Browse > Article

An Introduction to Microsatellite Development and Analysis  

Yun Young-Eun (Wildlife Genetic Resources Center, National Institute of Biological Resources)
Yu Jeong-Nam (Wildlife Genetic Resources Center, National Institute of Biological Resources)
Lee Byoung-Yoon (Wildlife Genetic Resources Center, National Institute of Biological Resources)
Kwak Myounghai (Wildlife Genetic Resources Center, National Institute of Biological Resources)
Publication Information
Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy / v.41, no.4, 2011 , pp. 299-314 More about this Journal
Abstract
The choice of molecular markers is the first step when selecting experimental plans in the field of population genetics. The popular molecular markers in population genetic studies are mainly allozyme, RAPD, RFLP, AFLP, microsatellite, SNP and ISSR. Among these, microsatellites are frequently found in nuclear, chloroplast and mitochondrial genome, showing a high level of polymorphism and nuclear microsatellites are codominant. Thus, it is a favorable molecular marker for population structure analyses and genetic diversity studies. Microsatellites are composed of tandem repeated 1~6 base pair nucleotide motifs and can be easily amplified by PCR reactions using locus specific primers. Because microsatellites have low cross-species transferability, however, they are only applicable between phylogenetically close species. In wild plants, the lack of genomic information and the high development cost of the microsatellite obstruct the wider use of microsatellites in plant population genetics research. In this review, we introduce the basis for microsatellite markers, the development process, and analytical methods as well as evolutionary models and their applications. In addition, possible genotyping errors which lead to erroneous conclusions are discussed.
Keywords
Microsatellite; Genotyping; Population Genetics; Molecular Marker;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 11  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Sorrells, M. E., M. La Rota, C. E. Bermudez-Kandianis, R. A. Greene, R. Kantety, J. D. Munkvold, Miftahudin, A. Mahmoud, X. Ma, P. J. Gustafson, L. L. Qi, B. Echalier, B. S. Gill, D. E. Matthews, G. R. Lazo, Chao S, O. D. Anderson, H. Edwards, A. M. Linkiewicz, J. Dubcovsky, E. D. Akhunov, J. Dvorak, D. Zhang, H. T. Nguyen, J. Peng, N. L. Lapitan, J. L. Gonzalez-Hernandez, J. A. Anderson, K. Hossain, V. Kalavacharla, S. F. Kianian, D. W. Choi, T. J. Close, M. Dilbirligi, K. S. Gill, C. Steber, M. K. Walker- Simmons, P. E. McGuire and C. O. Qualset. 2003. Comparative DNA sequence analysis of wheat and rice genomes. Genome Res. 13: 1818-1827.
2 Stefanini, F. M. and M. W. Feldman. 2000. Bayesian estimation of range for microsatellite loci. Genet. Res. 75: 167-177.   DOI   ScienceOn
3 Strand, M., T. A. Prolla, R. M. Liskay and T. D. Petes. 1993. Destabilization of tracts of simple repetitive DNA in yeast by mutation affecting DNA mismatch repair. Nature 365: 274-276.   DOI   ScienceOn
4 Sunnucks, P. 2000. Efficient genetic markers for population biology. Trends Ecol. Evol. 15: 199-203.   DOI   ScienceOn
5 Takayama, K., B. -Y. Sun and T. F. Stuessy. 2011. Genetic consequences of anagenetic speciation in Acer okamotoanum (Sapindaceae) on Ullung Island, Korea. Ann Bot. doi: 10.1093/aob/mcr280.
6 Tanksley, S. D., M. W. Ganal, J. P. Prince, M. C. de Vicente, M. W. Bonierbale, P. Broun, T. M. Fulton, J. J. Giovannoni, S. Grandillo, G. B. Martin, R. Messeguer, J. C. Miller, L. Miller, A. H. Paterson, O. Pineda, M. S. Roder, R. A. Wing, W. Wu and N. D. Young. 1992. High density molecular linkage maps of the tomato and potato genomes. Genetics 132: 1141-1160.
7 Tanksley, S. D., R. Bernatzky, N. L. Lapitan and J. P. Prince. 1988. Conservation of gene repertoire but not gene order in pepper and tomato. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 85: 6419-6423.   DOI   ScienceOn
8 Tehrani, M. S., M. M. Mardi, J. Sahebi, P. Catalan and A. Diaz -Perez. 2009. Genetic diversity and structure among Iranian tall fescue populations based on genomic-SSR and EST-SSR marker analysis. Plant. Syst. Evol. 282: 57-70.   DOI
9 Thiel, T., W. Michalek, R. K. Varshney and A, Graner. 2003. Exploiting EST databases for the development of cDNA derived microsatellite markers in barley (HordeumvulgareL.) Theor. Appl. Genet. 106: 411-422.
