Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.5352/JLS.2010.20.3.437

Aerobic Capacity and Ventilatory Response During Incremental Exercise in Elite High School Cyclist  

Lee, Dae-Taek (Kim Chang Kew Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Kookmin University)
Bae, Yoon-Jung (Kim Chang Kew Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Kookmin University)
Publication Information
Journal of Life Science / v.20, no.3, 2010 , pp. 437-443 More about this Journal
Abstract
This study was designed to examine the aerobic capacity and ventilatory response during an incremental exercise in elite high school cyclists. Twelve boys ($17{\pm}1\;yr$, $175{\pm}5\;cm$, $70{\pm}9\;kg$) participated in anthropometric measurements, incremental exercise testing, and pulmonary function tests. During incremental exercise testing using a cycle ergometer, their maximal oxygen uptake ($VO_2max$), maximal power output, ventilation, ventilatory equivalents for oxygen ($V_E/VO_2$) and carbon dioxide ($V_E/VCO_2$), respiratory rate, and tidal volume were measured. Time variables such as inspiratory time (Ti), expiratory time (Te), breathing time (Tb), and inspiratory duty cycle (Ti/Tb), as well as inspiratory flow rate ($V_T$/Ti) were assessed. Pulmonary function of vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second ($FEV_1$), $FEV_1$/FVC, and peak expiratory flow were evaluated. Their $VO_2max$, maximal heart rate, and Wmax were $57.5{\pm}3.9\;ml{\cdot}kg^{-1}{\cdot}min^{-1}$, $194.1{\pm}8.6\;beat{\cdot}min^{-1}$, and 452 W, respectively. $VO_2max$ was not related to any anthropometric parameters. Most ventilatory variables progressively increased with exercise intensity. As intensity increased, Ti, Tb, Tb decreased while Ti/Tb was maintained. Below an intensity of 250 W, height, weight, body mass index, and body surface were highly correlated with $V_T$/Ti and Ti/Tb (p<0.05). Collectively, $VO_2max$ appeared to be lower than adult cyclists, suggesting a different pattern of ventilatory control as age advances. Morphological characteristics were not related to $VO_2max$ in the population. Time variables of ventilatory response seemed to be related only at an exercise intensity level of less than 250 W. $V_T$/Ti may be related to exercise endurance capacity, but Ti/Tb was similar to adult cyclists.
Keywords
Maximal oxygen uptake; ventilation; elite cyclist; time variables; breathing control;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 2  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Otis, A. B. and A. R. Guyatt. 1968. The maximal frequency of breathing of man at various tidal volumes. Respiratory Physiology 5, 118-129.   DOI
2 Padilla, A., I. Mujika, G. Cuesta, and J. J Goiriena. 1999. Level ground and uphill cycling ability in professional road cycling. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 31, 878-885.   DOI
3 Park, D. H. 2005. Basic, specific and selected fitness measurements and evaluation during the first half period of national team cyclists. Technical Report on Field Application of Sports Science (I), Korea Institute of Sport Science.
4 Rutenfranz, J., K. Lange Andersen, V. Seliger, J. Ilmarinen, F. Klimmer, H. Kylian, M. Rutenfranz, and M. Ruppel. 1982. Maximal aerobic power affected by maturation and body growth during childhood and adolescence. European Journal of Pediatrics 139, 106-112.   DOI
5 Tanaka, H., D. R. Bassettr, T. S. Swensen, and R. M. Sampedro. 1993. Aerobic and anaerobic power characteristics of competitive cyclists in the United States Cycling Federation. International Journal of Sports Medicine 14, 334-338.   DOI
6 Yamaji, K. and M. Miyashita. 1978. Differences in cardio-respiratory responses to exhaustive exercise between athletes and non-athletes. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology.38, 233-238.   DOI
7 Kim, J. H. 2008. Construction of physical fitness evaluation norm and training program for racing cyclists. Korea Institute of Sport Science. Research Report 2008-2025.
8 Kim, K. J., H. K. Ahn, D. S. Jung, S. W. Yoon, J. H. Kim, T. Y. Jung, Y. W. Lee, and C. S. Kim. 1993. Physiological analysis for the determination of detailed event in young cyclists. Korean Journal of Sports Medicine 11, 14-31.
