Browse > Article

The Concentration of Cadmium in Urine, and Its Role in Health-risk Assessment of Residents in the Vicinity of Abandoned Mines in Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea  

Yun, Sung-Ho (Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Yeungnam University Hospital)
Kim, Chang-Yoon (Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Yeungnam University Hospital)
Hwang, Tae-Yoon (Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University)
Won, Kyu-Chang (Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University)
Do, Jun-Young (Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University)
Lee, Se-Jin (Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University)
Park, Yeong-Mog (Department of Civil Engineering, Yeungnam University)
Jun, Kwan-Soo (Department of Environmental Engineering, Yeungnam University)
Lee, Gae-Ho (Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University)
Lee, Do-Young (GyeongSangBukdo Government Public Institute of Health & Environment)
Park, Kwang-Seub (GyeongSangBukdo Government Public Institute of Health & Environment)
SaKong, Joon (Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Yeungnam University Hospital)
Publication Information
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine / v.22, no.3, 2010 , pp. 251-261 More about this Journal
Abstract
Objectives: This study was conducted to assess the concentration of urine cadmium and health risks of residents in the vicinity of abandoned metal mines in Gyeongsangbuk-do. Methods: The concentration of cadmium in the soil, water, and agricultural crops was measured in Gyeongsangbuk-do, Butdeun and Suksan, which have abandoned metal mines. We measured the concentration of cadmium in the urine of residents from the following areas: 78 from village A, 99 from village C and 147 from control areas. Other health-risk assessments were performed on each resident, such as measuring the concentration of ${\beta}_2$-MG and a bone density test. Results: In abandoned mine areas, the mean concentration of cadmium was higher in agricultural soil and in the crops than in that of control areas. The concentration of cadmium in the stream exceeded the guideline level. In regard to provisional tolerable daily intake (PTDI) of cadmium, the actual intake rate through crops was 33.81%, 72.74% in abandoned mine areas and 5.03%, 6.16% in control areas. Residents in abandoned mine areas, A village and C village had a geometric mean of urine Cd of 1.90 ${\mu}g$/g cr and 1.45 ${\mu}g$/g cr. These measurements were significantly higher than those of residents in control areas, B village and D village, 0.59 ${\mu}g$/g cr and 0.65 ${\mu}g$/g cr (p<0.01). Following adjustments for age, sex, smoking habit, and occupational history, the concentration of urine cadmium of residents in the Butdeun abandoned meta mine was higher by 1.62 ${\mu}g$/g cr as compared with the control group (p<0.01). Residents from the Suksan abandoned metal mine also had a higher concentration by 1.07 ${\mu}g$/g cr (p<0.01). A mul-tiple linear regression analysis was performed for the factors associated with T-score, and this showed that the concentration of urine cadmium was not an influential factor. Conclusions: Based on these measurements, areas with abandoned metal mines contaminated streams, agricultural soil, and crops of the adjacent areas, with cadmium. Because residents in the adjacent areas intake contaminated crops, their urine cadmium was increased. Despite a lack of evidence demonstrating the detrimental effect of increased urine cadmium in residents, an additional study is needed to assess the health risks of residents in the vicinity of abandoned metal mines.
Keywords
Abandoned metal mine; Urine cadmium; Health-risk assessment;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 1  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Small MJ, Nunn AB, Forslund BL, Daily DA. Source attribution of elevated residential soil lead near a battery recycling site. Environ Sci Technol 1995;29:883- 95.   DOI   ScienceOn
2 Kim S, Kwon HJ, Cheong HK, Choi K, Jang JY, Jeong WC, Kim DS, Yu S, Kim YW, Lee KY, Yang SO, Jhung IJ, Jang WH, Hong YC. Investigation on health effect of an abandoned metal mine. J Korean Med Sci 2008;23(3):452-8.   DOI   ScienceOn
3 Lee JY, Kim JG, Lee IH, Lee JK. Environmental effects caused by abandoned metal mines in the Kyungpook province. Jour. Korean Inst Mining Geol 1993; 26(4):465-72. (Korean)
4 Jung MC, Thornton I, Chon HT. Arsenic, Sb and Bi contamination of soils, plants, waters and sediments in the vicinity of the Dalsung Cu-W mine in Korea. Sci Total Environ 2002;295(1-3):81-9.   DOI   ScienceOn
5 Chung JH, Kang PS, Kim CY, Lee KS, Hwang TY, Kim GT, Park JS, Park SY, Kim DY, Lim OT, Sakong J. Blood Pb, urine Cd and health assessment of residents in the vicinity of abandoned mines in Gyeongsangbuk- do. Korean J Occup Environ Med 2005; 17(3):225-37. (Korean)
6 Chatterjee A, Banerjee RN. Determination of lead and other metals in a residential area of greater Calcutta. Sci Total Environ 1999;227(2-3):175-85.   DOI
7 Satarug S, Garrett SH, Sens MA, Sens DA. Cadmium, environmental exposure, health outcomes. Environ Health Perspect 2010;118(2):182-90.
