Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.5352/JLS.2020.30.12.1109

Comparative Analysis of Nutritional Components of Zophobas atratus Larvae Raised with Artificial Diet and Wheat Branan  

Kim, Sun Young (Industrial Insect Division, Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA)
Kwak, Kyu-Won (Industrial Insect Division, Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA)
Lee, Kyeong Yong (Industrial Insect Division, Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA)
Ko, Hyeon-Jin (Industrial Insect Division, Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA)
Kim, Yong-Soon (Industrial Insect Division, Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA)
Kim, Eunsun (Industrial Insect Division, Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA)
Park, Kwanho (Industrial Insect Division, Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA)
Yoon, Hyung Joo (Industrial Insect Division, Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA)
Publication Information
Journal of Life Science / v.30, no.12, 2020 , pp. 1109-1117 More about this Journal
Abstract
In order to verify whether Zophobas atratus is an edible insect, the nutrients and harmful substances of Z. atratus larvae reared with an artificial diet (AD) and wheat bran (WB) were compared and analyzed. Based on dry weight, the crude protein content of Z. atratus larvae reared with an AD was 62.4%, 1.4 times higher than that of those reared with WB (45.2%). The crude fat content was 20.5% in the AD group, 2.3 times less than in the WB group (46.3%). The leucine content was 1.4 times higher in the AD group (4.2%) than in the WB group (3.0%). The glutamic acid content of nonessential amino acids was 1.3 times higher in the AD group (7.0%) than in the WB group (5.3%). The oleic acid content was 1.4 times higher in the WB group (37.0%) than in the AD group (26.7%). The potassium content was 1.1 times higher in the AD group (975.9 mg/100 g) than in the WB group (872.9 mg/100 g). According to the results of the toxic substances analysis, the lead and cadmium levels of the WB and AD groups were standard for edible insects. Pathogenic microorganisms, such as E. coli and salmonella, were not detected in either group. According to the results of the present analysis of nutrition and harmful substances, Z. atratus larvae raised on an AD are safe and contain various nutrients. Therefore, such larvae could be useful sources of food and feed.
Keywords
Artificial diet; hazardous substances; nutrients; Zophobas atratus larvae;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 17  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Kim, S. Y., Kwak, K., Park, E., Yoon, H. J., Hwang, J. S., Kim, Y., Kim, M., Park, K., Kim, E. and Kim, S. 2020. Evaluation of subchronic oral dose toxicity of freeze-dried skimmed powder of Zophobas atratus larvae in rat. Foods 9, 995.   DOI
2 Kim, S. Y., Kwak, K., Kim, E., Park, K., Kim, N., Song, M., Kim, Y. and Yoon, H. J. 2020. Comparative analysis of nutrients and hazardous substances in Locusta migratoria from host plants. Kor. J. Env. Agricul. 39, 253-262.   DOI
3 Kohgo, Y., Ikuta, K., Ohtake, T., Torimoto, Y. and Kato, J. 2008. Body iron metabolism and pathophysiology of iron overload. Int. J. Hematol. 88, 7-15.   DOI
4 Koo, N. S., Wang, S. G. and Park, J. M. 2002. Change of fatty acid content in egg yolk oil of various chicken eggs during storage. J. Kor. Soc. Food Sci. Nutr. 31, 184-188.   DOI
5 Kourimska, L. and Adamkova, A. 2016. Nutritional and sensory quality of edible insects. NFS J. 4, 22-26.   DOI
6 Kruse-Jarres, J. D. 1989. The significance of zinc for humoral and cellular immunity. J. Trace Elem. Electrolytes Health Dis. 3, 1-8.
7 Lemann, J. Jr., Pleuss, J. A., Gray, R. W. and Hoffmann, R. G. 1991. Potassium administration reduces and potassium deprivation increases urinary calcium excretion in healthy adults. Kidney Int. 39, 973-983.   DOI
8 Lim, S. Y., Rhee, S. H., Yi, S. Y. and Park, K. Y. 1997. Growth inhibitory effect and changes in membrane phospholipid fatty acid composition on MG-63 and AZ-521 human cancer cells by linoleic acid. J. Kor. Soc. Food Sci. Nutr. 26, 662-668.
9 Mekonnen, M. M. and Hoekstra, A. Y. 2010. The green, blue and grey water footprint of farm animals and animal products, Value of Water Research Report Series No. 48, UNESCO-IHE, Delft, the Netherlands.
