Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.3339/jkspn.2013.17.2.65

Clinical Significance and Incidence of Gram-positive Uropathogens in Pediatric Patients Younger than 1 Year of Age with Febrile Urinary Tract Infection  

Yang, Tae Hwan (Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Korea University)
Yim, Hyung Eun (Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Korea University)
Yoo, Kee Hwan (Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Korea University)
Publication Information
Childhood Kidney Diseases / v.17, no.2, 2013 , pp. 65-72 More about this Journal
Abstract
Purpose: Urinary tract infection (UTI) caused by gram-positive uropathogens is usually hospital-acquired and associated with predisposing conditions. However, the incidence of gram-positive bacteria in community-acquired UTIs has recently increased worldwide. We aimed to investigate the clinical significance of UTI and associated genitourinary malformations in young children with febrile UTIs caused by gram-positive bacteria. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 566 patients (age, <1 year) who visited the Korea University Medical Center for febrile UTIs between January 2008 and May 2013. We classified the patients into the following two groups: gram-positive (P group) and gram-negative (N group), according to the results of urine culture. The fever duration; white blood cell (WBC) counts and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in peripheral blood; and the presence of hydronephrosis, cortical defects, vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), and renal scarring were compared between the two groups. Results: The number of patients with gram-positive bacteria was 23 (4.1%) and with gram-negative bacteria was 543 (95.9%). The most common pathogen was Escherichia coli, and Enterococcus faecalis showed the highest incidence among gram-positive uropathogens. Patients with gram-positive bacteria showed longer fever duration compared to that in patients with gram-negative bacteria (P vs. N, $3.4{\pm}1.2$ vs. $2.9{\pm}1.6$ days, P <0.05). The incidence of VUR was increased in the gram-positive group compared to that in the gram-negative group (P vs. N, 55.6 vs. 17.8%, P<0.05). However, there were no significant differences in other laboratory and radiologic findings. Conclusion: The findings of our study show that community-acquired UTIs in patients younger than 1 year of age, caused by gram-positive uropathogens, can be associated with prolonged fever duration and the presence of VUR.
Keywords
Fever duration; Gram-positive uropathogens; Urinary tract infection; Vesicoureteral reflux;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 3  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Brohard B, Travis L. Infections of the urinary tract. Rudolph AM, Hoffman JIEPediatrics. 18th ed. East Normark, Appleton & Lange 1987:1197-202.
2 Williams G, Craig JC. Prevention of recurrent urinary tract infection in children. Current opinion in infectious diseases 2009;22:72-6.   DOI
3 Jodal U. The natural history of bacteriuria in childhood. Infectious disease clinics of North America 1987;1:713-29.
4 Winberg J, Andersen H, Bergström T, Jacobsson B, Larson H, Lincoln K. Epidemiology of symptomatic urinary tract infection in childhood. Acta Paediatrica 1974;63:1-20.
5 Shaikh N, Morone NE, Bost JE, Farrell MH. Prevalence of urinary tract infection in childhood: a meta-analysis. The Pediatric infectious disease journal 2008;27:302-8.   DOI
6 Kwon YD, Kim MJ, Kim HU, Oh SH, Song JY, Ko JT, et al. Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of pathogens from children with UTI. Journal of the Korean Society of Pediatric Nephrology 2006;10:182-91.
7 Hoberman A, Charron M, Hickey RW, Baskin M, Kearney DH, Wald ER. Imaging studies after a first febrile urinary tract infection in young children. New England Journal of Medicine 2003;348:195-202.   DOI
8 Jacobson SH, Eklöf O, Eriksson CG, Lins L-E, Tidgren B, Winberg J. Development of hypertension and uraemia after pyelonephritis in childhood: 27 year follow up. BMJ: British Medical Journal 1989;299:703.   DOI
9 Merrick MV, Notghi A, Chalmers N, Wilkinson AG, Uttley WS. Long-term follow up to determine the prognostic value of imaging after urinary tract infections. Part 2: Scarring. Archives of disease in childhood 1995;72:393-6.   DOI
10 Bitsori M, Maraki S, Raissaki M, Bakantaki A, Galanakis E. Community-acquired enterococcal urinary tract infections. Pediatric Nephrology 2005;20:1583-6.   DOI
11 Ko YH, Oh JS, Cho DY, Bea JH, Koh SK. Changes of causative organisms and antimicrobial sensitivity of urinary tract infection between 1979 and 2001. Korean Journal of Urology 2003;44:342-50.
12 Jakobsson B, Svensson L. Transient pyelonephritic changes on 99mTechnetium-dimercaptosuccinic acid scan for at least five months after infection. Acta Paediatrica 1997;86:803-7.
13 Wagenlehner F, Naber K. Emergence of antibiotic resistance and prudent use of antibiotic therapy in nosocomially acquired urinary tract infections. International journal of antimicrobial agents 2004;23:24-9.   DOI
14 Yiee J, Wilcox D. Management of fetal hydronephrosis. Pediatric Nephrology 2008;23:347-53.   DOI
15 Jaksic E, Bogdanovic R, Artiko V, Saranovic DS, Petrasinovic Z, Petrovic M, et al. Diagnostic role of initial renal cortical scintigraphy in children with the first episode of acute pyelonephritis. Annals of nuclear medicine 2011;25:37-43.   DOI
16 Goldraich NP, Manfroi A. Febrile urinary tract infection: Escherichia coli susceptibility to oral antimicrobials. Pediatric Nephrology 2002;17:173-6.   DOI
17 Lee S, Cho S, Kim S, Jeong D, Chung S, Lee K. Urinary tract infection in febrile infants with pyuria. Korean J Pediatr Infect Dis 2004;11:90-100.
