Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.5352/JLS.2007.17.7.1002

Helicobacter pylori and Gastric Carcinogenesis  

Myong, You-Ho (Korea Science Academy)
Choi, Yung-Hyun (Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of oriental Medicine and Department of Biomaterial Control (BK21 program), Dongeui University Graduate School)
Publication Information
Journal of Life Science / v.17, no.7, 2007 , pp. 1002-1018 More about this Journal
Abstract
Ever since the World Health Organization classified Helicobacter pylori as a class I carcinogen, a variety of discussions over the actual role of H. pylori infection in gastric carcinogenesis has existed. Although a majority of researches support the positive correlation between H. pylori infection and the development of gastric cancer, many aspects of this association are yet uncertain, and some data even suggest that there may be no correlation between H. pylori infection and gastric carcinogenesis. However, there are proofs indicating these reports underestimated the prevalence of H. pylori infection and therefore, the association of the infection and gastric adenocarcinoma. In this report, I reviewed the epidemiology of H. pylori and gastric cancer, evidence supporting and against the positive correlation of the infection and the disease, and the possible pathological role H. pylori infection may have in gastric carcinogenesis referring particular to published literature. As a conclusion, despite a few reports of a possible negative or no relationship between gastric cancer and H. pylori infection, I was able to find that H. pylori infection did have a pathological role in the development of gastric cancer.
Keywords
Helicobacter pylori; gastric carcinogenesis; pathology;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Hill, M. J. 1995. Diet and cancer: a critical review of scientific evidence. Eur. J. Cancer Prev. 4 (Suppl. 2), 3-24.
2 Mori, N., A. Ueda, R. Geleziunas, A. Wada, T. Hirayama, T. Yoshimura and N. Yamamoto. 2001. Induction of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 by Helicobacter pylori involves NF-kappaB. Infect. Immun. 69, 1280-1286.   DOI   ScienceOn
3 Parsonnet, J. G, D. Friedman, D. P. Vandersteen, Y. Chang, J. H. Vogelman and R. K. Sibley. 1991. Helicobacter pylori infection and the risk of gastric carcinoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 325, 1127-1131.   DOI   ScienceOn
4 Sipponen, P. 1992. Helicobacter pylori infection-a common worldwide environmental risk factor for gastric cancer? Endoscopy 24, 424-427.   DOI   ScienceOn
5 Hu, P. J., Y. Y. Li, H.L. Lin, S. M. Zhou, G. Du, M. H. Chen, H. M. Mitchell and S. L. Hazell. 1995. Gastric atrophy and regional variation in upper gastrointestinal disease. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 90, 1102-1106.
6 Held, M., L. Engstrand, L. E. Hansson, R. Bergstrom, T. Wadstrom and O. Nyren. 2004. Is the association between H. pylori and gastric cancer confined to CagA-positive strains? Helicobacter 9, 271-277.   DOI   ScienceOn
7 Blaser, M. J., K. Kobayashi, T. L. Cover, P. Cao, I. D. Feurer and G. I. Perez-Perez. 1993. Helicobacter pylori infection in Japanese patients with adenocarcinoma of the stomach. Int. J. Cancer 55, 799-802.   DOI   ScienceOn
8 Joossens, J. V., M. J. Hill and P. Elliott. 1996. Dietary salt, nitrate and stomach cancer mortality in 24 countries. European Cancer Prevention (ECP) and the INTERSALT Cooperative Resesarch Group. Int. J. Epidemiol. 25, 494-504.   DOI   ScienceOn
9 Kaaks, R., A. J. Tuyns, M. Haelterman and E. Riboli. 1998. Nutrient intake patterns and gastric cancer risk: a casecontrol study in Belgium. Int. J. Cancer 78, 415-420.   DOI   ScienceOn
10 Karnes, W. E. Jr, I.M. Samloff, M. Siurala, M. Kekki, P. Sipponen and S. W. Kim. 1991. Positive serum antibody and negative tissue staining for in subjects with atrophic body gastritis. Gastroenterology 101, 167-174.   DOI
11 Hirata, Y., S. Maeda, Y. Mitsuno, M. Akanuma, Y. Yamaji, K. Ogura, H, Yoshida, Y. Shiratori and M. Omata. 2001. Helicobacter pylori activates the cyclin D1 gene through mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in gastric cancer cells. Infect. Immun. 69, 3965-3971.   DOI   ScienceOn
12 Hirayama, F., S. Takagi, E. Iwao, Y. Yokoyama, K. Haga and S. Hanada. 1999. Development of poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma and carcinoid due to long-term Helicobacter pylori colonization in Mongolian gerbils. J. Gastroenterol. 34, 450-454.   DOI   ScienceOn
13 Holcombe, C, S. Tsimiri, J. Eldridge and D. M. Jones. 1993. Prevalence of antibody to Helicobacter pylori in children in northern Nigeria. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 87, 19-21.
