Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.11110/kjpt.2014.44.4.288

Analysis of the misguided practice of recognizing Gymnosperms as flowering plants  

Lee, Kyu Bae (Department of Biological Science Education, Chosun University)
Publication Information
Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy / v.44, no.4, 2014 , pp. 288-297 More about this Journal
Abstract
The aim of this study is to analyse misinformation about gymnosperm taxon used for over 57 years, since 1957 when plant biology as a discipline was established in our country. That is, terminologies and descriptions of the reproductive structure (flower) of angiosperms (flowering seed plants) have been incorrectly applied to the reproductive structures (typically cones and pollen grain) of gymnosperms (non-flowering seed plants) by numerous and various media such as text books, dictionaries, and internet websites for plant biology. Thus, these resources have been misleading teachers, students, and other people interested in plant biology in general and taxonomy in particular by describing gymnosperm reproductive structures as if they are the same as angiosperms. Such a practice has an especially adverse effect on plant biology education at all levels of instruction, with teachers and students confused in their understanding of the concept and definition of a flower. In this paper, these incorrect expressions for the reproductive structures of gymnosperms from the various media are analysed and discussed in terms of cladogram, anatomy of reproductive structures, and historical context of classification systems.
Keywords
angiosperm; flower; gymnosperm; phanerogam; spermatophyte;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Encyclopedia of Korean Culture. 2014. Phanerogam. Retrieved June 8, 2014, from http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr. (in Korean)
2 Engler, A. 1903. Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien (Dritte, umgearbeitete Auflage). Verlag von Gebruder Borntraeger, Berlin.
3 English-Chinese Medical Dictionary. 2014. Phanerogam. Retrieved June 8, 2014, from http://www.drdict.com. (in Chinese)
4 Goodyear, M. 2014. Spermatophyte. Retrieved May 7, 2014, from http://en.wikipidia.org.
5 Holmes, S. 1979. Henderson's Dictionary of Biological Terms. 9th ed., Van Nostrand Reinhold Company.
6 Hong, Y. N., H. S. Kang, Y. K. Ko, K. J. Kim, H. W. Kim, E. S. Kim, J. J. Kim, J. K. K, J. Kim, H. J. Kim, H. S. Kim, S. H. Nam, S. I. Do, E. P. Mun, C. K. Min, S. K. Park, S. H. Park, Y. G, Park, W. J.Park, S. Shin, J. S. Shin, J. H. Ahn, T. I. Ahn, S. E. Oh, K. H. Lee, M. M, Lee, B. H. Lee, S. I. Lee, J. S. Lee, T. H. Lee, H. J. Lee, T. y. Jeong, M, H, Cho, J. W. Cho and S. D. Choi. 2010. Biology: the Dynamic Science. Life Science Publishing Co. Seoul. Pp. 585-587. (in Korean)
7 Jones, S. B. Jr. and A. E. Luchsinger. 1987. Plant systemtics. 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill Book Company.
8 Judd, W. S., C. S. Campbell, E. Kellogg, P. F. Stevens, M. J. Donoghue. 2002. Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach. Sinauer Associates.
9 Kang, H. M., H. S. Kwak, H. B. Kwon, S. H. Bae, H. C. Shin, D. H. Lee, S. H. Lee, E. J. Lee, J. K. Lee, C. S. Lee and J. W. Jeong. 2012. Life: the Science of Biology, 9th ed., Life Science Publishing Co. Seoul. Pp. 613-614. (in Korean)
10 Kang Y. H., K. H. Kang, M. W. Kim, S. H. Kim, S. C. Kim, O. Y. Kim, J. J. Kim, M. H. Rho, Y. T. Rho, G. Y. Park, G. Y. Park, S. C. Park, Y. H. Seo, S. O. Song, J. C. Ahn, D. S. Yoo, M.Yoon, M. M. Lee, M. H. Lee, I. C. Lee, J. H. Lee, I. K. Jeong, H. S. Jeong, E. H. Cho, J. W. Cho, U. S. Jin, G. T. Choi, B. S. Pyo, Y. M. Ha, B. Hwang and S. H. Hong. 2008b. Encyclopedia of Life Science. Academy Publishing Co. Seoul. (in Korean)
11 Kim, M. W., I. J. Ko, O. Y. Kim, H. J. Kim, Y. H. Seo, J. O. Shin, M. J., Yoon, I. S. Yoon, Y. W. Lee and Y. M. Ha. 2011. Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections, 7th ed., Person Education Korea. Pp. 316-317. (in Korean)
12 Kim, Y. D. and H. C. Shin. 2007. Plant Systematic. World Science Publisher. Seoul. Pp. 107-119. (in Korean)
13 Korean Association of Biological Sciences. 1998. Biological Dictionary. Academy Publishing Co. Seoul. (in Korean)
14 Korean Association of Biological Sciences. 2005. Glossary of Biology. 2nd ed., Academy Publishing Co. Seoul. (in Korean)
15 Korea Foundation for the Advancement of Science and Creativity. 2014. Spermatophyte. Retrieved June 8, 2014, from http://www.scienceall.com. (in Korean)
