Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.5352/JLS.2015.25.4.433

Antimicrobial and Antioxidative Activities of the Extracts from Walnut (Juglans regia L.) Green Husk  

Han, Kook-Il (Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University)
Kim, Mi ran (Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University)
Jo, Bu Kyung (Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University)
Kim, Min Ji (Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University)
Kang, Min Joo (Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University)
Park, Ki-hyoun (Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University)
Koo, Ye eun (Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University)
Kim, Byeongseong (Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University)
Jung, Eui-Gil (Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University)
Han, Man-Deuk (Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University)
Publication Information
Journal of Life Science / v.25, no.4, 2015 , pp. 433-440 More about this Journal
Abstract
Several studies suggest that regular consumption of walnuts may have beneficial effects against oxidative stress-mediated disease such as cancer. The present study reports the total phenolic and flavonoid contents, together with the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of several solvent extracts (methanol, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water) obtained from walnut (Juglans regia L.) green husk. MIC (minimal inhibitory concentration) values of the walnut extracts for 8 human pathogenic bacteria strain were determined using agar dilution method. Antioxidant activity of extracts were assessed using DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2’-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)) assays, EC50 of DPPH and ABTS scavenging activities, and determination of total phenolic and flavonoid content and its correlation with DPPH and ABTS scavenging capacities. Among the six extracts, ethyl acetate extract (EtOAc Ex) showed the highest antimicrobial activity at 3.2 mg/ml of MICs against Staphylococcus aureus SG511. Total flavonoids and polyphenol contents of EtOAc Ex were 42.48 mg of quercetin equivalents (QE)/g and 223.25 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g respectively. The highest antioxidative potential was shown by the sample extracted with EtOAc Ex (EC50=13.43 μg/ml for DPPH and EC50=41.83 μg/ml for ABTS radical scavenging activity assay). These results showed that J. regia green husk extracts can be used as an easily accessible source of natural antibacterial agents and natural antioxidants.
Keywords
Antimicrobial activity; antioxidant; Juglans regia L.; natural compound; walnut;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Cushnie, T. P. and Lamb, A. J. 2005. Antimicrobial activity of flavonoids. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents. 26, 343-356.   DOI
2 Espín, J. C., Soler-Rivas, C. and Wichers, H. J. 2000. Characterization of the total free radical scavenger capacity of vegetable oils and oil fractions using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical. J. Agric. Food. Chem. 48, 648-656.   DOI
3 Fernandez-Agullo A., Pereira, E., Freire, M. S., Valentao, P., Andrade, P. B., Gonzalez-Alvarez, J. and Pereira, J. A. 2013. Influence of solvent on the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of walnut (Juglans regia L.) green husk extracts. Industrial. Crops Products 42, 126-132.   DOI   ScienceOn
4 Li, L., Tsao, R., Yang, R., Liu, C. M., Zhu, H. H. and Young, J. C. 2006. Polyphenolic profiles and antioxidant activities of heartnut (Juglans ailanthifolia var. cordiformis) and Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.). J. Agric. Food. Chem. 54, 8033-8040.   DOI
5 Foti, M. C. 2007. Antioxidant properties of phenols. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 59, 1673-1685.   DOI
6 Grosso, G., Galvano, F., Marventano, S., Malaguarnera, M., Bucolo, C., Drago, F. and Caraci, F. 2014. Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Depression: Scientific Evidence and Biological Mechanisms. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. doi: 10.1155/2014/313570.   DOI
7 ISO 14502-1: 2005. Determination of substances characteristic of green and black tea. Part 1: Content of total polyphenols in tea. Colorimetric method using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent.
8 Martínez, M. L., Labuckas, D. O., Lamarque, A. L. and Maestri, D. M. 2010. Walnut (Juglans regia L.): genetic resources, chemistry, by-products. J. Sci. Food. Agric. 12, 1959-1967.
9 Birt, D. F., Hendrich, S. and Wang, W. 2001. Dietary agents in cancer prevention: flavonoids and isoflavonoids. Pharmacol. Ther. 90, 157-177.   DOI
10 Moreno, M. I., Isla, M. I., Sampietro, A. R. and Vattuone, M. A. 2000. Comparison of the free radical-scavenging activity of propolis from several regions of Argentina. J. Ethnopharmacol. 71, 109-114.   DOI
11 Oliveira, I., Sousa, A., Valentão, P., Andrade, P., Ferreira, I. C. F. R., Ferreres, F., Bento, A., Seabra, R., Estevinho, L. and Pereira, J. A. 2007. Hazel (Corylus avellana L.) leaves as source of antimicrobial and antioxidative compounds. Food. Chem. 105, 1018-1025.   DOI
12 Oliveira, I., Sousa, A., Ferreira, I. C. F. R., Bento, A., Estevinho, L. and Pereira, J. A. 2008. Total phenols antioxidant potential and antimicrobial activity of walnut (Juglans regia L.) green husk. Food. Chem. Toxicol. 46, 2326-2331.   DOI
13 Qusti, S. Y., Abo-khatwa, A. N. and Bin Lahwa, M. A. 2010. Screening of antioxidant activity and phenolic content of selected food items cited in the Holly Quran. Eur. J. Biol. Sci. 2, 40-51.