14 Honda, S., T. Fujioka, M. J. Tokieda, R. Satoh, A. Nishizono and M. Nasu. 1998. Development of Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric carcinoma in Mongolian gerbils. Cancer Res. 58, 4255-4259.
15 Fukuda, H., D. Saito, S. Hayashi, H, Hisai, H, Ono, S. Yoshida, Y. Oguro, T. Noda, T. Sato and M. Katoh. 1995. Helicobacter pylori infection, serum pepsinogen level and gastric cancer: a case-control study in Japan. Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 86, 64-71.   DOI
16 Houghton, J. M., L. M. Bloch, M. Goldstein, S. Von Hagen and R. M. Korah. 2000. ln vivo disruption of the fas pathway abrogates gastric growth alterations secondary to Helicobacter infection. J. Infect. Dis. 182, 856-864.   DOI   ScienceOn
17 Howson, C. P., T. Hiyama and E. L. Wynder. 1986. The decline in gastric cancer: epidemiology of an unplanned triumph. Epidemiol. Rev. 8, 1-2.   DOI
18 Hu, P. J., Y. Y. Li, M. H Zhou, M. H Chen, G. G. Du, B. J. Huang, H. M. Mitchell and S. L. Hazell. 1995. Helicobacter pylori associated with a high prevalence of duodenal ulcer disease and a low prevalence of gastric cancer in a developing nation. Gut 36, 198-202.   DOI   ScienceOn
19 Garcia-Closas, R., C. A. Gonzalez, A. Agudo and E. Riboli. 1999. Intake of specific carotenoids and flavonoids and the risk of gastric cancer in Spain. Cancer Causes Control 10, 71-75.   DOI   ScienceOn
20 Ge, Z., Y. Feng, C. A. Dangler, S. Xu, N. S. Taylor and J. G. Fox. 2000. Fumarate reductase is essential for Helicobacter pylori colonization of the mouse stomach. Microb. Pathol. 29, 279-287.   DOI   ScienceOn
21 Gong, C., R. Mera, J. C. Bravo, B. Ruiz, R. Diaz-EscamilIa, E. T. Fontham, P. Correa and J. D. Hunt. 1999. KRAS mutations predict progression of preneoplastic gastric lesions. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 8, 167-171.
22 Coto, Y., T. Ando, K. Yamamoto, A. Tamakoshi, E. El-Omar and H, Coto. 2006. Hamajima N. Association between serum pepsinogens and polymorphism of PTPN11 encoding SHP-2 among H. pylori seropositive Japanese. Int. J. Cancer 189, 820-827.
23 Hansson, L. E., L. Engstrand, O. Nyren, D. J. Evans Jr, A. Lindgren, R. Bergstrom, B. Andersson, L. Athlin, O. Bendtsen and P. Tracz. 1993. Helicobacter pylori infection: independent risk indicator of gastric adenocarcinoma. Gastroenterology 105, 1098-1103.   DOI
24 Haenszel, W., M. Kurihara, M. Segi and R. K. Lee. 1972. Stomach cancer among Japanese in Hawaii. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 49, 969-988.
25 HaenszeI, W. and M. Kurihara. 1968. Studies of Japanese migrants. I. Mortality from cancer and other diseases among Japanese in the United States. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 40, 43-68.
26 Haenszel, W. 1961. Cancer mortality among the foreign born in the United States. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 26, 37-132.
27 Forman, D., D. G. Newell, F. Fullerton, J. W. Yarnell, A. R. Stacey and N. Wald. 1991. Association between infection with Heliccoacier pylori and risk of gastric cancer: evidence from a prospective investigation. BMJ 302, 1302-1305.   DOI   ScienceOn
28 Forman, D., P. Webb and J. Parsonnet. 1994. H. pylori and gastlic cancer. Lancet 343, 243-244.   DOI   ScienceOn
29 Forman, D. and P. M. Webb. 1994. Helicobacter pylori: Basic Mechanisms to Clinical Cure. Kluwer Academic, Dordecht, The Netherlands.
