Microstructural Parameters of LSM Cathodes to Improve the Electrochemical Performance of Anode-Supported SOFCs," J. Power Sources, 141 [2] 216-26 (2005). DOI |
10 | H. S. Song, W. H. Kim, S. H. Hyun, J. Moon, J. Kim, and H.-W. Lee, "Effect of Starting Particulate Materials on Microstructure and Cathodic Performance of Nanoporous LSM-YSZ Composite Cathodes," J. Power Sources, 167 [2] 258-64 (2007). DOI |
11 | M. J. Jorgensen, S. Primdahl, C. Bagger, and M. Mogensen, "Effect of Sintering Temperature on Microstructure and Performance of LSM-YSZ Composite Cathodes," Solid State Ionics, 139 [1-2] 1-11 (2001). DOI |
12 | F. F. Lange, "Powder Processing Science and Technology for Increased Reliability," J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 72 [1] 3-15 (1989). DOI |
13 | M. D. Sacks and T. Y. Tseng, "Preparation of Glass from Model Powder Compacts: II, Sintering," J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 67 [8] 532-37 (1984). DOI |
14 | H. W. Lee and M. D. Sacks, "Pressureless Sintering of SiC-Whisker-Reinforced Composites: I, Effect of Matrix Powder Surface Area," J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 73 [7] 1884-93 (1990). DOI |
15 | E.-O. Oh, Thin Film Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) Fabricated by Chemical Solution Deposition (CSD) Route for Intermediate Temperature Operation, Ph.D. Thesis, Inha University, Incheon, 2012. |
16 | I.-Y. Kim, M. Biswas, J. Hong, K. J. Yoon, J.-W. Son, J.-H. Lee, B.-K. Kim, H.-J. Je, and H.-W. Lee, "Effect of Internal and External Constraints on Sintering Behavior of Thin Film Electrolytes for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs)," Ceram. Int., 40 [8] 13131-38 (2014). DOI |
17 | R. Tomov, M. Krauz, J. Jewulski, S. Hopkins, J. Kluczowski, D. Glowacka, and B. A. Glowacki, "Direct Ceramic Inkjet Printing of Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia Electrolyte Layers for Anode-Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cells," J. Power Sources, 195 [21] 7160-67 (2010). DOI |
18 | K. Miller, F. Lange, and D. B. Marshall, "The Instability of Polycrystalline Thin Films: Experiment and Theory," J. Mater. Res., 5 [1] 151-60 (1990). DOI |
19 | K. Mehta, R. Xu, and A. V. Virkar, "Two-Layer Fuel Cell Electrolyte Structure by Sol-Gel Processing," J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol., 11 [2] 203-7 (1998). DOI |
20 | F. Tietz, H.-P. Buchkremer, and D. Stover, "Components Manufacturing for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells," Solid State Ionics, 152 373-81 (2002). DOI |
21 | Y. Leng, S. Chan, K. Khor, and S. Jiang, "Performance Evaluation of Anode-Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cells with Thin Film YSZ Electrolyte," Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 29 [10] 1025-33 (2004). DOI |
22 | R. Scataglini, M. Wei, A. Mayyas, S. Chan, T. Lipman, and M. Santarelli, "A Direct Manufacturing Cost Model for Solid-Oxide Fuel Cell Stacks," Fuel Cells, 17 [6] 825-42 (2017). DOI |
23 | L. C. De Jonghe, M. N. Rahaman, and C. J. Hsueh, "Transient Stresses in Bimodal Compacts during Sintering," Acta Mater., 34 [7] 1467-71 (1986). DOI |
24 | M. W. Weiser and L. C. De Jonghe, "Inclusion Size and Sintering of Composite Powders," J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 71 [3] C125-27 (1988). |