10 Thuillet, A. -C., D. Bru, J. David, P. Roumet, S. Santoni, P. Sourdille and T. Bataillon. 2002. Direct estimation of mutation rate for 10 microsatellite loci in durum wheat, Triticum turgidum (L.) Thell. ssp durum desf. Mol. Biol. Evol. 19: 122-125.   DOI   ScienceOn
11 Valdes, A. M., M. Slatkin and N. B. Freimer. 1993. Allele frequencies at microsatellite loci: the stepwise mutation model revisited. Genetics 133: 737-749.
12 Varshney, R. K., A. Graner and M. E. Sorrells. 2005. Genic microsatellite markers in plants: features and applications. Trends Biotechnol. 23: 48-55.   DOI   ScienceOn
13 Wordley, C., J. Slate and J. Stapley. 2011. Mining online genomic resources in Anolis carolinensis facilitates rapid and inexpensive development of cross-species microsatellite markers for the Anolis lizard genus. Mol. Ecol. Res. 11: 126-133.   DOI   ScienceOn
14 Vigouroux, Y., J. S. Jaqueth, Y. Matsuoka, O. S. Smith, W. D. Beavis, J. Stephen, C. Smith and J. Doebley. 2002. Rate and pattern of mutation at microsatellite loci in Maize. Mol. Biol. Evol. 19: 1251-1260.   DOI   ScienceOn
15 Wu, D. Y., L. Ugozzoli, B. K. Pal and R. B. Wallace. 1991. The effect of temperature and oligonucleotide primer length on the specificity and efficiency of amplification by the polymerase chain reaction. DNA. Cell. Biol. 10: 233-238.
16 Wang, D., J. Shi, S. R. Carlson, P. B. Cregan, R. W. Ward and B. W. Diers. 2003. A low-cost, high-throughput polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis system for genotyping with microsatellite DNA markers. Crop sci. 43: 1828-1832.   DOI
17 Volfovsky, N., B. J. Haas and S. L. Salzberg. 2001. A clustering method for repeat analysis in DNA sequences. Genome Biol. 2: research0027.1-0027.11.   DOI
18 Wang, M. L., N. A. Barkley and T. M. Jenkins. 2009. Microsatellite markers in plants and insects. Part I: applications of biotechnology. Genes, Genomes and Genomics 3: 54-67.
19 Wu, K. -S. and S. D. Tanksley. 1993. Abundance polymorphism and genetic mapping of microsatellites in rice. Mol. Gen. Genet. 241: 225-235.   DOI
20 Yu, J. -N., C. Won, J. Jun, Y. Lim and M. Kwak. 2011. Fast and cost-effective mining of microsatellite markers using NGS technology: an example of a Korean water deer hydropotes inermis argyropus. PLoS ONE 6: e26933. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026933.   DOI
21 Zane, L., L. Bargelloni and T. Patarnello. 2002. Strategies for microsatellite isolation: a review. Mol. Ecol. 11: 1-16.   DOI   ScienceOn
22 Zeng, L., T. -R. Kwon, X. Liu, C. Wilson, C. M. Grieve and G. B. Gregorio. 2004. Genetic diversity analyzed by microsatellite markers among rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes with different adaptations to saline soils. Plant Sci. 166: 1275-1285.   DOI   ScienceOn
23 Zhao, X. and G. Kochert. 1993. Phylogenetic distribution and genetic mapping of a $(GGC)_n$ microsatellite from rice (Oryza sativa L.). Plant Mol. Biol. 21: 607-614.   DOI   ScienceOn
24 Zhivotovsky, L. A. 1999. A new genetic distance with application to constrained variation at microsatellite loci. Mol. Biol. Evol. 16: 467-471.   DOI   ScienceOn
25 Zhivotovsky, L. A., A. bennett, A. M. Bowcock and M. W. Feldman. 2000. Human population expansion and microsatellite variation. Mol. Biol. Evol. 7: 757-767.
26 Zhu, H., H. -K. Choi, D. R. Cook and R. C. Shoemaker. 2005. Bridging model and crop legumes through comparative genomics. Plant Physiol. 137: 1189-1196.   DOI   ScienceOn
27 Baek, H. -J., M. -S. Yoon, H. -H. Kim, J. Lee, K. -L. Park, Y. -H. Cho and W. -Y. Choi. 2004. Diversity and relationships among Korean barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) germplasm by microsatellite. Korean J. Breed. 36: 249-259.