30 Forman, D. 1995. The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in gastric cancer review. Aliment Pharmacol. Ther. 9 (Suppl. 2), 71-76
31 Foryst-Ludwig, A. and M. Naumann. 2000. p21-activated kinase 1 activates the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-$\kappa$B)-inducing kinase-I$\kappa$B kinases NF-$\kappa$B pathway and proinflammatory cytokines in Helicobacter pylori infection. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 39779-39785.   DOI   ScienceOn
32 Fukao, A., S. Komatsu, Y. Tsubono, S. Hisamichi, H, Ohori, T. Kizawa, N. Ohsato, N. Fujino, N. Endo and M. Iha M. 1993. Helicobacter pylori infection and chronic atrophic gastritis among Japanese blood donors: a cross sectional study. Cancer Causes Control. 4, 307-312.   DOI   ScienceOn
33 Fox, J. G., P. Correa, N. S. Taylor, A. Lee, G. Otto, J. C. Murphy and R. Rose. 1990. Helicobacter mustelae-associa ted gastritis in ferrets. An animal model of Helicobacier pylori gastritis in humans. Gastroenterology 99, 352-361.   DOI
34 Fox, J. G., C. A. Dangler, W. Sager, R. Borkowski and J. M. Gliatto. 1997. Helicobacter mustelae-associated gastric adenocarcinoma in ferrets (Mustela putorius furo). Vet. Pathol. 34, 225-229.   DOI   ScienceOn
35 Fuchs, C. S. and R. J. Mayer. 1995. Gastric carcinoma review. N. Engl. J. Med. 333, 32-41.   DOI   ScienceOn
36 Ekstrom, A. M., M. Held, L. E. Hansson, L. Engstrand and O. Nyren. 2001. Helicooacter pylori in gastric cancer established by CagA immunoblot as a marker of past infection. Gastroenterology 121, 784-791.   DOI   ScienceOn
37 El-Omar, E. M., K. Oien, L. S. Murray, A. EI-Nujumi, A. Wirz, D. Gillen, C. Williams, G. Fullarton and K. E. McColl. 2000. Increased prevalence of precancerous changes in relatives of gastric cancer patients: critical role for H. pylori. Gastroenterology 118, 22-30.   DOI   ScienceOn
38 Endo, S., T. Ohkusa, Y. Saito, K. Fujiki, I. Okayasu and C. Sato. 1995. Detection of Heliccoacier pylori infection in early stage gastlic cancer. A comparison between intestinal- and diffuse-type gastric adenocarcinomas. Cancer 75, 2203-2208.   DOI   ScienceOn
39 Ernst, P. 1999. Review article: the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer. Aliment Pharmacol. Ther. 13 (Suppl. 1), 13-18.   DOI   ScienceOn
40 Estevens, J., P. Fidalgo, T. Tendeiro, C. Chagas, A. Ferra, C. N. Leitao and F. C. Mira FC. 1993. Anti-Helicobacter pylori antibodies prevalence and gastric adenocarcinoma in Portugal: report of a case-control study. Eur. J. Cancer Prev. 2, 377-380.   DOI   ScienceOn
41 Fan, X., H. Gunasena, Z. Cheng, R. Espejo, S. E. Crowe, P. B. Ernst and V. E. Reyes. 2000. Helicooaaer pylori urease binds to class II MHC on gastric epithelial cells and induces their apoptosis. J. Immunol. 165, 1918-1924.   DOI
42 Fiedorek, S. C., H M. MaIaty, D. L. Evans, C. L. Pumphrey, H. B. Casteel, D. J. Evans and D. Y. Graham DY. 1991. Factors influencing the epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection in children. Pediatrics 88, 578-582.
43 Figura, N. 1996. Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation and Helicobacter pylori infection. Lancet 347, 1342-1342.
44 Chow, W. H., C. A. Swanson, J. Lissowska, F. D. Groves, L. H. Sobin, A. Nasierowska-Guttmejer, J. Radziszewski, J. Regula, A. W. Hsing, S. Jagannatha, W. Zatonski and W. J. Blot WJ. 1999. Risk of stomach cancer in relation to consumption of cigarettes, alcohol, tea and coffee in Warsaw, Poland. Int. J. Cancer 81, 871-876.   DOI   ScienceOn
45 Chyou, P. H, A. M. Nomura, J. H. Hankin and G. N. Stemmermann. 1990. A case-cohort study of diet and stomach cancer. Cancer Res 50, 7501-7504.
46 Correa, P., C. Cuello, E. Duque, L. C. Burbano, F. T. Garcia, O. Bolanos, C. Brown and W. Haenszei. 1976 Gastric cancer in Colombia. III. Natural history of precursor lesions. J. Natl. Cancer. Inst. 57, 1027-1035.   DOI
47 Correa, P., W. Haenszel, C. Cuello, D. Zavala, E. Fontham, G. Zarama, S. Tannenbaum, T. Collazos and B. Ruiz. 1990. Gastric precancerous process in a high risk population: cohort follow-up. Cancer Res. 50, 4737-4740.
48 Correa, P. 1995. Helicobacter pylori and gastric carcinogenesis review. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 19 (Suppl 1), S37-S43.   DOI   ScienceOn
49 Wu, M. S., S. Y. Chen, C. T. Shun, W. J. Lee, H. P. Wang, T. H. Wang, C. J. Chen and J. T. Lin. 1997. Increased prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection among patients affected with intestinal-type gastric cancer at non-cardiac locations. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 12, 425-428.   DOI   ScienceOn
50 Correa, P., G. Malcom, B. Schmidt, E. Fontham, B. Ruiz, J. C. Bravo, L. E. Bravo, G. Zarama and J. L. Realpe. 1998. Review article: antioxidant micronutrients and gastric cancer. Aliment Pharmacol. Ther, 12 (Suppl. 1), 73-82.   DOI   ScienceOn