18 Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Kuczmarski RJ, Johnson CL. Overweight and obesity in the United States: prevalence and trends, 1960-1994. International journal of obesity and related metabolic disorders: journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity 1998;22:39-47.   DOI
19 Celebi S, Hacimustafaoglu M, Ozdemir O, Ozakin C. Nosocomial Gram-positive bacterial infections in children: Results of a 7 year study. Pediatrics International 2007;49:875-82.   DOI
20 Oh E, Lee H, Lim HS, Park Y. Epidemiology and Resistance Patterns of Bacterial Pathogens in Urinary Tract Infections in the Northern Gyeonggi-do Area during 2007-2011. Laboratory Medicine Online 2013;3:34-9.   DOI
21 Ma JF, Shortliffe LMD. Urinary tract infection in children: etiology and epidemiology. Urologic Clinics of North America 2004;31:517-26.   DOI
22 Cho TH, Kim BJ, Ma JS. Clinical and bacteriological studies of urinary tract infection in children. Chonnam Medical Journal 1999;35:69-78.
23 Choi WS, Seo YB, Jo YM, Kim JY, Kee SY, Jeong HW, et al. Epidemiology and clinical significance of bacteriuria caused by vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Infection and Chemotherapy 2006;38:242-9.
24 Ryu KH, Kim MK, Jeong YB. A recent study on the antimicrobial sensitivity of the organisms that cause urinary tract infection. Korean Journal of Urology 2007;48:638-45.   DOI
25 Schlager TA. Urinary tract infections in children younger than 5 years of age. Paediatric drugs 2001;3:219-27.   DOI
26 Wu C-S, Wang S-M, Ko W-C, Wu J-J, Yang Y-J, Liu C-C. Group B streptococcal infections in children in a tertiary care hospital in southern Taiwan. Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection 2004;37:169-75.
27 Schouten M, Voss A, Hoogkamp-Korstanje J. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of enterococci causing infections in Europe. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy 1999;43: 2542-6.
28 Muratani T, Matsumoto T. Bacterial resistance to antimicrobials in urinary isolates. International journal of antimicrobial agents 2004;24:28-31.   DOI
29 Choi L, Cho SE, Yim HE, Yoo KH, Hong YS, Lee JW. Clinical Significance of Pyuria in Pediatric Patients with Febrile Urinary Tract Infection. Journal of the Korean Society of Pediatric Nephrology 2011;15:66-75.   DOI
30 Noble W, Virani Z, Cree RG. Co-transfer of vancomycin and other resistance genes from< i> Enterococcus faecalisNCTC 12201 to< i> Staphylococcus aureus. FEMS Microbiology Letters 1992;93:195-8.   DOI
31 Kim SH, Lim TJ, Kim HY, Park SE, Kim SY. Clinical Characteristics of Community Acquired Enterococcal Urinary Tract Infections In Children. Journal of the Korean Society of Pediatric Nephrology 2013;17:19-24.   DOI
32 Berger C, Uehlinger J, Ghelfi D, Blau N, Fanconi S. Comparison of C-reactive protein and white blood cell count with differential in neonates at risk for septicaemia. European journal of pediatrics 1995;154:138-44.   DOI
33 Newman TB. The new American Academy of Pediatrics urinary tract infection guideline. Pediatrics 2011;128:572-5.   DOI
34 Jung JI, Lim DH, Yim HE, Park MS, Yoo KH, Hong YS, et al. Fever duration and renal scar in pediatric urinary tract infection. Journal of the Korean Society of Pediatric Nephrology 2008; 12:70-7.   DOI
35 Michael Zerin J. Hydronephrosis in the neonate and young infant: current concepts. Seminars in Ultrasound, CT and MRI; 1994: Elsevier, 1994: 306-16.
36 REPRESENTATIVES L. Practice Parameter: The Diagnosis, Treatment, and Evaluation of the Initial Urinary Tract Infection in Febrile Infants and Young Children. American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Quality Improvement. Subcommittee on Urinary Tract Infection. Pediatrics 1999;103.
37 Montini G, Zucchetta P, Tomasi L, Talenti E, Rigamonti W, Picco G, et al. Value of imaging studies after a first febrile urinary tract infection in young children: data from Italian renal infection study 1. Pediatrics 2009;123:e239-e46.   DOI
38 Peru H, Bakkaloglu SA, Soylemezoglu O, Buyan N, Hasanoglu E. The relationship between urinary tract infections and vesicoureteral reflux in Turkish children. International urology and nephrology 2009;41:947-51.   DOI
39 Honkinen O, Lehtonen O-P, Ruuskanen O, Huovinen P, Mertsola J. Cohort study of bacterial species causing urinary tract infection and urinary tract abnormalities in children. BMJ: British Medical Journal 1999;318:770.   DOI
40 Davis NF, Flood HD. The Pathogenesis of Urinary Tract Infections.