Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.5352/JLS.2014.24.9.1006

Effects of Ginseng Berry Water Extract on the Polysaccharide Hydrolysis of Extracellular Enzymes and Intracellular PTP1B and AKT1  

Kwon, Eun-Jeong (Department of Chemistry, Dong-Eui University)
Hong, Sugyeong (Department of Chemistry, Dong-Eui University)
Kim, Moon-Moo (Department of Chemistry, Dong-Eui University)
Kim, Joo Wan (Bioport Korea Ltd.)
Kim, Deok Won (Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Dong-Eui University)
Chung, Kyung Tae (Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Dong-Eui University)
Publication Information
Journal of Life Science / v.24, no.9, 2014 , pp. 1006-1011 More about this Journal
Abstract
Ginseng has been known to be highly effective for health as a traditional medicinal herb. Ginseng berry, or fruit of ginseng, contains ginsenoside, saponin, polyphenol, polyacetylene, alkaloid, etc. as the main compounds as does ginseng. The aim of this study is to evaluate any effect of ginseng berry water extract (GBE) on diabetic-associated molecules, such as enzymes, which are responsible for the glucose entry of the cells and the insulin receptor signaling molecules using HepG2 cells. Therefore, two enzymes, ${\alpha}$-amylase and ${\alpha}$-glucosidase, were selected and assayed for their activities in the presence of GBE in vitro. These two enzymes are responsible for producing glucose from dietary starch. Protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) and Akt1 are key proteins in the insulin receptor signaling pathway. These two intracellular signaling molecules were investigated for their expression levels in HepG2 cells after insulin and GBE treatment. GBE, at concentrations up to $1,000{\mu}g/ml$, did not exert any inhibitory effect on ${\alpha}$-amylase and ${\alpha}$-glucosidase. It was observed that the expression level of PTP1B was increased by insulin and the $25{\mu}g/ml$ GBE treatment enhanced the PTP1B level. However, GBE at a concentration of $200{\mu}g/ml$ reduced the expression level of PTP1B. In the case of Akt1, the Akt1 level by insulin was decreased by GBE treatment. These data suggest that the water extracts of ginseng berry have an influence on intracellular signaling by insulin.
Keywords
Diabetes; ginseng berry; gluconeogenesis; protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B);
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 1  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Gum, R. J., Gaede, L. L., Koterski, S. L., Heindel, M., Clampit, J. E., Zinker, B. A., Trevillyan, J. M., Ulrich, R. G., Jirousek, M. R. and Rondinone, C. M. 2003. Reduction of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B increases insulin-dependent signaling in ob/ob mice. Diabetes 52, 21-28.   DOI   ScienceOn
2 Allard, M., Schonekess, B., Henning, S., English, D. and Lopaschuk, G. D. 1994. Contribution of oxidative metabolism and glycolysis to ATP production in hypertrophied hearts. Am J Physiol 267, H742-H750.
3 Beckman, J. A., Creager, M. A. and Libby, P. 2002. Diabetes and atherosclerosis: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management. JAMA 287, 2570-2581.   DOI   ScienceOn
4 Block, K. I. and Mead, M. N. 2003. Immune system effects of echinacea, ginseng, and astragalus: a review. Integr Cancer Ther 2, 247-267.   DOI   ScienceOn
5 Brownlee, M. 2001. Biochemistry and molecular cell biology of diabetic complications. Nature 414, 813-820.   DOI   ScienceOn
6 Hansen, M. B., Nielsen, S. E. and Berg, K. 1989. Re-examination and further development of a precise and rapid dye method for measuring cell growth/cell kill. J Immunol Methods 119, 203-210.   DOI   ScienceOn
7 Hay, N. 2011. Akt isoforms and glucose homeostasis-the leptin connection. Trends Endocrinol Metab 22, 66-73.   DOI
8 Jeon, H., Kim, S. and Jung, N. 1991. Effects of ginseng saponin fraction and cyclophosphamide on the tumoricidal activity of mouse macrophage and the antitumor effect. Korean J Ginseng Sci 15, 99-105.