51 Correa, P. 1982. Precursors of gastric and esophageal cancer. Cancer 50, 2554-2565.
52 Crabtree, J. E., J. I. Wyatt, G. M. Sobala, G. Miller, D. S. Tompkins and J. N. M. Primrose. 1993. Systemic and mucosal humoral responses to Helicobacter pylori in gastric cancer. Gut 34, 1339-1343.   DOI   ScienceOn
53 Cullen, D. J., B. J. Collins, K. J. Christiansen, J. Epis, J. R. Warren, I. Surveyor and K. J. Cullen. 1993. When is Helicobacter pylori infection acquired? Gut 34, 1681-1682.   DOI   ScienceOn
54 Asaka, M., T, Kimura, M. Kato, M. Kudo, K. Miki, K. Ogoshi, T. Kato, M. Tatsuta and D. Y. Graham DY. 1994. Possible role of Helicobacter pylori infection in early gastric cancer development. Cancer 73. 2691-2694.   DOI   ScienceOn
55 Azuma, T., S. Ito, F. Sato, Y. Yamazaki, H. Miyaji, Y. Ito, H. Suto, M. Kuriyama, T. Kato and Y. Kohli Y. 1998. The role of the HLA-DQA1 gene in resistance to atrophic gastritis and gastric adenocarcinoma induced by Helicobacter pylori infection. Cancer 82, 1013-1018.   DOI   ScienceOn
56 Banatvala, N., K. Mayo, F. Megraud, R. jennings, J. J. Deeks and R. A. Feldman. 1993. The cohort effect and Helicobacter pylori. J Infect. Dis. 168, 219-221.   DOI   ScienceOn
57 Barreto-Zuniga, R. M. Maruyama, Y. Kato, K. Aizu, H. Ohta and T. Takekoshi. 1997. Significance of Helicobacter pylori infection as a risk factor in gastric cancer: serologic and histological studies. J Gastroenterol. 32, 289-294.   DOI   ScienceOn
58 Yamaoka, Y., H. M. El-Zimaitv, O. Gutierrez, N. Figura, J. G.Kim, T. Kodama, K. Kashima and D. Y. Graham. 1999. Relationship between the CagA 3' repeat region of H. pylori, gastric histology, and susceptibility to low pH. Gastroenterology 117, 342-349.   DOI   ScienceOn
59 Zhang, Z. W., S. E. Patchett, D. Perrett, P. H. Katelaris, P, Domizio and M. J. Farthing. 1998. The relation between gastric vitamin C concentrations, mucosal histology, and CagA seropositivity in the human stomach. Gut 43, 322-326.   DOI   ScienceOn
60 Taylor, D. N. and M. J. Blaser. 1991. The epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection. Epidemiol. Rev. 13, 42-59.   DOI
61 Berkowicz, J. and A. Lee. 1987. Person-to-person transmission of Campylobacter pylori. Lance. 2, 680-681.
62 Blaser, M. J., G. I. Perez-Perez, H. Kleanthous, T. L. Cover, R. M. Peek, P. H. Chyou, G. N. Stemmermann and A. Nomura. 1995. Infection with Helicobacter pylori strains possessing CagA is associated with an increased risk of developing adenocarcinoma of the stomach. Cancer Res. 55, 2111-2115.
63 Blot, W. J., S. S. Devesa, R. W. Kneller and J. F. Fraumeni Jr. 1991. Rising incidence of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia. JAMA 265, 1287-1289.   DOI   ScienceOn
64 Brenner, H, G. Bode and H Boeing. 2000. Helicobacter pylori infection among offspring of patients with stomach cancer. Gastroenterology 118, 31-35.   DOI   ScienceOn
65 Choi, N. W, D. W. Entwistle, W. Michaluk and N. Nelson. 1971. Gastric cancer in Icelanders in Manitoba. Isr. J. Med. Sci. 7, 1500-1508.
66 Wang, T. C, J. R. Goldenring, C. Dangler, S. Ito, A. Mueller, W. K. Jeon, T. J. Koh and J. G. Fox. 1998. Mice lacking secretory phospholipase A2 show altered apoptosis and differentiation with Helicobacter felis infection. Gastroenterology 114, 675-689.   DOI   ScienceOn
67 Thiede, C., A. Morgner, B. Alpen, T. Wundisch, J. Herrmann, M. Ritter, G. Ehninger, M. Stolte, E. Bayerdorffer and A. Neubauer. 1997. What role does Helicobacter pylori eradication play in gastric MALT and gastric MALT lymphoma? Gastroenterology 113, S61-S64.   DOI   ScienceOn
68 Valle, J., M. Kekki, P. Sipponen, T. Ihamaki and M. Siurala. 1996. Long-term course and consequences of Helicobacter pylori gastritis. Results of a 32-year follow-up study. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 31, 546-550.   DOI   ScienceOn
69 Villako, K., M. Kekki, H. I. Maaroos, P. Sipponen, R. Uibo, R. Tammur and A. Tamm. 1991. Chronic gastritis: progression of inflammation and atrophy in a six-year endoscopic follow-up of a random sample of 142 Estonian urban subjects. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. Suppl, 186, 135-141.