10 Nonaka, K. 2009. Feasting on insects. Entomol. Res. 39, 304-312.   DOI
11 Park, H. C., Jung, B. H., Han, T. M., Lee, Y. B., Kim, S. H. and Kim, N. J. 2013. Taxonomy of introduced commercial insect, Zophobas atratus (Coleoptera; Tenebrionidae) and a comparison of DNA barcoding with similar tenebrionids, Promethis valgipes and Tenebrio molitor in Korea. J. Seric. Entomol. Sci. 51, 185-190.   DOI
12 Oonincx, D. G., Van Itterbeeck, J., Heetkamp, M. J., Van den Brand, H., Van Loon, J. J. and Van Huis, A. 2010. An exploration on greenhouse gas and ammonia production by insect species suitable for animal or human consumption. PLos One 5, e14445.   DOI
13 Ophir, O., Peer, G., Gilad, J., Blum, M. and Aviram, A. 1983. Low blood pressure in vegetarians: the possible role of potassium. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 37, 755-762.   DOI
14 Paoletti, M. G., Buscardo, E. and Dufour, D. L. 2000. Edible invertebrates among Amazonian Indians: a critical review of disappearing knowledge. Environ. Dev. Sustain. 2, 195-225.   DOI
15 Ramos-Elorduy, J., Moreno, J. M., Vazquez, A. I., Landero, I., Oliva-Rivera, H. and Camacho, V. H. 2011. Edible Lepidoptera in Mexico: Geographic distribution, ethnicity, economic and nutritional importance for rural people. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. 7, 3-22.   DOI
16 Ghaly, A. E. and Alkoaik, F. N. 2009. The yellow mealworm as a novel source of protein. Am. J. Agric. Biol. Sci. 4, 319-331.   DOI
17 Durst, P., Johnson, D. V., Leslie, R. N. and Shono, K. 2010. Forest insectsas food: Humans bite back. RAP publication.
18 Ghosh, S., Lee, S., Jung, C. and Meyer-Rochow, V. B. 2017. Nutritional composition of five commercial edible insects in South Korea. J. Asia-Pacific Entomol. 20, 686-694.   DOI
19 Ha, J. W., Kim, S. A., Lim, K. J. and Shin, S. A. 2020. The association of potassium intake with bone mineral density and the prevalence of osteoporosis among older Korean adults. Nutr. Res. Pract. 14, 55-61.   DOI
20 Harper, C. R. and Jacobson, T. A. 2001. The fats of life: the role of omega-3 fatty acids in the prevention of coronary heart disease. Arch. Intern. Med. 161, 2185-2192.   DOI
21 Elbahnasawy, A. S., Valeeva, E. R., El-Sayed, E. M. and Stepanova, N. V. 2019. Protective effect of dietary oils containing omega-3 fatty acids against glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. J. Nutr. Health 52, 323-331.   DOI
22 Favier, A. E. 1993. Current aspects about the role of zinc in nutrition. Rev. Prat. 43, 146-151.
23 Alstron, J. M., Beddow, J. M., Pardey, P. G. 2009. Agricultural research, productivity, and food prices in the long run. Science 325, 1209-1210.   DOI
24 Anderson, J. J. B., Klemmer, P. J., Watts, M. L. S., Garner, S. C. and Calvo, M. S. 2006. Present knowledge in nutrition, pp. 383-399, Wiley-Blackwell, Washington DC, USA.
25 Ferraro, P. M., Mandel, E. I., Curhan, G. C., Gambaro, G. and Taylor, E. N. 2016. Dietary protein and potassium, diet-dependent net acid load, and risk of incident kidney stones. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 11, 1834-1844.   DOI
26 Folch, J., Lees, M. and Stanley, G. H. S. 1957. A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues. J. Biol. Chem. 226, 497-509.   DOI
27 Van Huis, A., Van Itterbeeck, J., Klunder, H., Mertens, E., Halloran, A., Muir, G. and Vantomme, P. 2013. Edible insects: Future prospects for food and feed security. Food and agricultural organization of the United Nations, Rome, p. 201 (Forestry p. 171).
28 Salgueir, M. J., Zubillaga, M., Lysionek, A., Sarabia M. I., Caro, R., Paoli, T. D., Hager, A., Weill, R. and Boccio, J. 2000. Zinc as an essential micronutrient: a review. Nutr. Res. 20, 737-755.   DOI
29 Seol, M. Y., Lee, J. S. and Kim, E. S. 1990. A longitudinal study on calcium, phosphorus and magnesium contents of breast milk from lactating women in Seoul area. Kor. J. Nutr. 23, 115-123.
30 Shu, X., Kang, K, Zhong, J., Ji, S., Zhang, Y., Hu, H. and Zhang, D. 2014. Meta-analysis of branched chain amino acid-enriched nutrition to improve hepatic function in patients undergoing hepatic operation. Zhonghua Gan. Zang. Bing. Za. Zhi. 22, 43-47.
31 Van Broekhoven, S., Oonincx, D. G. A. B., Van Huis, A. and Van Loon, J. J. A. 2015. Growth performance and feed conversion efficiency of three edible mealworm species (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) on diets composed of organic by-products. J. Insect Physiol. 75, 1-10.   DOI
32 Watkins, B. A., Li, Y., Lippman, H. E. and Feng, S. 2003. Modulatory effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on osteoblast function and bone metabolism. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids 68, 387-398.   DOI
33 Weaver, C. M. 2006. Present knowledge in nutrition, pp. 373-382, 9th edtion, International Life Science Institute Press, Washington DC, USA.
