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http://dx.doi.org/10.5352/JLS.2013.23.8.1064

Rhythmic Control and Physiological Functional Significance of Melatonin Production in Circadian Rhythm  

Kim, Min Gyun (Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pusan National University School of Medicine)
Park, Seul Ki (Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pusan National University School of Medicine)
Ahn, Soon Cheol (Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pusan National University School of Medicine)
Publication Information
Journal of Life Science / v.23, no.8, 2013 , pp. 1064-1072 More about this Journal
Abstract
Circadian rhythm is controlled by hormonal oscillations governing the physiology of all living organisms. In mammals, the main function of the pineal gland is to transform the circadian rhythm generated in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus into rhythmic signals of circulating melatonin characterized by a largely nocturnal increase that closely reflects the duration of night time. The pineal gland has lost direct photosensitivity, but responds to light via multi-synaptic pathways that include a subset of retinal ganglion cells. Rhythmic control is achieved through a tight coupling between environmental lighting and arylalkylamine-N-acetyltransferase (AANAT) expression, which is the rhythm-controlling enzyme in melatonin synthesis. Previous studies on the nocturnal expression of AANAT protein have described transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational regulatory mechanisms. Molecular mechanisms for dependent AANAT expression provide novel aspects for melatonin's circadian rhythmicity. Extensive animal research has linked pineal melatonin for the expression of seasonal rhythmicity in many mammalian species to the modulation of circadian rhythms and to sleep regulation. It has value in treating various circadian rhythm disorders, such as jet lag or shift-work sleep disorders. Melatonin, also, in a broad range of effects with a significant regulation influences many of the body's physiological functions. In addition, this hormone is known to influence reproductive, cardiovascular, and immunological regulation as well as psychiatric disorders.
Keywords
Pineal gland; melatonin; arylalkylamine-N-acetyltransferase; sleep disorders; circadian rhythm;
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