70 Ward, M. H. and L. Lopez-Carriollo, 1999. Dietary factors and the risk of gastric cancer in Mexico City. Am. J. Epidemiol. 149, 925-932.   DOI   ScienceOn
71 Watanabe, T., M. Tada, H. Nagai and M. Nakao. 1998. Helicobacter pylori infection induces gastric cancer in Mongolian gerbils. Gastroenterology 115, 642-648.   DOI   ScienceOn
72 Webb, P. M., M. C. Yu, D. Forman, B. E. Henderson, D. G. Newell, J. M. Yuan, Y. T. Gao and R. K. Ross. 1996. An apparent lack of association between Helicobacter pylori infection and risk of gastric cancer in China. Int. J. Cancer 67, 603-607.   DOI   ScienceOn
73 Wotherspoon, A. C. C. Ortiz-Hidalgo, M. R. Falzon and P. G. Isaacson. 1991. Helicobacter pylori-associated gastritis and primary B-cell gastric lymphoma. Lancet 338, 1175-1176.   DOI   ScienceOn
74 Skinner, M. and E. G. Zimbabwe: Bulawayo cancer registry 1973-1977. In: D.M. Parkin, ed. 1986. Cancer Occurrence in Developing Countries. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; pp. 126-128.
75 Ando, T., R. M. Peek Jr, Y. C. Lee, U. Krishna, K. Kusugami and M. J. Blaser. 2002. Host cell responses to genotypically similar Helicobacter pylori isolates from United States and Japan. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 9, 167-175.
76 Archimandritis, A., J. Bitsikas, M. Tjivras, E. Anastasakou, N. Tsavaris, D. Kalogeras, P. Davaris and A. Fertakis. 1993. Non-cardia gastric adenocarcinoma and Helicobacter pylori infection. Ital. J. Gasiroenierol, 25, 368-371.
77 Asahi, M., T. Azuma, S. Ito, Y. Ito, H. Suto, Y. Nagai, M. Tsubokawa, Y. Tohyarna, S. Maeda, M. Ornata, T. Suzuki and C. Sasakawa, 2000. Helicobacter pylori CagA protein can be tyrosine phosphorylated in gastric epithelial cells. J. Exp. Med. 191. 593-602.   DOI   ScienceOn
78 Sipponen, P., T. U. Kosunen, J. Valle, M. Riihela and K. Seppala. 1992. Helicobacter pylori infection and chronic gastritis in gastric cancer. J. Clin. Pathol. 45, 319-323.   DOI
79 Sipponen, P. 1995. Helicobacter pylori: a cohort phenomenon review. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 19 (Suppl 1), S30-S36.   DOI   ScienceOn
80 Stein, M., R. Rappuoli and A. Covacci. 2000. Tyrosine phosphorylation of the H. pylori CagA antigen after cag-driven host cell translocation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 1263-1268.   DOI
81 Sugiyama, A, F. Maruta, T. Ikeno, K. Ishida, S. Kawasaki, T. Katsuyama, N. Shimizu and M. Tatematsu. 1998. Helicobacterpylori infection enhances N-metyl-N-nitrosourea-induced stomach carcinogenesis in the Mongolian gerbil. Cancer Res. 58, 2067-2069.
82 Sullivan, P. B., J .E. Thomas, D. G. Wight, G. Neale, E. J. Eastham, T. Corrah, N. Lloyd-Evans and B. M. Greenwood. 1990. Helicobacter pylori in Gambian children with chronic diarrhoea and malnutrition. Arch. Dis. Child. 65, 189-191.   DOI   ScienceOn
83 Svendsen, J. H., C. Dahl, L. B. Svendsen and P. M. Christiansen. 1986. Gastric cancer risk in achlorhydric patients. A long-term follow-up study. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 21, 16-20.
84 Talley, N. J., A. R. Zinsmeister, A Weaver, E. P. DiMagno, H. A Carpenter and M. J. Blaser. 1991. Gastric adenocarcinoma and Helicobacter pylori infection. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 83, 1734-1739.   DOI
85 Tang, T. L., R. M. Freeman Jr, A. M. O'Reilly, B. G. Neel and S. Y. Sokol. 1995. The SH2-containing protein-tyrosine phosphatase SHPTP2 is required upstream of MAP kinase for early Xenopus development. Cell 80, 473-483.   DOI   ScienceOn
86 Shibata, T., I. Imoto, Y. Ohuchi, Y. Taguchi, S. Takaji, N. Ikemura, K. Nakao and T. Shima. 1996. Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with gastric carcinoma in biopsy and surgical resection specimens. Cancer 77, 1044-1049.   DOI   ScienceOn
87 Segal. E. D., J. Cha, J. Lo, S. Falkow and L. S. Tompkins. 1999. Altered states: involvement of phosphorylated CagA in the induction of host cellular growth changes by H. pylori. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 4559-14564.