34 Yates-Doerr, E. 2015. The world in a box? Food security, edible insects, and "One World, One Health" collaboration. Soc. Sci. Med. 129, 106-112.   DOI
35 Zhu, K., Devine, A. and Prince, R. L. 2009. The effects of high potassium consumption on bone mineral density in a prospective cohort study of elderly postmenopausal women. Osteoporos. Int. 20, 335-340.   DOI
36 Jobgen, W., Meininger, C. J., Jobgen, S. C., Li, P., Lee, M., Smith, S. B. Spencer, T. E., Fried, S. K. and Wu, G. Dietary L-Arginine supplementation reduces white fat gain and enhances skeletal muscle and brown fat masses in diet-induced obese rats. J. Nutr. 139, 230-237.   DOI
37 Forbes, R. M. 1984. Use of laboratory animals to define physiological functions and bioavailability of zinc. Fed. Proc. 43, 2835-2839.
38 Hong, E. C., Choo, H. J., Kang, B. S., Kim, C. D., Heo, K. N., Lee, M. J., Hwangbo, J., Suh, O. S., Choi, H. C. and Kim, H. K. 2012. Performance of growing period of largetype Korean native ducks. Kor. J. Poult. Sci. 39, 143-149.   DOI
39 Indriyani, L., Rohman, A. and Riyanto, S. 2016. Physicochemical characterization of Avocado (Persea Americana Mill.) oil from three Indonesian avocado cultivars. Res. J. Med. Plants 10, 67-78.
40 Jabir, M. D. A. R., Razak, S. A. and Vikineswary, S. 2012. Nutritive potential and utilization of super worm (Zophobas morio) meal in the diet of nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) juvenile. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 11, 6592-6598.
41 Kim, D. H., Kim, S. H., Jeong, W. S. and Lee, H. Y. 2013. Effect of BCAA intake during endurance exercises on fatigue substances, muscle damage substances, and energy metabolism substances. J. Exerc. Nutr. Biochem. 17, 169-180.   DOI
42 Kim, K. N., Kim, S. B., Yoon, W. J., Yang, K. S. and Park, S. Y. 2008. Induction of apoptosis by Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans in human leukemia HL-60 cells through Bcl-X1 regulation. J. Kor. Soc. Food Sci. Nutr. 37, 1408-1414.   DOI
43 Kim, S. Y., Lee, K. Y., Kim, H. G., Hwang, J. S. and Yoon, H. J. 2017. A nutritional analysis of Chinese red-headed Centipedes (Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans) from different regions of Korea. J. Life Sci. 27, 1308-1314.   DOI
44 Kim, S. Y., Kim, H. G., Lee, K. Y., Ko, H. J., Kim, N. J. and Yoon, H. J. 2018. Effects of brewer's spent grain on the growth and nutrition of the giant mealworm beetle, Zophobas atratus. Int. J. Indust. Entomol. 37, 73-81.   DOI
45 Baek, M. H., Hwang, J. S., Kim, M. A., Kim, S. H., Goo, T. W. and Yun, E. Y. 2017. Comparative analysis of nutritional components of edible insects registered as novel foods. J. Life Sci. 27, 334-338.   DOI
46 Kim, S. Y., Kim, H. G., Ko, H. J., Kim, M. A., Kim, I. W., Seo, M. C., Lee, H. J., Baek, M. H., Hwang, J. S. and Yoon, H. J. 2019. Comparative analysis of nutrients and hazardous substances in Zophobas atratus larvae. J. Life Sci. 29, 1378-1385.   DOI
47 Angerer, P. and von Schacky, C. 2000. n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and the cardiovascular system. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 11, 57-63.   DOI
48 AOAC. 2003. Official Methods of Analysis (17th ed.). Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Washington, DC, USA.
49 Bednarova, M., Borkovcova, M., Mlcek, J., Rop, O. and Zeman, L. 2013. Edible insects-species suitable for entomophagy under condition of Czech Republic. Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendel. Brun. 64, 587-593.
50 Bullon, P., Battino, M., Varela-Lopez, A., Perez-Lopez, P., Granados-Principal, S., Ramirez-Tortosa, M. C., Ochoa, J. J., Cordero, M. D., Gonzalez-Alonso, A., Ramirez-Tortosa, C. L., Rubini, C., Zizzi, A. and Quiles, J. L. 2013. Diets based on virgin olive oil or fish oil but not on sunflower oil prevent age-related alveolar bone resorption by mitochondrial-related mechanisms. PLoS One 8, e74234.   DOI
51 Cho, E. A. and Lee, Y. S. 2014. A study on the classifying quality standard by comparison with physicochemical characteristics of virgin, pure, pomace olive oil. Kor. J. Food Nutr. 27, 339-347.   DOI
52 Chung, M. Y., Hwang, J. S., Goo, T. W. and Yun, E. Y. 2013. Analysis of general composition and harmful material of Protaetia brevitarsis. J. Life Sci. 23, 664-668.   DOI
53 Civitelli, R., Villareal, D. T., Agnusdei, D., Nardi, P., Avioli, L. V. and Gennari, C. 1992. Dietary L-lysine and calcium metabolism in humans. Nutrition 8, 400-405.