9 Lucia, A., A. Carvajal, F. J. Calderon, A. Alfonso, and J. L. Chicharro. 1999. Breathing pattern in highly competitive cyclists during incremental exercise. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 79, 512-521.   DOI
10 Lucia, A., J. Hoyos, and J. L. Chicharro. 2001a. Physiology of professional road racing. Sports Medicine 31, 325-337.   DOI
11 Lucia, A., J. Hoyos, and J. L. Chicharro. 2001b. Preferred pedalling cadence in professional cycling. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 33, 1361-1366.   DOI
12 McParland, C., B. Krishnan, J. Lobo, and C. G. Gallagher. 1992. Effect of physical training on breathing pattern during progressive exercise. Respiratory Physiology 90, 311-323.   DOI
13 McParland, C., J. Mink, and C. G. Gallagher. 1991. Respiratory adaptations to dead space loading during maximal incremental exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology 70, 55-62.
14 Menaspa, P., A. Sassi, and F. M. Impellizzeri. 2009. Aerobic fitness variables do not predict the professional career of young cyclists. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. [Epub ahead of print]
15 Miilic-Emili, J. and M. M. Grunstein. 1976. Drive and timing components of ventilation. Chest 70, 131-133.   DOI
16 Mora-Rodriguez, R. and R. Aguado-Jimenez. 2006. Performance at high pedaling cadences in well-trained cyclists. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 38, 953-957.   DOI
17 DuBois, D. and E. F. DuBois. 1916. A formula to estimate the appropriate surface area if height and weight be known. Archives Internal Medicine 17, 863-871.
18 Faria, E. W., D. L., Parker, and I. E. Faria. 2005. The science of cycling: physiology and training - part 1. Sports Medicine 35, 285-312.   DOI
19 Faria, I. E., E. W. Faria, S. Roberts, and D. Yoshimura. 1989. Comparison of physical and physiological characteristics in elite young and mature cyclists. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 60, 388-395.   DOI   ScienceOn
20 Folinsbee, L. J., E. S. Wallace, J. F. Bedi, and S. M. Horvath. 1983. Exercise respiratory pattern in elite cyclists and sedentary subjects. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 15, 503-509.
21 Gallagher, C. G., E. Brown, and M. Younes. 1987. Breathing pattern during maximal exercise and during submaximal exercise with hypercapnia. Journal of Applied Physiology 63, 238-244.
22 Gaultier, C., L. Perret, M. Boule, A. Buvry, and F. Girard. 1981. Occlusion pressure and breathing pattern in healthy children. Respiratory Physiology 46, 71-80.   DOI
23 Hoogeveen, A. R. 2000. The effect of endurance training on the ventilatory response to exercise in elite cyclists. European Journal of Applied Physiology 82, 45-51.   DOI
24 Impellizzeri, F. M., E. Rampinini, A. Sassi, P. Mognoni, and S. M. Marcora. 2005. Physiological correlates to off-road cycling performance. Journal of Sports Science 23, 41-47.   DOI
25 Kim, J. H. and E. K. Kim. 2009. The effects of periodization of strength training on athletic performance related to cycling speed in elite middle and long distance cyclists. Korean Journal of Physical Education 48, 375-388.
26 Kim, J. H. and S. W. Yoon. 2005. The effect of road cycling training combined with strength and sprint interval training on short distance cycling-related performance. Korean Journal of Physical Education 48, 479-488.
27 Armstrong, N., J. Williams, J. Balding, P. Gentle, and B. Kirby. 1991. The peak oxygen uptake of British children with reference to age, sex and sexual maturity. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 62, 369-375.   DOI
28 Asmussen, E., N. H. Secher, and E. A. Andersen. 1981. Heart rate and ventilatory frequency as dimension-dependent variables. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 46, 379-386.   DOI
29 Clark, J. M., F. C. Hagerman, and R. Gelfand. 1983. Breathing patterns during submaximal and maximal exercise in elite oarsmen. Journal of Applied Physiology 55, 440-446.
30 Coyle, E. F. 1999. Physiologicl determinants of endurance exercise performance. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 2, 181-189.   DOI
31 Davies, C. T. M., C. Barnes, and S. Godfrey. 1972. Body composition and maximal exercise performance in children. Human Biology 44, 195-214.