88 Segal. E. D., C. Lange, A. Covacci, L. S. Tompkins and S. Falkow. 1997. Induction of host signal transduction pathways by Helicobacter pylori. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 7595-7599   DOI
89 Severson, R. K. and S. Davis. 1990. Increasing incidence of primary gastric lymphoma. Cancer 66, 1283-1287.   DOI   ScienceOn
90 Shimoyama, T., S. Fukuda, M. Tanaka, T. Mikami, A. Munakata and J.E. Crabtree. 1998. CagA seropositivity associated with development of gastric cancer in a Japanese population. J. Clin. Pathol. 51, 225-228.   DOI   ScienceOn
91 Shirin, H, E. M. Sordillo, T. K. Kolevska, H. Hibshoosh, Y. Kawabata, S. H. Oh, J. F. Kuebler, T. Delohery, C. M. Weghorst, I. B. Weinstein and S. F. Moss. 2000. Chronic Helicobacter pylori infection induces an apoptosis-resistant phenotype associated with decreased expression of p27(kip1). Infect. Immun. 68, 5321-5328.   DOI   ScienceOn
92 Sierra, R., N. Munoz, A.S. Pena, I. Biemond, W. van Duijn, C. B. Lamers, S. Teuchmann, S. Hernandez and P. Correa. 1992. Antibodies to Helicobacter pylori and pepsinogen levels in children from Costa Rica: comparison of two areas with different risks for stomach cancer. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 1, 449-454.
93 Peek, R. M. Jr. 2001. IV: Helicobacter pylori strain-specific activation of signal transduction cascades related to gastric inflammation. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 280, G525-G530.   DOI
94 Sipponen, P., H Hyvarinen, K. Seppala and M. J. Blaser. 1998. Review articles: pathogenesis of the transformation from gastritis to malignancy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 12(Suppl, 1), 61-71.   DOI   ScienceOn
95 Ohata, H., S. Kitauchi, N. Yoshimura, K. Mugitani, M. Iwane, H. Nakamura, A. Yoshikawa, K. Yanaoka, K. Arii, H. Tamai, Y. Shimizu, T. Takeshita, O. Mohara and M. Ichinose. 2004. Progression of chronic atrophic gastritis associated with Helicobacter pylori infection increases risk of gastric cancer. Int. J. Cancer 109, 138-143.   DOI   ScienceOn
96 Parsonnet, J., S. Hansen, L. Rodriguez, A. B. Gelb, R. A. Warnke, E. Jellum, N. Orentreich, J. H. Vogelman and G. D. Friedman. 1994. Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric lymphoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 330, 1267-1271.   DOI   ScienceOn
97 Perez-Perez, G. I., B. M. Dworkin, J. E. Chodos and M. J. Blaser. 1988. Campylobacter pylori antibodies in humans. Ann. Intern. Med. 109, 11-17   DOI   ScienceOn
98 Pisani, P., D. M. Parkin, N. Munoz and J. Ferlay, 1997. Cancer and infection. Estimates of the attributable fraction in 1990. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 6, 387-400.
99 Rudi, J., C. Kolb, M. Maiwald, I. Zuna, A. von Herbay, P. R. Galle and W. Stremmei. 1997. Serum antibodies against with Helicobacter pylori proteins VacA and CagA are associated with increased risk for gastric adenocarcinoma. Dig. Dis. Sci. 42, 1652-1659.   DOI   ScienceOn
100 Rudi, J., M. Muller, A. von Herbay, I. Zuna, R. Raedsch, W. Stremmel and U. Rath U. 1995. Lack of association of Helicobacter pylori seroprevalence and gastric cancer in a population with low gastric cancer incidence. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 30, 958-963.   DOI   ScienceOn
101 Odenbreit, S., B. Gebert, J. Puls, W. Fischer and R. Haas. 2001. Interaction of Helicobacter pylori with professional phagocytes: rule of the cag pathogenicity island and translocation, phosphorylation and processing of CagA. Cell. Microbiol. 3, 21-31.   DOI   ScienceOn
102 Salama, N. R., G. Otto, L. Tompkins and S. Falkow. 2001. Vacuolating cytotoxin of Helicobacter pylori plays a role during colonization in a mouse model of infection. Infect. Immun. 69, 730-736.   DOI   ScienceOn
103 Neugut, A. I., M. Hayek and G. Howe. 1996. Epidemiology of gastric cancer review. Semin. Oncol. 23, 281-291.
104 Nomura, A., G. N. Stemmermann, P. H. Chyou, I. Kato, G. I. Perez-Perez and M. J. Blaser. 1991. Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric carcinoma among Japanese Americans in Hawaii. N. Engl. J. Med. 325, 1132-1136.   DOI   ScienceOn
105 Odenbreit, S., J. PuIs, B. Sedlmaier, E. Gerland, W. Fischer and R. Haas. 2000. Translocation of H. pylori CagA into gastric epithelial cells by type IV secretion. Science 287, 1497-1500.   DOI   ScienceOn
106 Palli, D., A. Decarli, F. Cipriani, F. Sitas, D. Forman, D. Amadori, C. Avellini, A. Giacosa, P. Manca and A. Russo. 1993. Helicobacter pylori antibodies in areas of Italy at varying gastric cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2, 37-40.
