Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.15269/JKSOEH.2020.30.2.87

Review of the Determination Methods for Metal Compounds with Different Occupational Exposure Limits Depending on Solubility  

Park, Seung-Hyun (Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute(OSHRI), Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency(KOSHA))
Ro, Jiwon (Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute(OSHRI), Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency(KOSHA))
Jang, Miyeon (Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute(OSHRI), Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency(KOSHA))
Publication Information
Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene / v.30, no.2, 2020 , pp. 87-98 More about this Journal
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this study was to propose a sequential procedure for the simultaneous analysis of soluble and insoluble metal compounds. Methods: Methods for sampling and analyzing metal compounds such as ISO standards, NIOSH methods, HSE methods, and OSHA methods were reviewed. Results: Some metals have different OELs depending on the solubility of the compound. Therefore, we should take into account these characteristics and perform an exposure assessment. Soluble metal compounds are first extracted from the filter, and then the filter is digested by acids to analyze residual insoluble components. The extraction of soluble compounds can be completed by agitation for about 60 minutes with a leach solution (water) in a water bath at 37℃. For the analysis of insoluble compounds, the sample filter and the filtration filter remaining after the extraction of the soluble compounds are analyzed. This allows simultaneous determination of soluble and insoluble metal compounds. For hexavalent chromium compounds, soluble hexavalent chromium can first be extracted from the filter by using sulfate buffer. The insoluble hexavalent chromium remaining in the filter can then be extracted using carbonate buffer. Conclusion: Workers are often exposed to many hazardous substances with different exposure limits at industrial sites. The OELs for compounds of the same metal can be set differently depending on solubility. This study can help evaluate a worker's exposure to metal compounds by suggesting methods for the simultaneous determination of soluble and insoluble metal compounds.
Keywords
Determination; metal compound; occupational exposure limits; solubility;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Fairfax R, Blotzer M. Horizons: TLVs: Soluble and insoluble metal compounds. Appl occup environ hyg 1994;9(10):683-686, DOI:10.1080/1047322X.1994.10388393   DOI
2 Ministry of Employment and Labor(MoEL). Occupational exposure limits of chemical substances and physical agents. MoEL Notice of Korea 2020-48, 2020
3 Mullins MJP, Norman JB. Solubility of metals in windblown dust from mine waste dump sites. Appl Occup Environ Hyg 1994;9(3):218-223, DOI:10.1080/1047322X.1994.10388301   DOI
4 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). NIOSH manual of analytical methods. 4th Ed., 7056(1994a): Barium, soluble compounds. [Accessed 7 April 2020] Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh
5 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). NIOSH manual of analytical methods. 4th Ed., 7074(1994b): Tungsten(soluble and insoluble) [Accessed 7 April 2020] Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh
6 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). NIOSH manual of analytical methods. 5th Ed., 7605(2016a): Chromium, hexavalent by ion chromatography. [Accessed 7 April 2020] Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh
7 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). NIOSH manual of analytical methods. 5th Ed., Chapter SM: Sampling and analysis of soluble metal compounds. NIOSH, 2016b
8 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. NIOSH pocket guide to chemical hazards. [Accessed 24 March 2020] Available from https://www.cdc.gov/niosh
9 Occupational Safety & Health Administration(OSHA). Sampling and analytical methods, ID-121: Metal & metalloid particulates in workplace atmospheres (atomic absorption). OSHA, 2002
10 Occupational Safety & Health Administration(OSHA). Sampling and analytical methods, ID-215(version 2): Hexavalent chromium. OSHA, 2006
11 Health and Safety Executive(HSE). EH40/2005 Workplace exposure limits. [Accessed 27 March 2020] Available from: https://www.hse.gov.uk
12 Health and Safety Executive(HSE). Methods for the determination of hazardous substances(MDHS) 42/2: Nickel and inorganic compounds of nickel in air (except nickel carbonyl). HSE Books 1996a ISBN 0 7176 1094 2
13 Health and Safety Executive(HSE). Methods for the determination of hazardous substances(MDHS) 46/2: Platinum metal and soluble platinum compounds in air. HSE Books 1996b ISBN 0 7176 1094 2
14 Health and Safety Executive(HSE). Methods for the determination of hazardous substances(MDHS) 52/4: Hexavalent chromium in chromium plating mists. [Accessed 16 March 2020] Available from: https://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/mdhs/pdfs/mdhs52-4.pdf
15 Institut de recherche Robert-Sauve en sante et en securite du travail(IRSST). Analytical method 365: Determination of water-soluble and waterinsoluble inorganic compounds of hexavalent chromium in workplace air. IRSST, Quebec; 2009
16 International Organization for Standardization(ISO). ISO 15202-2:2012, Workplace air-Determination of metals and metalloids in airborne particulate matter by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry-Part 2: Sample preparation. ISO, Geneva, Switzerland; 2012b
17 Occupational Safety & Health Administration(OSHA). Permissible Exposure Limits/OSHA Annotated Table Z-1. [Accessed 27 March 2020] https://www.osha.gov/dsg/annotated-pels/tablez-1.html
18 Park SH, Kim KB, Shin JA, Park CY. Reasonable application of occupational exposure limits in exposure monitoring for metals and their compounds. Research Report 2013-967, Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute(OSHRI) of Korea Occupational Safety & Health Agency(KOSHA), 2013
19 International Organization for Standardization(ISO). ISO 16740:2005, Workplace air-Determination of hexavalent chromium in airborne particulate matter- Method by Ion chromatography and spectrophotometric measurement using diphenyl carbazide. ISO, Geneva, Switzerland; 2005
20 International Organization for Standardization(ISO). ISO 15202-1:2012, Workplace air-Determination of metals and metalloids in airborne particulate matter by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry-Part 1: Sampling. ISO, Geneva, Switzerland; 2012a
21 International Organization for Standardization(ISO). ISO 15202-3:2004, Workplace air-Determination of metals and metalloids in airborne particulate matter by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry-Part 3: Analysis. ISO, Geneva, Switzerland; 2004
22 American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists(ACGIH). Threshold limit values(TLVs) for chemical substances and physical agents & biological exposure indices(BEIs). ACGIH, Cincinnati (OH); 2019a
23 American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists(ACGIH). Documentations of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices, 7th Ed. ACGIH, Cincinnati(OH); 2019b
24 Ashley K. International standard procedure for the extraction of metal compounds having soluble threshold limit values. Appl occup environ hyg 2001; 16(9):850-853, DOI:10.1080/10473220118454   DOI
25 Ashley K, Applegate GT, Marcy AD, et al. Evaluation of sequential extraction procedures for soluble and insoluble hexavalent chromium compounds in workplace air samples. J Environ Monit 2009;11(2):318-325, DOI: 10.1039/b812236a   DOI