25 | X. Xu, C. Xia, S. Huang, and D. Peng, "YSZ Thin Films Deposited by Spin-Coating for IT-SOFCs," Ceram. Int., 31 [8] 1061-64 (2005). DOI |
26 | Y.-Y. Chen and W.-C. J. Wei, "Processing and Characterization of Ultra-Thin Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) Electrolytic Films for SOFC," Solid State Ionics, 177 [3-4] 351-57 (2006). DOI |
27 | D. Perednis and L. J. Gauckler, "Solid Oxide Fuel Cells with Electrolytes Prepared via Spray Pyrolysis," Solid State Ionics, 166 [3-4] 229-39 (2004). DOI |
28 | L. Blum, L. B. De Haart, J. Malzbender, N. H. Menzler, J. Remmel, and R. Steinberger-Wilckens, "Recent Results in Jülich Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Technology Development," J. Power Sources, 241 477-85 (2013). DOI |
29 | C. Sun and U. Stimming, "Recent Anode Advances in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells," J. Power Sources, 171 [2] 247-60 (2007). DOI |
30 | J. Otomo, J. Oishi, T. Mitsumori, H. Iwasaki, and K. Yamada, "Evaluation of Cost Reduction Potential for 1 kW Class SOFC Stack Production: Implications for SOFC Technology Scenario," Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 38 [33] 14337-47 (2013). DOI |
31 | K. Sopian and W. R. W. Daud, "Challenges and Future Developments in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells," Renewable energy, 31 [5] 719-27 (2006). DOI |
32 | I. Bar-On, R. Kirchain, and R. Roth, "Technical Cost Analysis for PEM Fuel Cells," J. Power Sources, 109 [1] 71-5 (2002). DOI |
33 | M. Rahaman and L. C. De Jonghe, "Effect of Rigid Inclusions on the Sintering of Glass Powder Compacts," J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 70 [12] C348-51 (1987). |
34 | O. Sudre and F. F. Lange, "Effect of Inclusions on Densification: I, Microstructural Development in an Matrix Containing a High Volume Fraction of Inclusions," J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 75 [3] 519-24 (1992). DOI |
35 | O. Sudre, G. Bao, B. Fan, F. F. Lange, and A. G. Evans, "Effect of Inclusions on Densification: II, Numerical Model," J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 75 [3] 525-31 (1992). DOI |
36 | O. Sudre and F. F. Lange, "The Effect of Inclusions on Densification; III, the Desintering Phenomenon," J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 75 [12] 3241-51 (1992). DOI |
37 | D. Stauer, A. Aharony, Introduction to Percolation Theory; Taylor and Francis, London, 1994. |
38 | M. Sahini and M. Sahimi, Applications of Percolation Theory; CRC Press, 2014. |
39 | T. S. Yeh and M. D. Sacks, "Effect of Green Microstructure on Sintering of Alumina," Ceramic. Trans., 7 309-31 (1990). |
40 | S. Timoshenko and J. N. Goodier, Theory of Elasticity; McGraw-Hill, New York, 1982. |
41 | R. M. German, "Prediction of Sintered Density for Bimodal Powder Mixtures," Metal. Trans. A, 23 [5] 1455-65 (1992). DOI |
42 | F. F. Lange, "Constrained Network Model for Predicting Densification Behavior of Composite Powders," J. Mater. Res., 2 [1] 59-65 (1987). DOI |
43 | R. Knibbe, J. Hjelm, M. Menon, N. Pryds, M. Sogaard, H. J. Wang, and K. Neufeld, "Cathode-Electrolyte Interfaces with CGO Barrier Layers in SOFC," J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 93 [9] 2877-83 (2010). DOI |