14 Pereira, J. A., Oliveira, I., Sousa, A., Ferreira, I. C. F. R., Bento, A. and Estevinho, L. 2008. Bioactive properties and chemical composition of six walnut (Juglans regia L.) cultivars. Food. Chem. Toxicol. 46, 2103-2111.   DOI   ScienceOn
15 Pereira, J. A., Oliveira, I., Sousa, A., Valentão, P., Andrade, P. B., Ferreira, I. C. F. R., Ferreres, F., Bento, A., Seabra, R. and Estevinho, L., 2007. Walnut (Juglans regia L.) leaves: phenolic compounds, antimicrobial activity and antioxidant potential of different cultivars. Food. Chem. Toxicol. 45, 2287-2295.   DOI
16 Pulido, R., Bravo, L. and Saura-Calixto, F. 2000. Antioxidant activity of dietary polyphenols as determined by a modified ferric reducing/antioxidant power assay. J. Agric. Food. Chem. 48, 3396-3402.   DOI
17 Alkhawajah, A. M. 1997. Studies on the antimicrobial activity of Juglans regia. Am. J. Chin. Med. 25, 175-180.   DOI
18 Almeida, I. F., Fernandes, E., Lima, J. L. F. C., Costa, P. C. and Bahia, M. F. 2008. Walnut (Juglans regia) leaf extracts are strong scavenger of pro-oxidant reactive species. Food. Chem. 106, 1014-1020.   DOI
19 Arranz, S., Pérez-Jiménez, J. and Saura-Calixto, F. 2008. Antioxidant capacity of walnut (Juglans regia L.): contribution of oil and defatted matter. Eur. Food. Res. Technol. 227, 425-431.   DOI
20 Barreira, J. C. M., Ferreira, I. C. F. R., Oliveira, M. B. P. P. and Pereira, J. A. 2008. Antioxidant activities of the extracts from chestnut flower, leaf, skins and fruit. Food. Chem. 107, 1106-1113.   DOI
21 Biois, M. S. 1958. Antioxidant determination by the use of a stable free radical. Nature 26, 1199-1200.
22 Carvalho, M., Ferreira, P. J., Mendes, V. S., Silva, R., Pereira, J. A., Jerónimo, C. and Silva, B. M. 2010. Human cancer cell antiproliferative and antioxidant activities of Juglans regia L. Food. Chem. Toxicol. 48, 441-447.   DOI
23 Choi, S. Y., Lim, S. H., Kim, J. S., Kim, S. R., Kang, K. S. and Hwang, I. K. 2005. Evaluation of the estrogenic and antioxidant activity of some edible and medicinal plants. Kor. J. Food. Sci. Technol. 37, 549-556.
24 Clark, A. M., Jurgens, T. M. and Hufford, C. D. 1990. Antimicrobial activity of juglone. Phytother. Res. 4, 11-14.   DOI
25 Re, R., Pellegrini, N., Proteggente, A., Pannala, A., Yang, M. and Rice-Evans, C. 1999. Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free. Radic. Biol. Med. 26, 1231-1237.   DOI
26 Saleem, M., Nazir, M., Ali, M. S., Hussain, H, Lee, Y. S., Riaz, N. and Jabbar, A. 2010. Antimicrobial natural products: an update on future antibiotic drug candidates. Nat. Prod. Rep. 27, 238-254.   DOI
27 Silva, B. M., Andrade, P. B., Valentão, P., Ferreres, F. Seabra, R. M. and Ferreira, M. A. 2004. Quince (Cydonia oblonga Miller) fruit (pulp, peel, and seed) and jam: antioxidant activity. J. Agric. Food. Chem. 52, 4705-4712.   DOI
28 Sousa, A., Ferreira, I. C. F. R., Calhelha, R., Andrade, P. B., Valentão, P., Seabra, R., Estevinho, L., Bento, A. and Pereira, J. A., 2006. Phenolics and antimicrobial activity of traditional stoned table olives “alcaparra”. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 14, 8533- 8538.   DOI
29 Stampar, F., Solar, A., Hudina, M., Veberic, R. and Colaric, M., 2006. Traditional walnut liqueur - cocktail of phenolics. Food. Chem. 95, 627-631.   DOI
30 Wayne, P. A. 2006. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Methods for antimicrobial dilution and disk susceptibility testing of infrequently isolated or fastidious bacteria; approved guideline. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. M45-A.
31 Wei, C. C., Yu, C. W., Yen, P. L., Lin, H. Y., Chang, S. T., Hsu, F. L. and Liao, V. H. 2014. Antioxidant activity, delayed aging, and reduced amyloid-β toxicity of methanol extracts of tea seed pomace from Camellia tenuifolia. J. Agric. Food. Chem. 62, 10701-10707.   DOI
32 Zgoda, J. R. and Porter, J. R. 2001. A convenient microdilution method for screening natural products against bacteria and fungi. Pharm. Biol. 39, 221-225   DOI
33 Zhang, M. W., Guo, B. J., Zhang, R. F., Chi, J. W., Wei, Z. C., Xu, Z. H., Zhang, Y. and Tang, X. J. 2006. Separation, purification and identification of antioxidant composition in black rice. Agric. Sci. China 5, 431-440.   DOI
34 Zhang, Z., Liao, L., Moore, J., Wua, J. and Wang, Z., 2009. Antioxidant phenolic compounds from walnut kernels (Juglans regia L.). Food. Chem. 113, 160-165.   DOI