8 Herber RFM. Beta-2-microglobulin and other urinary proteins as an index of cadmium nephrotoxicity. Pure Appl Chem 1984;56(7):957-65.   DOI   ScienceOn
9 A kesson A, Lundh T, Vahter M, Bjellerup P, Lidfeldt J, Nerbrand C, Samsioe G, Sto¨mberg U, Skerfving S. Tubular and glomerular kidney effects in Swedish women with low environmental cadmium exposure. Environ Health Perspect 2005;113(11):1627-31.   DOI   ScienceOn
10 Lauwerys RR, Bernard A, Roels HA, Buchet JP, Viau C. Characterization of cadmium proteinuria in man and rat. Environ Health Perspect 1984;54:147-52.   DOI
11 Gallagher CM, Kovach JS, Meliker JR. Urinary cadmium and osteoporosis in U.S. Women ${\geq}$50 years of age: NHANES 1988-1994 and 1999-2004. Environ Health Perspect 2008;116(10):1338-43.   DOI   ScienceOn
12 Thomas LD, Hodgson S, Nieuwenhuijsen M, Jarup L. Early kidney damage in a population exposed to cadmium and other heavy metals. Environ Health Perspect 2009;117(2):181-4.   DOI
13 FAO. Summary of evaluations performed by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). ILSI. Geneva. 1994.
14 Kim MH, Chang MI, Chung SY, Sho YS, Hong MK. Trace metal contents in cereals, pulses and potatoes and their safety evaluations. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 2000;29(3):364-8. (Korean)
15 Alessio L, Odone P, Bertelli G, Foa V. Cadmium. In: Alessio L. Berlin A, Roi R, Boni M (eds) Human biological monitoring of industrial chemical series. Joint Research Centre. Ispra establishment. Ispra. 1983. pp 105-132.
16 Kim H. Cho SH. Estimation of geometric means and reference values of normal tissue cadmium level among Korean. Korean J Occup Environ Med 1991;3(1):76- 91.
17 Yeon YY, Ahn KD, Lee BK. Blood and urine cadmium levels in non-exposed Korean to cadmium. Korean J Occup Environ Med 1992;4(1):70-80. (Korean)
18 Moon CS, Zhang ZW, Shimbo S, Watanabe T, Moon DH, Lee CU, Lee BK, Ahn KD, Lee SH, Ikeda M. Evaluation of urinary cadmium and lead as markers of background exposure of middle-aged women in Korea. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1998;71(4):251-6.   DOI   ScienceOn
19 Park JD, Park CH, Choi BS, Kang EY, Hong YP, Chang IW, Chun BY, Yeh MH. A study on urinary cadmium concentration and renal indices of inhabitant in an abandoned mine area. J Prev Med Public Health 1998:31:424-39.
20 Gebel TW, Suchenwirth RH, Bolten C, Dunkelberg HH. Human biomonitoring of arsenic and antimony in case of an elevated geogenic exposure. Environ Health Perspect 1998;106(1):33-9.   DOI   ScienceOn
21 Lauwerys R, Bernard A, Buchet JP, Roels H, Bruaux P, Claeys F, Ducoffre G, De Plaen P, Staessen J, Amery A, Fagard R, Lijnen P, Thijs L, Rondia D, Sartor F, Remy AS, Nick L. Does environmental exposure to cadmium represent a health risk? Conclusions from the Cadmibel study. Acta Clin Belg 1991;46(4):219-25.   DOI
22 Srikanth R, Khanam A, Rao V. Cadmium levels in the urine of male sewage sludge farmers of Hyderabad, India. J Toxicol Environ Health 1994;43(1):1-6.   DOI
23 Staessen JA, Lauwerys RR, Buchet JP, Bulpitt CJ, Rondia D, Vanrenterghem Y, Amery A. Impairment of renal function with increasing blood lead concentrations in the general population. The Cadmibel Study Group. N Engl J Med 1992;327(3):151-6.   DOI   ScienceOn
24 Clemens S. Toxic metal accumulation, response to exposure and mechanisms of tolerance in plants. Biochimie 2006;88(11):1707-19.   DOI   ScienceOn
25 Franz E, Ro¨mkens P, van Raamsdonk L, van der Fels- Klerx I. A chain modeling approach to estimate the impact of soil cadmium pollution on human dietary exposure. J Food Prot 2008;71(12):2504-13.   DOI