44 | D. Young, A. Sukeshini, R. Cummins, H. Xiao, M. Rottmayer, and T. Reitz, "Ink-Jet Printing of Electrolyte and Anode Functional Layer for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells," J. Power Sources, 184 [1] 191-96 (2008). DOI |
45 | W. Bao, G. Zhu, J. Gao, and G. Meng, "Dense YSZ Electrolyte Films Prepared by Modified Electrostatic Powder Coating," Solid State Ionics, 176 [7-8] 669-74 (2005). DOI |
46 | V. Mehta and J. S. Cooper, "Review and Analysis of PEM Fuel Cell Design and Manufacturing," J. Power Sources, 114 [1] 32-53 (2003). DOI |
47 | B. D. James, A. B. Spisak, and W. G. Colella, Manufacturing Cost Analysis of Stationary Fuel Cell Systems; Strategic Analysis Inc. Arlington, VA, 2012. |
48 | R. Mueke, "Introduction to SOFC Technologies: Manufacturing of SOFCs," Joint European Summer School for Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technology, Viterbo, Italy, 2011. |
49 | A. Tsoga, A. Gupta, A. Naoumidis, and P. Nikolopoulos, "Gadolinia-Doped Ceria and Yttria Stabilized Zirconia Interfaces: Regarding Their Application for SOFC Technology," Acta Mater., 48 [18-19] 4709-14 (2000). DOI |
50 | H.-W. Lee, M. Park, J. Hong, H. Kim, K. J. Yoon, J.-W. Son, J.-H. Lee, and B.-K. Kim, "Constrained Sintering in Fabrication of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells," Materials, 9 [8] 675 (2016). DOI |
51 | X.-D. Zhou, B. Scarfino, and H. U. Anderson, "Electrical Conductivity and Stability of Gd-Doped Ceria/Y-doped Zirconia Ceramics and Thin Films," Solid State Ionics, 175 [1-4] 19-22 (2004). DOI |
52 | G. C. Kostogloudis and C. Ftikos, "Chemical Compatibility of (RE= La, Pr, Nd, Gd, 0x0.5) with Yttria Stabilized Zirconia Solid Electrolyte," J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 18 [12] 1707-10 (1998). DOI |
53 | J. Labrincha, F. Marques, and J. Frade, "Protonic and Oxygen-Ion Conduction in -Based Materials," J. Mater. Sci., 30 [11] 2785-92 (1995). DOI |
54 | S. P. Simner, J. P. Shelton, M. D. Anderson, and J. W. Stevenson, "Interaction between SOFC Cathode and YSZ Electrolyte," Solid State Ionics, 161 [1-2] 11-8 (2003). DOI |
55 | J. R. Wilson, A. T. Duong, M. Gameiro, H.-Y. Chen, K. Thornton, D. R. Mumm, and S. A. Barnett, "Quantitative Three-Dimensional Microstructure of a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Cathode," Electrochem. Commun., 11 [5] 1052-56 (2009). DOI |
56 | J. V. Milewski, "The Combined Packing of Rods and Spheres in Reinforcing Plastics," Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev., 17 [4] 363-66 (1978). DOI |
57 | J. V. Milewski, "Efficient Use of Whiskers in the Reinforcement of Ceramics," Adv. Ceram. Mat., 1 36-41 (1986). |
58 | R. M. German, Particle Packing Characteristics; pp. 135-80, Metal Powder Industries Federation, Princeton, 1989. |
59 | V. Dusastre and J. A. Kilner, "Optimisation of Composite Cathodes for Intermediate Temperature SOFC Applications," Solid State Ionics, 126 [1-2] 163-74 (1999). DOI |
60 | E. P. Murray, M. Sever, and S. A. Barnett, "Electrochemical Performance of (La, Sr)(Co, Fe)-(Ce, Gd) Composite Cathodes," Solid State Ionics, 148 [1-2] 27-34 (2002). DOI |
61 | J. Moon, J.-A. Park, S.-J. Lee, and T. Zyung, "Insight into the Shear-Induced Ordering of Colloidal Particles by a Spin-Coating Method," Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 47 [10R] 7968 (2008). DOI |