107 Park, I. S., Y. C. Lee, H. J. Park, T. I. Kim, S. I. Lee, H. Kim, K. S. Chung and Y. J. Lee-Kim. 2001. Helicobacter pylori infection in Korea. Yonsei Med. J. 42, 457-470.   DOI   ScienceOn
108 Parkin, D. M., C. S. Muir, S. L. Whelan, Y. T. Gao, J. Ferlay and J. Powell. 1992. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, VI. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer
109 Parkin, D. M., P. Pisani and J. Ferlay. 1993. Estimates of the worldwide incidence of eighteen major cancers in 1985. Int. J. Cancer 54, 594-606.   DOI   ScienceOn
110 Parkin, D. M., S. L. Whelan, J. Ferlay, L. Raymond and J. Young. 1997. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, VII. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer
111 Parsonnet, J., G. D. Friedman, N. Orentreich and H. Vogelman. 1997. Risk for gastric cancer in people with CagA positive or CagA negative H. pylori infection. Gut 40, 297-301.   DOI
112 Miehlke, S., A. Hackelsberger, A. Meining, U. von Arnim, P. Muller, T. Ochsenkuhn, N. Lehn, P. Malfertheiner, M. Stolte and E. Bayerdorffer. 1997. Histological diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori gastritis is predictive of a high risk of gastric carcinoma. Int. J. Cancer 73, 837-839.   DOI   ScienceOn
113 Morita, M., H. Kuwano, H. Baba, A. Taketomi, S. Kohnoe, H. Tomoda, K. Araki, H. Saeki, K. Kitamura and K. Sugimachi. 1998. Multifocal occurrence of gastric carcinoma in patients with a family history of gastric carcinoma. Cancer 83, 1307-1311.   DOI   ScienceOn
114 Moss, S. F., J. Calam, B. Agarwal, S. Wang and P. R. Holt. 1996. Induction of gastric epithelial apoptosis by Helicobacter pylori. Gut 38, 498-501.   DOI   ScienceOn
115 Moss, S. F., E. M. Sordillo, A. M. Abdalla, V. Makarov, Z. Hanzely, G. I. Perez-Perez, M. J. Blaser and P. R. Holt. 2001. Increased gastric epithelial cell apoptosis associated with colonization with CagA positive Helicobacter pylori strains. Cancer Res. 61, 1406-1411.
116 Munoz, N. and J. Asvall. 1971. Time trends of intestinal and diffuse types of gastric cancer in Norway. Int. J. Cancer 8, 144-157.   DOI
117 Nardone, G., S. Staibano, A. Rocco, E. Mezza, F. P. D'armiento, L. Insabato, A. Coppola, G. Salvatore, A. Lucariello, N. Figura, G. De Rosa and G. Budillon. 1999. Effect of Helicobacter pylori infection and its eradication on cell proliferation, DNA status, and oncogene expression in patients with chronic gastritis. Gut 444, 789-799.
118 Lindkvist, P., D. Asrat, T. Nilsson, E. Tsega, G. L. Olsson and B. Wretlind. 1996. Age at acquisition of Helicobacter pylori infection: comparison of a high and low prevalence country. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 28, 181-184.   DOI   ScienceOn
119 Naumann, M., S. Wessler, C. Bartsch, B. Wieland, A. Covacci, R. Haas and T. F. Meyer. 1999. Activation of activator protein 1 and stress response kinases in epithelial cells colonized by Helicobacter pylori encoding the cag pathogenicity island. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 31655-31662.   DOI
120 Neel, B. G., H. Gu and L. Pao. 2003. The 'Shp'ing news: SH2 domaincontaining tyrosine phosphatases in cell signaling. Trends Biothem. Sci. 28, 284-293.   DOI   ScienceOn
121 Maeda, S., H. Yoshida, K. Ogura, Y. Mitsuno, Y. Hirata, Y. Yamaji, M. Akanuma, Y. Shiratori and M. Omata. 2000. H. pylori activates NF-kappaB through a signaling pathway involving IkappaB kinases, NF-kappaB-inducing kinase, TRAF2, and TRAF6 in gastric cancer cells. Gastroenterology 119, 97-108.   DOI   ScienceOn
122 Mannick, E. E., L. E. Bravo, G. Zarama, J. L. Realpe, X. J. Zhang, B. Ruiz, E. T. Fontham, R. Mera, M. J. Miller and P. Correa. 1996. Inducible nitric oxide synthase, nitrotyrosine, and apoptosis in Helicobacter pylori gastritis: effect of antibiotics and antioxidants. Cancer Res. 56, 3238-3243.