28 Ainsworth, E. A., P. J. Tranel, B. G. Drake and S. P. Long. 2003. The clonal structure of Quercus geminata revealed by conserved microsatellite loci. Mol. Ecol. 12: 527-532.   DOI   ScienceOn
29 Akkaya, M. S., A. A. Bhagwatt and P. B. Cregan. 1992. Length polymorphisms of simple sequence repeat DNA in soybean. Genetics 132: 1131-1139.
30 Asif, M., Mehboob-ur-Rahman, J. I. Mirza and Y. Zafar. 2008. High resolution metaphor agarose gel electrophoresis for genotyping with microsatellite markers. Pak. J. Agri. Sci. 45: 75-79.
31 Baruah, A., V. Naik, P. S. Hendre, R. Rajkumar, P. Rajendrakumar and R. K. Aggarwal. 2003. Isolation and characterization of nine microsatellite markers from Coffea arabica L., showing wide cross-species amplifications. Mol. Ecol. Notes. 3: 647-650.   DOI   ScienceOn
32 Bassam, B. J., G. C. Anolles and P. M. Gresshoff. 1991. Fast and sensitive silver staining of DNA in polyacrylamide gels. Anal. Biochem. 196: 80-83.   DOI   ScienceOn
33 Berg, J., R. Neumann, H. Cederberg, U. Rannug and A. J. Jeffereys. 2003. Two modes of germline instability at human minisatellite MS1 (locus D1S7): complex rearrangements and paradoxical hyperdeletion. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 72: 1326-1447.
34 Brinkmann, B., M. Klintschar, F. Neuhuber, J. Hühne and B. Rolf. 1998. Mutation rate in human microsatellites: influence of the structure and length of the tandem repeat. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 62: 1408-1415.   DOI   ScienceOn
35 Brownstein, M. J., J. D. Carpten and J. R. Smith. 1996. Modulation of non-templated nucleotide addition by Taq DNA polymerase: primer modifications that facilitate genotyping. BioTechniques 20: 1004-1010.
36 Butler, J. M. 2005. Forensic DNA typing: biology, technology, and genetics of STR markers (2nd Edition). Elsevier Academic Press, New York. Pp. 331-333.
37 Calabrese, P. and R. Currett. 2003. Dinucleotide repeats in the drosophila and human genomes have complex, length-dependent mutation processes. Mol. Biol. Evol. 20: 715-725.   DOI   ScienceOn
38 Chabane, K., G. A. Ablett, G. M. Cordeiro, J. Valkoun and R. J. Henry. 2005. EST versus genomic derived microsatellite markers for genotyping wild and cultivated barley. Genet. Resour. Crop. Evol. 52: 903-909.   DOI   ScienceOn
39 Choi, H. S., Y. Y. Kim, K. N. Hong, Y. P. Hong and J. O. Hyun. 2005. Genetic structure of a population of Quercus acutissima in Korea revealed by microsatellite marker. Korean J. Genetics. 27: 267-271.
40 Cho, Y. -I., J. -H. Park, C. -W. Lee, W. -H. Ra, J. -W. Chung, J. -R. Lee, K. -H. Ma, S. -Y. Lee, K. -S. Lee, M. -C. Lee and Y. -J Park. 2011. Evaluation of the genetic diversity and population structure of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) using microsatellite markers. Genes & Genomics 33: 2187-2195.
41 Corujo, M., G. Blanco, E. Vazquez and J. A. Sanchez. 2004. Genetic structure of northwestern Spanish brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) populations, differences between microsatellite and allozyme loci. Hereditas 141: 258-271.
42 Dakin, E. E. and J. C. Avise. 2004. Microsatellite null alleles in parentage analysis. Heredity 93: 504-509.   DOI   ScienceOn
43 Dewalt, S. J., E. Siemann and W. E. Rogers. 2011. Geographic distribution of genetic variation among native and introduced populations of Chinese tallow tree, Triadica sebifera (Euphorbiaceae). Am. J. Bot. 98: 1128-1138.   DOI
44 Diwan N. and P. B. Cregan. 1997. Automated sizing of fluorescent- labeled simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers to assay genetic variation in soybean. Theor. Appl. Genet. 95: 723-733.   DOI   ScienceOn
45 Doganlar, S., A. Frary, M. -C. Daunay, R. N. Lester and S. D. Tanksley. 2002. A comparative genetic linkage map of eggplant (Solanum melongena) and its implications for genome evolution in the Solanaceae. Genetics 161: 1607-1711.