62 | M. D. Sacks, "Properties of Silicon Suspensions and Cast Bodies," Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull., 63 [12] 1510 (1984). |
63 | D. J. Jeffrey and A. Acrivos, "The Rheological Properties of Suspensions of Rigid Particles," AlChE J., 22 [3] 417-32 (1976). DOI |
64 | W. H. Boersma, J. Laven, and H. N. Stein, "Shear Thickening (Dilatancy) in Concentrated Dispersions," AlChE J., 36 [3] 321-32 (1990). DOI |
65 | D. Chen, G. Yang, Z. Shao, and F. Ciucci, "Nanoscaled Sm-Doped Buffer Layers for Intermediate-Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells," Electrochem. Commun., 35 131-34 (2013). DOI |
66 | F. Tietz, D. Sebold, A. Brisse, and J. Schefold, "Degradation Phenomena in a Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell after 9000 h of Operation," J. Power Sources, 223 129-35 (2013). DOI |
67 | H. Shi, R. Ran, and Z. Shao, "Wet Powder Spraying Fabrication and Performance Optimization of IT-SOFCs with Thin-Film ScSZ Electrolyte," Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 37 [1] 1125-32 (2012). DOI |
68 | T. L. Nguyen, K. Kobayashi, T. Honda, Y. Iimura, K. Kato, A. Neghisi, K. Nozaki, F. Tappero, K. Sasaki, and H. Shirahama, "Preparation and Evaluation of Doped Ceria Interlayer on Supported Stabilized Zirconia Electrolyte SOFCs by Wet Ceramic Processes," Solid State Ionics, 174 [1-4] 163-74 (2004). DOI |
69 | D. Wang, J. Wang, C. He, Y. Tao, C. Xu, and W. G. Wang, "Preparation of a Interlayer for Intermediate-Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells by Spray Coating," J. Alloys Compd., 505 [1] 118-24 (2010). DOI |
70 | Z. Gao, V. Y. Zenou, D. Kennouche, L. Marks, and S. A. Barnett, "Solid Oxide Cells with Zirconia/Ceria Bi-Layer Electrolytes Fabricated by Reduced Temperature Firing," J. Mater. Chem. A, 3 [18] 9955-64 (2015). DOI |
71 | H.-S. Noh, K. J. Yoon, B.-K. Kim, H.-J. Je, H.-W. Lee, J.-H. Lee, and J.-W. Son, "The Potential and Challenges of Thin-Film Electrolyte and Nanostructured Electrode for Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia-Base Anode-Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cells," J. Power Sources, 247 105-11 (2014). DOI |
72 | T. Tsai, E. Perry, and S. Barnett, "Low-Temperature Solid-Oxide Fuel Cells Utilizing Thin Bilayer Electrolytes," J. Electrochem. Soc., 144 [5] L130-32 (1997). DOI |
73 | O. Guillon, L. Weiler, and J. Rödel, "Anisotropic Microstructural Development during the Constrained Sintering of Dip-Coated Alumina Thin Films," J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 90 [5] 1394-400 (2007). DOI |
74 | R. L. Hoffman, "Interrelationships of Particle Structure and Flow in Concentrated Suspensions," MRS Bull., 16 [8] 32-7 (1991). DOI |
75 | D. J. Green, O. Guillon, and J. Rodel, "Constrained Sintering: A Delicate Balance of Scales," J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 28 [7] 1451-66 (2008). DOI |
76 | O. Guillon, S. Kraus, and J. Rodel, "Influence of Thickness on the Constrained Sintering of Alumina Films," J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 27 [7] 2623-27 (2007). DOI |
77 | J. Bernal and J. Mason, "Packing of Spheres: Co-Ordination of Randomly Packed Spheres," Nature, 188 [4754] 910-11 (1960). DOI |