123 Martin-de-Argila, C, D. Boixeda, C. Redondo, I. Alvarez, J. P. Gisbert and R. Canton. 1997. Relation between histologic subtypes and location of gastric cancer and Helicobacter pylori. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 32, 303-307.   DOI   ScienceOn
124 Martino, M. C, R. A. Stabler, Z. W. Zhang, M. J. Farthing, B. W. Wren and N. Dorrell. 2001. Helicobacter pylori pore-forming cytolysin orthologue TlyA possesses in vitro hemolytic activity and has a role in colonization of the gastric mucosa. Infect. Immun. 69, 1697-1703.   DOI   ScienceOn
125 Keates, S., Y. S. Hitti, M. Upton and C. P. Kelly. 1997. Helicobacter pylori infection activates NF-kappa B in gastric epithelial cels. Gastroenterology 113, 1099-1109.   DOI   ScienceOn
126 McCallion, W. A., L. J. Murray, A. G. Bailie, A. M. Dalzell, D. P. O'Reilly and K. B. Bamford. Helicobacter pylori infection in children: relation with current household living conditions. Gut 39, 18-21.
127 McColl, K. E., E. El-Omar and D. Gillen. Interactions between H. pylori infection, gastric acid secretion and anti-secretory therapy. Br. Med. Bull. 54, 121-138.
128 Kawahara, T., S. Teshima, A. Oka, T. Sugiyama, K. Kishi and K. Rokutan. 2001. Type I Helicobacter pylori lipopolysaccharide stimulates Toll-like receptor 4 and activates mitogen oxidase 1 in gastric pit cells. Infect. Immun. 69, 4382-4389.   DOI   ScienceOn
129 Keates, S., A. C. Keates, M. Warny, R M. Peek Jr. P. G. Murray and C. P. Kelly. 1999. Differential activation of mitogenactivated protein kinases in ACS gastric epithelial cells by cagpositive and cag-Helicobacter pylori. J. Immunol. 163, 5552-5559.
130 Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare-National Cancer Center. Statistics of Castric Cancer-related Death, 1983-2005.
131 Kuipers, E. J., A. M. Uyterlinde, A. S. Pena, R Roosendaal, G. Pals, G. F. Nelis, H. P. Festen and S. G. Meuwissen. 1995. Long-term sequelae of Helicobacter pylori gastritis. Lancet 345, 1525-1528.   DOI   ScienceOn
132 Kuwahara, H., Y. Miyamoto, T. Akaike, T. Kubota, T. Sawa, S. Okamoto and H. Maeda. 2000. Helicobacter pylori urease suppresses bactericidal activity of peroxynitrite via carbon dioxide production. Infect. Immun. 68, 4378-4383.   DOI   ScienceOn
133 La, Vecchia, C., S. E. Munoz, C. Braga, E. Fernandez and A. Decarli. 1997. Diet diversity and gastric cancer. Int. J. Cancer 72, 255-257.   DOI   ScienceOn
134 Hunt, R. H. 1996. The role of Helicobacter pylori in pathogenesis: the spectrum of clinical outcomes. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. Suppl 220, 3-9.
135 Labenz, J., A. L. Blum, E. Bayerdorffer, A. Meining, M. Stolte and G. Borsch. 1997. Curing Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with duodenal ulcer may provoke reflux oesophagitis. Gastroenterology 112, 1442-1447.   DOI   ScienceOn
136 Lauren, P. 1965. The two histological main types of gastric carcinoma: diffuse and so-called intestinal-type carcinoma. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. 64, 31-49.   DOI
137 Hunt, J. D., R. Mera, A. Strimas, A. T. Gillespie, B. Ruiz, P. Correa and E. T. Fontham. 2001. KRAS mutations are not predictive for progression of preneoplastic gastric lesions. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 10, 79-80.
138 Icatlo, F. C., H. Goshima, N. Kimura and Y. Kodama. 2000. Acid-dependent adherence of Helicobacter pylori urease to diverse polysaccharides. Gastroenterology 119, 358-367.   DOI   ScienceOn
139 Imrie, C., M. Rowland, B. Bourke and B. Brumm. 2001. Is Helicobacter pylori infection in childhood a risk factor for gastric cancer? Pediatrics 107, 373-380.   DOI   ScienceOn
140 Innocenti, M., A. M. Svennerholm and M. Quiding-Jarbrink, 2001. Helicobacter pylori lipopolysaccharides preferentially induce CXC chemokine production in human monocytes. Infect. Immun. 69, 3800-3808.   DOI   ScienceOn
141 Isomoto, H, Y. Mizuta, M. Miyazaki, F. Takeshima, K. Omagari, K. Murase, T. Nishiyama, K. Inoue, I. Murata and S. Kohno. 2000. Implication of NF-kappaB in Helicobacter pylori-associated gastritis. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 95, 2768-2776