46 Ellegren, H. 2000. Microsatellite mutations in the germline: implications for evolutionary inference. Trends. Genet. 16: 551-558.   DOI   ScienceOn
47 Ellegren, H. 2004. Microsatellites: simple sequences with complex evolution. Nat. Rev. Genet. 5: 435-445.
48 Feldman, M. W., A. Bergman, D. D. Pollock and D. B. Goldstein. 1997. Microsatellite genetic distances with range constraints: analytic description and problems of estimation. Genetics 145: 207-216.
49 Gao, L., J. Tang, H. Li and J. Jia. 2003. Analysis of microsatellites in major crops assessed by computational and experimental approaches. Mol. Breed. 12: 245-261.   DOI   ScienceOn
50 Gaino, A. P. S. C., A. M. Silva, M. A. Moraes, P. F. Alves, M. L. T. Moraes, M. L. M. Freitas and A. M. Sebbenn. 2010. Understanding the effects of isolation on seed and pollen flow, spatial genetic structure and effective population size of the dioecious tropical tree species Myracrodruon urundeuva. Conserv. Genet. 11: 1631-1643.   DOI   ScienceOn
51 Garza, J. C., M. Slatkin and N. B. Feimer. 1995. Microsatellite allele frequencies in humans and chimpanzees, with implications for constraints on allele size. Mol. Biol. Evol. 12: 594-603.
52 Grisi, M. C. M., M. W. Blair, P. Gepts, C. Brondani, P. A. A. Pereira and R. P. V. Brondani. 2007. Genetic mapping of a new set of microsatellite markers in a reference common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) population BAT93 x Jalo EEP558. Genet. Mol. Res. 6: 691-706.
53 Gross, B. L., A. E. Schwarzbach and L. H. Rosenberg. 2003. Origin(s) of the diploid hybrid species Helianthus deserticola (Asteraceae). Amer. J. Bot. 90: 1708-1719.   DOI   ScienceOn
54 Gupta, P. K., H. S. Balyan, P. C. Sharma and B. Ramesh. 1996. Microsatellites in plants: a new class of molecular markers. Curr. Sci. 70: 45-54.
55 Hause, X. Y. and M. Litt. 1993. A study of the origin of 'shadow band' seen when typing dinucleotide repeat polymorphisms by the PCR. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2: 411-415.   DOI   ScienceOn
56 Hu, C. -T. and K. M. O'Shaughnessy. 2001. Glycerol-enhanced minipolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for the separation of differentially expressed DNA fragments in cDNA representational difference analysis. Electrophoresis 22:1063-1068.   DOI   ScienceOn
57 Hughes, M., M. Moller, T. J. Edwards, D. U. Bellstedt and M. De Villiers. 2007. The impact of pollination syndrome and habitat on gene flow: a comparative study of two Streptocarpus (Gesneriaceae) species. Am. J. Bot. 94: 1688-1695.   DOI   ScienceOn
58 Jarne, P. and P. J. L. Lagoda. 1996. Microsatellites, from molecules to populations and back. Trends Ecol. Evol. 11: 424-429.   DOI   ScienceOn
59 Karp, A., P. G. Isaac and D. S. Ingram. 1998. Molecular tools for screening biodiversity: plants and animals. Chapman and Hall, London.
60 Kalia, R. K., M. K. Rai, S. Kalia, R. Singh and A. K. Dhawan. 2011. Microsatellite markers: an overview of the recent progress in plants. Euphytica 177: 309-334.   DOI
61 Kim, H. S., K. G. Park, S. B. Baek, S. J. Suh and J. H. Nam. 2002. Genetic diversity of barley cultivars as revealed by SSR markers. Korean J. Crop. Sci. 47: 379-383.
62 Kim, J. and K. W. Chung. 2007. Isolation of new microsatellite-containing sequences in Acanthopanax senticosus. J. Plant Biol. 50: 557-561.   DOI
63 Kim, J., B. H. Jo, K. L. Lee, E. S. Yoon, G. H. Ryu and K. W. Chung. 2007. Identification of new microsatellite markers in Panax ginseng. Mol. Cells. 24: 60-68.
64 Kimmel, M. and R. Chakraborty. 1996. Measures of variation at DNA repeat loci under a general stepwise mutation model. Theor. Popul. Biol. 50: 345-367.   DOI   ScienceOn
65 Kimura, M. and J. F. Crow. 1964. The number of alleles that can be maintained in a finite population. Genetics 49: 725-738.