78 | W. M. Visscher and M. Bolsterli, "Random Packing of Equal and Unequal Spheres in Two and Three Dimensions," Nature, 239 [5374] 504-7 (1972). DOI |
79 | E. Tory, N. Cochrane, and S. R. Waddell, "Anisotropy in Simulated Random Packing of Equal Spheres," Nature, 220 [5171] 1023-24 (1968). DOI |
80 | R. Zallen, The Physics of Amorphous Solids; John Wiley & Sons, 2008. |
81 | G. W. Scherer, "Viscous Sintering of Particle-Filled Composites," Ceram. Bull., 70 [6] 1059-63 (1991). |
82 | R. K. Bordia and A. Jagota, "Crack Growth and Damage in Constrained Sintering Films," J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 76 [10] 2475-85 (1993). DOI |
83 | D.-H. Myung, J. Hong, K. Yoon, B.-K. Kim, H.-W. Lee, J.-H. Lee, and J.-W. Son, "The Effect of an Ultra-Thin Zirconia Blocking Layer on the Performance of a 1--Thick Gadolinia-Doped Ceria Electrolyte Solid-Oxide Fuel Cell," J. Power Sources, 206 91-6 (2012). DOI |
84 | Z. Lu, J. Hardy, J. Templeton, J. Stevenson, D. Fisher, N. Wu, and A. Ignatiev, "Performance of Anode-Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cell with Thin Bi-Layer Electrolyte by Pulsed Laser Deposition," J. Power Sources, 210 292-96 (2012). DOI |
85 | E. O. Oh, C. M. Whang, Y. R. Lee, S. Y. Park, D. H. Prasad, K. J. Yoon, J. W. Son, J. H. Lee, and H. W. Lee, "Extremely Thin Bilayer Electrolyte for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) Fabricated by Chemical Solution Deposition (CSD)," Adv. Mater., 24 [25] 3373-77 (2012). DOI |
86 | K. R. Iler, The Chemistry of Silica; pp. 480−488, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1979. |
87 | P. Plonczak, M. Joost, J. Hjelm, M. Sogaard, M. Lundberg, and P. V. Hendriksen, "A High Performance Ceria Based Interdiffusion Barrier Layer Prepared by Spin-Coating," J. Power Sources, 196 [3] 1156-62 (2011). DOI |
88 | E.-O. Oh, C.-M. Whang, Y.-R. Lee, S.-Y. Park, D. H. Prasad, K. J. Yoon, B.-K. Kim, J.-W. Son, J.-H. Lee, and H.-W. Lee, "Fabrication of Thin-Film Gadolinia-Doped Ceria (GDC) Interdiffusion Barrier Layers for Intermediate- Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (IT-SOFCs) by Chemical Solution Deposition (CSD)," Ceram. Int., 40 [6] 8135-42 (2014). DOI |
89 | A. Atkinson, S. Barnett, R. J. Gorte, J. Irvine, A. J. McEvoy, M. Mogensen, S. C. Singhal, and J. Vohs, "Advanced Anodes for High-Temperature Fuel Cells," Nat. Mater., 3 [1] 17-7 (2004). DOI |
90 | E.-O. Oh, C.-M. Whang, Y.-R. Lee, J.-H. Lee, K. J. Yoon, B.-K. Kim, J.-W. Son, J.-H. Lee, and H.-W. Lee, "Thin Film Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia Electrolyte for Intermediate- Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (IT-SOFCs) by Chemical Solution Deposition," J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 32 [8] 1733-41 (2012). DOI |
91 | X. Zhang and M. Robertson, C. Deces-Petit, Y. Xie, R. Hui, S. Yick, E. Styles, J. Roller, O. Kesler, R. Maric, "NiO-YSZ Cermets Supported Low Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells," J. Power Sources, 161 [1] 301-7 (2006). DOI |
92 | G. W. Scherer and T. Garino, "Viscous Sintering on a Rigid Substrate," J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 68 [4] 216-20 (1985). DOI |
