Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.5423/RPD.2012.18.4.261

Natural Occurrence of Mycotoxin and Fungi in Korean Rice  

Lee, Theresa (Microbial Safety Team, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration)
Lee, Soohyung (Microbial Safety Team, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration)
Lee, Jeong-Hwa (Microbial Safety Team, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration)
Yun, Jong-Chul (Microbial Safety Team, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration)
Oh, Kyeong-Suk (Microbial Safety Team, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration)
Publication Information
Research in Plant Disease / v.18, no.4, 2012 , pp. 261-267 More about this Journal
Abstract
Inspection of deteriorated rices in Korea for fungal occurrence revealed that Aspergillus was the most frequently observed genus and some isolates of the Aspergillus spp. turned out to produce aflatoxin. Diverse fungal genera including Fusarium, Aspergillus, Penicillium, or Alternaria spp. were observed in most of the rice samples. Aflatoxin occurred infrequently and the levels of aflatoxin present in the rice samples were lower than regulatory limit but Fusarium toxins such as deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, zearalenone, and fumonisin occurred frequently. In rice processing complexes, fungal and mycotoxin contamination of rice decreased by milling process, resulting in the lowest level of mycotoxin and fungi in polished rice. Currently, it appears that Korean rice and milled by-products need a safety control for Fusarium toxins rather than aflatoxin.
Keywords
Contamination; Fusarium toxin; Mycoflora; Paddy; Polished rice;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 8  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Bandara, J. M. R. S., Vithanega, E. K. and Bean, G. A. 1991. Occurrence of aflatoxins in parboiled rice in Sri Lanka. Mycopathologia 116: 65-70.   DOI
2 Broggi, L. E. and Molto, G. A. 2001. Fungi associated with rice at Entre Rios province, Argentina. Toxigenic capacity of Fusarium graminearum and Microdochium nivale isolates. Mycotoxin Research 17: 96-107.   DOI
3 Cho, D. H., Chun, J. K. and Kim, Y. B. 1972. Types of deterioration of storage rice in Korea and identification of the causative microorganisms (I). J. Korean Agr. Chem. Soc. 15: 193-198.
4 Chun, H. S. and Chung, S. H. 2007. Safety evaluation for deoxynivalenol in foods. The annual report of KFDA, Vol.11 (In Korean).
5 Chung, D.-H., Kang, H.-J., Ha, G.-S., Kim, S.-Y. and Pestka, J. 1989. Hygienic studies on agricultural products in Youngnam districts (part I) isolation of aflatoxin producing strains. Korean J. Food Hygiene 4: 165-170.
6 Chung, H. S. 1975. Cereal scab causing mycotoxicoses in Korea and present status of mycotoxin researches. Korean J. Mycol. 3: 31-36.
7 Chung, S. H. and Kim, Y. B. 1995. Natural occurrence of fumonisin $B_{1}$ in Korean corn and rough rice. Foods Biotechnol. 4: 212-216.
8 Ha, Y.-L., Kim, M.-C., Kim, J.-O. and Sim, K.-W. 1979. The quantitative change of chitin as a criterion to indicate fungal invasion to rice storage. Korean J. Appl. Microbiol. Bioeng. 7: 15-21.   과학기술학회마을
9 Kang, H.-Y., Lee, Y.-W., Chung, D.-H., Kim, J.-G. and Pestka, J. J. 1989. Hygienic studies on some Korea cereals - a study on the mycotoxin contamination. J. Korean Public Health Association 15: 83-90.
10 Kim, E.-K., Kim, Y.-B., Shon, D.-H., Ryu, D. and Chung, S.-H. 1998. Natural occurrence of fumonisin $B_{1}$ in Korean rice and its processed foods by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 7: 221-224.   과학기술학회마을
11 Kim, J.-H., Kang, M.-R., Kim, H.-K., Lee, S.-H., Lee, T. and Yun, S.-H. 2012. Population structure of the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex associated with rice and corn in Korea. Plant Pathology J. 28: 357-363.   과학기술학회마을   DOI   ScienceOn
12 Kim, J.-S. and Lee, Y.-W. 1989. Identification of Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp. isolated from the deteriorated rice. Plant Pathology J. 5: 389-391.
13 Kim, Y. B. and Cho, D. H. 1974. Types of deterioration of storage rice in Korea and identification of the causative microorganisms (II). J. Korean Agr. Chem. Soc. 17: 54-62.
14 Korea Food and Drug Administration. 2009. Regulatory impact analysis-control limit in foods. (In Korean)
15 Korea Food and Drug Administration. 2012. Maximum mycotoxin limits in foods. Available at: http://www.kfda.go.kr/files/upload/eng/Article_2._Common_Standards_Specification_for_General_Foods.pdf.