16 Lawrence, G. H. M. 1951. Taxonomy of Vascular Plants. The Macmillan Company, New York.
17 Lee, T. B. 2002a. Plant Taxonomy. Hyangmoonsa. Seoul. Pp. 138-158. (in Korean)
18 Lee, C. D., W. Y. Soh, Y. S. Kim, J. C. Kim, J. U. Bang, Y. C. Cha, S. S. Hong and J. H. Hong. 1993. Plant Morphology. Academy Publishing Co. Seoul. Pp. 244-247. (in Korean)
19 Lee, H. S. 2003. Korean Unabridged Dictionary. Minjoongseorim. Seoul. (in Korean)
20 Lee, K. B. 2012. Plant Morphology. 2nd ed., Life Sceince Publishing Co. Seoul. Pp. 242-244. (in Korean)
21 Lee, Y. S. 2002b. Modern Plant Taxonomy. Woosung. Seoul. Pp. 56, 274-287. (in Korean)
22 Lim, H. B., J. Y. Bang, S. Y. Ha, H.. D. Shin and J. U. Bang. 2003. General plant biology. Hyangmoonsa. Seoul. Pp. 358-360. (in Korean)
23 Little, R. J. and C. E. Jones. 1980. A Dictionary of Bontany. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company.
24 Raven, P. H., R. F. Evert and S. E. Eichhorn.1992. Biology of plants. 5th ed. Worth Publishers.
25 Shin, H. C., S. C. Yu and H-G. Choi. 1995. Mistakes in the high school biology textbook in Korea, with special emphasis on the plant part. Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy 25: 131-138. (in Korean)
26 Sivarajan, V. V. 1991. Introduction to the Principles of Plant Taxonomy. 2nd ed., Edited by Robson, N. K. P. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
27 The Botanical Society of Korea. 2007. Fifty-year History of the Botanical Society of Korea. Hanrimwon Limited Company. Seoul. (in Korean)
28 The Free Dictionary. 2014. Phanerogam, Retrieved June 8, 2014, from http://www.thefreedictionary.com.
29 The Korean Standard Unabridged Dictionary. 2014. Spermatophyte. Retrieved June 8, 2014, from http://stdweb2.korean.go.kr. (in Korean)
30 Villarreal, R. M. 2007. Mature Flower. Retrieved May 7, 2014, from http://en.wikipedia.org.
31 Weblio. 2014. Phanerogam. Retrieved June 8, 2014, from http://ejje.weblio.jp. (in Japanese)
32 Lee, S. T., M. Y. Kim, S. P. Hong, Y. J. Jung, K. R. Park, J. H. Lee, J. G. Lee, and S. T. Lee. 2005. Plant Taxonomy: A Phylogenetic Approach. 2nd ed., Shinilbooks. Seoul. Pp. 170-173. (in Korean)
33 Yasugi R., H. Goseki, M. Furuya and T. Hidaka. 2003. Iwanami Biological Dictionary 4th ed., Iwanami Book Company. Tokyo. (in Japanese)
34 Benson, L. 1959. Plant Classification. D. C. Heath and Company. Lexington, Massachusetts.
35 Bold, H. C., C. Alexopoulos and T. Delevoras. 1980. Morphology of Plants and Fungi. 4th ed., Harper & Row, Publishers, New York. Pp. 281.
36 Doopedia. 2014. Gymnosperm, Phanerogam, Spermatophyte. Retrieved June 8, 2014, from http://www.doopedia.co.kr. (in Korean)
37 Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2014. Spermatophyte. Retrieved June 8, 2014, from http://global.britannica.com.
38 Kang, W. H., Y. H. Kim, I. S. Kim, H. S. H. H. Kim, B. Y. Mun, B. B. Seo, N. H. Song, H. S. Yoon, I. J. Lee, W. H. Cho and Y. S. Choo. 2008a. General Plant Biology. 2nd ed., World Science Publisher. Seoul. Pp. 412-416. (in Korean)