93 | F. F. Lange, "Processing-Related Fracture Origins: I, Observations in Sintered and Isostatically Hot-Pressed Composites," J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 66 [6] 396-98 (1983). DOI |
94 | F. F. Lange, "Densification of Powder Rings Constrained by Dense Cylindrical Cores," Acta Metall., 37 [2] 697-704 (1989). DOI |
95 | R. Bordia and R. Raj, "Sintering Behavior of Ceramic Films Constrained by a Rigid Substrate," J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 68 [6] 287-92 (1985). DOI |
96 | C. H. Hsueh, "Sintering of a Ceramic Film on a Rigid Substrate," Scripta Metall., 19 [10] 1213-17 (1985). DOI |
97 | R. Zuo, E. Aulbach, and J. Rodel, "Viscous Poisson's Coefficient Determined by Discontinuous Hot Forging," J. Mater. Res., 18 [9] 2170-76 (2003). DOI |
98 | P. Z. Cai, D. J. Green, and G. L. Messing, "Constrained Densification of Alumina/Zirconia Hybrid Laminates, I: Experimental Observations of Processing Defects," J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 80 [8] 1929-39 (1997). DOI |
99 | K. Huang and J. B. Goodenough, Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Technology: Principles, Performance and Operations; Elsevier, 2009. |
100 | R. O'Hayre, S. W. Cha, W. Colella, and F. B Prinz, Fuel Cell Fundamentals; Wiley, 2009. |
101 | J. T. Irvine, D. Neagu, M. C. Verbraeken, C. Chatzichrist odoulou, C. Graves, and M. B. Mogensen, "Evolution of the Electrochemical Interface in High-Temperature Fuel Cells and Electrolysers," Nat. Energy, 1 [1] 15014 (2016). DOI |
102 | W. H. Kan and V. Thangadurai, "Challenges and Prospects of Anodes for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs)," Ionics, 21 [2] 301-18 (2015). DOI |
103 | E. D. Wachsman and K. T. Lee, "Lowering the Temperature of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells," Science, 334 [6058] 935-39 (2011). DOI |
104 | J. Huijsmans, F. Van Berkel, and G. Christie, "Intermediate Temperature SOFC-a Promise for the 21st Century," J. Power Sources, 71 [1-2] 107-10 (1998). DOI |
105 | N. Q. Minh and T. Takahashi, Science and Technology of Ceramic Fuel Cells, Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam, 1995. |
106 | A. S. Thorel, "Tape Casting Ceramics for High Temperature Fuel Cell Applications, Ceramic Materials," pp. 1-68 in Ceramic Materials. Ed. By W. Wunderlich, Sciyo, 2010. |
107 | A. B. Stambouli and E. Traversa, "Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs): a Review of an Environmentally Clean and Efficient Source of Energy," Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev., 6 [5] 433-55 (2002). DOI |
108 | S. C. Singhal, "Solid Oxide Fuel Cells for Stationary, Mobile, and Military Applications," Solid State Ionics, 152 405-10 (2002). DOI |
109 | O. Yamamoto, "Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: Fundamental Aspects and Prospects," Electrochim. Acta, 45 [15-16] 2423-35 (2000). DOI |
110 | N. Q. Minh, "Ceramic Fuel Cells," J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 76 [3] 563-88 (1993). DOI |
111 | S. C. Singhal, "Advances in Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Technology," Solid State Ionics, 135 [1-4] 305-13 (2000). DOI |
112 | L. Blum, L. De Haart, J. Malzbender, N. Margaritis, and N. H. Menzler, "Anode-Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Achieves 70000 Hours of Continuous Operation," Energy Technol., 4 [8] 939-42 (2016). DOI |