9 Johnson, T. O., Ermolieff, J. and Jirousek, M. R. 2002. Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibitors for diabetes. Nature Reviews Drug Discov 1, 696-709.   DOI   ScienceOn
10 Koren, S. and Fantus, I. G. 2007. Inhibition of the protein tyrosine phosphatase PTP1B: potential therapy for obesity, insulin resistance and type-2 diabetes mellitus. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 21, 621-640.   DOI   ScienceOn
11 Kulkarni, R. N., Brüning, J. C., Winnay, J. N., Postic, C., Magnuson, M. A. and Kahn, C. R. 1999. Tissue-Specific Knockout of the Insulin Receptor in Pancreatic ${\beta}$ Cells Creates an Insulin Secretory Defect Similar to that in Type 2 Diabetes. Cell 96, 329-339.   DOI   ScienceOn
12 Lee, J. and Pilch, P. 1994. The insulin receptor: structure, function, and signaling. Am J Physiol 266, C319-C334.   DOI
13 Saltiel, A. R. and Kahn, C. R. 2001. Insulin signalling and the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. Nature 414, 799-806.   DOI   ScienceOn
14 Lee, S. Y., Kim, Y. K., Park, N. I., Kim, C. S., Lee, C. Y. and Park, S. U. 2010. Chemical constituents and biological activities of the berry of Panax ginseng. J Med Plant Res 4, 349-353.
15 Van Der Maarel, M. J., Van Der Veen, B., Uitdehaag, J., Leemhuis, H. and Dijkhuizen, L. 2002. Properties and applications of starch-converting enzymes of the ${\alpha}$-amylase family. J Biotechnol 94, 137-155.   DOI   ScienceOn
16 Moon, J. Y. 2009. Review on the Current Research of Korean Ginseng for its Antidiabetic Activity. Korean Ginseng Res Ind 3, 19-26.
17 Park, E. Y., Kim, H. J., Kim, Y. K., Park, S. U., Choi, J. E., Cha, J. Y. and Jun, H. S. 2012. Increase in Insulin Secretion Induced by Panax ginseng Berry Extracts Contributes to the Amelioration of Hyperglycemia in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Mice. J Ginseng Res 36, 153-160.   DOI   ScienceOn
18 Sun, C., Zhang, F., Ge, X., Yan, T., Chen, X., Shi, X. and Zhai, Q. 2007. SIRT1 improves insulin sensitivity under insulin-resistant conditions by repressing PTP1B. Cell Metab 6, 307-319.   DOI   ScienceOn
19 Wang, C. Z., Zhang, B., Song, W. X., Wang, A., Ni, M., Luo, X., Aung, H. H., Xie, J. T., Tong, R., He, T. C. and Yuan, C. S. 2006. Steamed American ginseng berry: ginsenoside analyses and anticancer activities. J Agric Food Chem 54, 9936-9942.   DOI   ScienceOn
20 Wang, Y. -J., Zheng, Y. -G., Xue, Y. -P., Wang, Y. -S. and Shen, Y. -C. 2011. Analysis and determination of anti-diabetes drug acarbose and its structural analogs. Curr Pharm Anal 7, 12-20.   DOI   ScienceOn
21 Wolf, G. 2007. Serum retinol-binding protein: a link between obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes. Nutr Rev 65, 251-256.   DOI   ScienceOn
22 Zhang, S. and Zhang, Z. -Y. 2007. PTP1B as a drug target: recent developments in PTP1B inhibitor discovery. Drug Discov Today 12, 373-381.   DOI   ScienceOn
23 Zinker, B. A., Rondinone, C. M., Trevillyan, J. M., Gum, R. J., Clampit, J. E., Waring, J. F., Xie, N., Wilcox, D., Jacobson, P. and Frost, L. 2002. PTP1B antisense oligonucleotide lowers PTP1B protein, normalizes blood glucose, and improves insulin sensitivity in diabetic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99, 11357-11362.   DOI   ScienceOn
24 Attele, A. S., Zhou, Y. -P., Xie, J. -T., Wu, J. A., Zhang, L., Dey, L., Pugh, W., Rue, P. A., Polonsky, K. S. and Yuan, C. -S. 2002. Antidiabetic effects of Panax ginseng berry extract and the identification of an effective component. Diabetes 51, 1851-1858.   DOI   ScienceOn