16 Kumar, V., Basu, M. S. and Rajendran, T. P. 2008. Mycotoxin research and mycoflora in some commercially important agricultural commodities. Crop Prot. 27: 891-905.   DOI
17 Lee, K. and Lee, S. R. 1974. Producibility of aflatoxins by Aspergillus flavus group isolated from deteriorated rice in Korea. Korean J. Food Sci. Technol. 6: 168-175. (In Korean)
18 Lee, U.-S., Jang, H.-S., Tanaka, T., Hasegawa, A., Oh, Y.-J. and Ueno, Y. 1985. The coexistence of the Fusarium mycotoxins nivalenol, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in Korean cereals harvested in 1983. Food Addit. Contam. 2: 185-192.   DOI
19 Lee, S.-H., Son, S. W., Nam, Y. J., Shin, J. Y., Lee, S., Kim, M., Yun, J.-C., Ryu, J.-G. and Lee, T. 2010. Natural occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins in field-collected maize and rice in Korea in 2009. Res. Plant Dis. 16: 306-311. (In Korean)   과학기술학회마을   DOI   ScienceOn
20 Lee, T., Lee, S.-H., Lee, S.-H., Shin, J. Y., Yun, J.-C., Lee, Y.-W. and Ryu, J.-G. 2011. Occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins in rice and its milling by-products in Korea. J. Food Protect. 74: 1169-1174.   DOI   ScienceOn
21 Lima, C. A. P., Osri, R. B., Dilkin, P. and Corr, B. 2000. Mycoflora and aflatoxigenic species in derivatives of milled rice. Ciencia. Tecnol. Aliment. 20: 37-39.   DOI
22 Liu, Z., Gao, J. and Yu, J. 2006. Aflatoxins in stored maize and rice grains in Liaoning province, China. J. Stored Prod. Res. 42: 468-479.   DOI
23 Min, T. I., Cheigh, H. S., Ragunathan, A. N. and Majumder, K. S. 1982. Studies on the fungi in stored rice. Korean J. Appl. Microbiol. Bioeng. 10: 191-196.
24 Ok, H. E., Chang, H.-J., Choi, S.-W., Lee, N., Kim, H. J., Koo, M. S. and Chun, H. S. 2007. Co-occurrence of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in cereals and their products. J. Food Hyg. Safety 22: 375-381.   과학기술학회마을
25 Ok, H. E., Chang, H.-J., Choi, S.-W., Cho, T. Y., Oh, K. S. and Chun, H. S. 2009. Occurrence and intake of deoxynivalenol in cereal-based products marketed in Korea during 2007-2008. Food Addit. Contam. Part B. 2: 154-161.   DOI
26 Reddy, K. R. N. 2008. Estimation and prevention of aflatoxin contamination in rice. Ph. D. dissertation, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India.
27 Oh, J. Y., Jee, S. N., Nam, Y., Lee, H., Ryoo, M. I. and Kim, K. D. 2007. Populations of fungi and bacteria associated with samples of stored rice in Korea. Mycobiology 35: 36-38.   과학기술학회마을   DOI
28 Park, J. W., Kim, E. K. and Kim, Y. B. 2004. Estimation of the daily exposure of Koreans to aflatoxin B1 through food consumption. Food Addit. Contam. 21: 70-75.   DOI
29 Pitt, J. I., Hocking, A. D., Bhudhasamai, K., Miscamble, B. F., Wheeler, K. A. and Tanboon-Ek, P. 1994. The normal mycoflora of commodities from Thailand. 2. Beans, rice, small grains and other commodities. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 23: 35-53.   DOI
30 Reddy, K. R. N., Reddy, C. S., Abbas, H. K., Abel, C. A. and Muralidharan, K. 2008. Mycotoxigenic fungi, mycotoxins, and management of rice grains. Toxin Reviews 27: 287-317.   DOI   ScienceOn
31 Shon, D.-H., Cho, J.-H. and Lee, M.-H. 1997. Aflatoxin residues in agricultural commodities determined by direct ELISA. J. Food Hyg. Safety 12: 281-287.   과학기술학회마을
32 Son, S.-W., Nam, Y. J., Lee, S.-H., Lee, S. M., Lee, S., Kim, M., Lee, T., Yun, J.-C. and Ryu, J.-G. 2011. Toxigenic fungal contaminants in the 2009-harvested rice and its millingbyproducts samples collected from rice processing complexes in Korea. Res. Plant Dis. 17: 280-287. (In Korean)   DOI
33 Statistics Korea. 2011. Agricultural land area- rice fields in 2011/ Per capita food grain consumption in 2011. Available at: http://kosis.kr/nsieng/view/stat10.do.
34 Tanaka, K., Sago, Y., Zheng, Y., Nakagawa, H. and Kushiro, M. 2007. Mycotoxins in rice. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 119: 59-66.   DOI   ScienceOn