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http://dx.doi.org/10.5352/JLS.2021.31.2.158

Anti-inflammatory Activities of Apple Extracts and Phloretin  

Kim, Geun-Ho (Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Andong National University)
Lee, Eun-Joo (Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Andong National University)
Ryu, Seung-Min (Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Andong National University)
Sohn, Ho-Yong (Department of Food and Nutrition, Andong National University)
Kim, Jong-Sik (Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Andong National University)
Publication Information
Journal of Life Science / v.31, no.2, 2021 , pp. 158-163 More about this Journal
Abstract
In the present study, we prepared hot water extracts of green apple (GAHW) and unripe apple (UAHW), and ethanol extract of green apple (GAE), and investigated their anti-inflammatory activities in LPS-activated RAW264.7 cells. All extracts dramatically suppressed nitric oxide (NO) production in a dose-dependent manner in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells without affecting cell viability. In addition, all extracts decreased the expression of iNOS, whereas UAHW only reduced the expression of COX-2. All extracts suppressed the phosphorylation of MAPKs (p38, ERK, and JNK) indicating all extracts show their anti-inflammatory activities via regulating MAPK pathway. Furthermore, all extracts reduced the production of reactive oxygen species in a dose-dependent manner and they increased the expression of heme oxygenase-I (HO-I) whereas UAHW could not. We also investigated whether apple flavonoids phloretin and phloridzin can have their anti-inflammatory activities in same in vitro model. Phloretin dramatically decreased NO production in a dose dependent manner without affecting cell viability, whereas phloridzin have no effects. Phloretin also reduced the expression of iNOS as well as COX-2, whereas phloridzin could not. Overall, these results suggest that apple extracts have their anti-inflammatory activities via regulating MAPKs and HO-1 pathways, and apple flavonoid phloretin can be one of phytochemicals responsible for anti-inflammatory effect of apple.
Keywords
Anti-inflammation; apple extract; phloretin; phloridzin; RAW264.7;
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