113 | C. Duan, J. Tong, M. Shang, S. Nikodemski, M. Sanders, S. Ricote, A. Almansoori, and R. J. S. O'Hayre, "Readily Processed Protonic Ceramic Fuel Cells with High Performance at Low Temperatures," Science, 349 [6254] 1321-26 (2015). DOI |
114 | H. An, H.-W. Lee, B.-K. Kim, J.-W. Son, K. J. Yoon, H. Kim, D. Shin, H.-I. Ji, and J.-H. Lee, " Protonic Ceramic Fuel Cell with a Power Density of at ," Nat. Energy, 3 [10] 870 (2018). DOI |
115 | Y. Pan, J. Zhu, M. Z. Hu, and E. A. Payzant, "Processing of YSZ Thin Films on Dense and Porous Substrates," Surf. Coat. Technol., 200 [5-6] 1242-47 (2005). DOI |
116 | P. Z. Cai, D. J. Green, and G. L. Messing, "Constrained Densification of Alumina/Zirconia Hybrid Laminates, II: Viscoelastic Stress Computation," J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 80 [8] 1940-48 (1997). DOI |
117 | T. V. Gestel, D. Sebold, W. A. Meulenberg, and H.-P. Buchkremer, "Development of Thin-Film Nano-Structured Electrolyte Layers for Application in Anode-Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cells," Solid State Ionics, 179 [11-12] 428-37 (2008). DOI |
118 | T. V. Gestel, D. Sebold, and H. P. Buchkremer, "Processing of 8YSZ and CGO Thin Film Electrolyte Layers for Intermediate- and Low-Temperature SOFCs," J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 35 [5] 1505-15 (2015). DOI |
119 | D. Nikbin, "Micro SOFCs: Why Small is Beautiful," Fuel Cell Review, 3 [2] 21-4 (2006). |
120 | B. Zhu, "Functional Ceria-Salt-Composite Materials for Advanced ITSOFC Applications," J. Power Sources, 114 [1] 1-9 (2003). DOI |
121 | K. Lee, J. Kang, S. Jin, S. Lee, and J. Bae, "A Novel Sol-Gel Coating Method for Fabricating Dense Layers on Porous Surfaces Particularly for Metal-Supported SOFC Electrolyte," J. Int. Hydrogen Energy, 42 [9] 6220-30 (2017). DOI |
122 | F. Han, R. Mucke, T. Van Gestel, A. Leonide, N. H. Menzler, H. P. Buchkremer, and D. Stover, "Novel High-Performance Solid Oxide Fuel Cells with Bulk Ionic Conductance Dominated Thin-Film Electrolytes," J. Power Sources, 218 157-62 (2012). DOI |
123 | J.-D. Kim, G.-D. Kim, J.-W. Moon, H.-W. Lee, K.-T. Lee, and C.-E. Kim, "The Effect of Percolation on Electrochemical Performance," Solid State Ionics, 133 [1-2] 67-77 (2000). DOI |
124 | M. Park, H. Y. Jung, J. Y. Kim, H. Kim, K. J. Yoon, J.-W. Son, J.-H. Lee, B.-K. Kim, and H.-W. Lee, "Effects of Mixing State of Composite Powders on Sintering Behavior of Cathode for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells," Ceram. Int., 43 [15] 11642-47 (2017). DOI |
125 | H. Lin, C. Ding, K. Sato, Y. Tsutai, H. Ohtaki, M. Iguchi, C. Wada, and T. Hashida, "Preparation of SDC Electrolyte Thin Films on Dense and Porous Substrates by Modified Sol-Gel Route," Mater. Sci. Eng., B, 148 [1-3] 73-6 (2008). DOI |
126 | C. Peters, A. Weber, B. Butz, D. Gerthsen, and E. Ivers-Tiffee, "Grain-Size Effects in YSZ Thin-Film Electrolytes," J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 92 [9] 2017-24 (2009). DOI |
127 | L. C. De Jonghe, C. P. Jacobson, and S. J. Visco, "Supported Electrolyte Thin Film Synthesis of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells," Annu. Rev. Mater. Res., 33 [1] 169-82 (2003). DOI |