66 Kimura, M. and T. Ohta. 1978. Stepwise mutational model and distribution of allelic frequencies in a finite population. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 75: 2868-2872.   DOI   ScienceOn
67 King, J., D. Thorogood, K. J. Edwards, I. P. Armstead, L. Roberts, K. Skot, Z. Hanley and I. P. King. 2008. Development of a genomic microsatellite library in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and its use in trait mapping. Ann. Bot. 101: 845-853.   DOI   ScienceOn
68 Koch, M. A. and M. Kiefer. 2005. Genome evolution among cruciferous plants: a lecture from the comparison of the genetic maps of three diploid species - Capsella rubella, Arabidopsis lyrata subsp. petraea and Arabidopsis thaliana. Amer. J. Bot. 92: 761-767.   DOI   ScienceOn
69 Kondo, H., T. Tahira, H. Hayashi, K. Oshima and K. Hayashi. 2000. Microsatellite genotyping of post-PCR fluorescently labeled markers. BioTechniques 29: 868-872.
70 Kondo, T., N. Nakagoshi and Y. Isagi. 2009. Shaping of genetic structure along Pleistocene and modern river systems in the hydrochorous riparian azalea, Rhododendron ripense (Ericaceae). Am. J. Bot. 96: 1532-1543.   DOI   ScienceOn
71 Kramer, A. T., J. B. Fant and M. V Ashley. 2010. Influences of landscape and pollinators on population genetic structure: examples from three Penstemon (Plantaginaceae) species in the Great Basin. Am. J. Bot. 98: 109-121.
72 Kwak, M., J. Kami and P. Gepts. 2009. The putative Mesoamerican domestication center of Phaseolus vulgaris is located in the Lerma-Santiago basin of Mexico. Crop Sci. 49: 554-563.   DOI
73 Kwon, S. J., S. N. Ahn, J. P. Suh, H. C. Hong, Y. K. Kim, H. G. Hwang, H. P. Moon and H. C. Choi. 2000. Genetic diversity of Korean native rice varieties. Korean J. Breed. 32: 186-193.
74 Kwon, Y. -S., J. -H. Hong and K. -J. Choi. 2011. Genetic diversity of Korean barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) varieties using microsatellite markers. Kor. J. Breed. Sci. 43: 243-250.
75 Kwon, Y. -S., J. -M. Lee, G. -B. Yi, S. -I. Yi, K. -M. Kim, E. -H. Soh, K. -M. Bae, E. -K. Park, I. -H. Song and B. -D. Kim. 2005. Use of SSR markers to complement tests of distinctiveness, uniformity, and stability (DUS) of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) varieties. Mol. Cells. 19: 428-435.
76 Kwon, Y. -S., S. -G. Park and S. -I. Yi. 2009. Assessment of genetic variation among commercial tomato (Solanum lycopersicon) varieties using SSR markers and morphological characteristics. Genes & Genomics 31: 1-10.   DOI   ScienceOn
77 Kwon, Y. -S., Y. -H. Oh, S. -I. Yi, H. -Y. Kim, J. -M. An, S. -G. Yang, S. -H. Ok and J. -S. Shin. 2010. Informative SSR makers for commercial variety discrimination in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus). Genes & Genomics 32: 115-122.   DOI   ScienceOn
78 Lagercrantz, U. and D. J. Lydiate. 1996. Comparative genome mapping in Brassica. Genetics 144: 1903-1910.
79 Lee, D. -H., J. -H. Lee and B. -H. Choi. 2011. Isolation and characterization of 10 microsatellite loci from Korean Leontopodium japonicum (Asteraceae). Am. J. Bot. 98: e183-e184.   DOI
80 Lee, H., H. H. Cho, I. -C. Kim, J. H. Yim, H. K. Lee and Y. K. Lee. 2008. Expressed sequence tag analysis of antarctic hairgrass Deschampsia antarctica from King George Island, Antarctica. Mol. Cells. 25: 258-264.
81 Lee, J. -H., M. -H. Park, G. -S. Min and B. -H. Choi. 2010. Isolation and characterization of 13 microsatellite loci from Korean Quercus acuta (Fagaceae). J. Plant Biol. 53: 201-204.   DOI
82 Lee, J. K. and N. -S. Kim. 2007. Genetic diversity and relationships of cultivated and weedy types of Perilla frutescens collected from East Asia revealed by microsatellite marker. Korean J. Breed. Sci. 39: 491-499.
83 Lee, K. M., Y. Y. Kim and J. O. Hyun. 2011. Genetic variation in populations of Populus davidiana Dode based on microsatellite marker analysis. Genes & Genomics 33: 163-171.   DOI   ScienceOn
84 Leimu, R., P. Mutikainen, J. Koricheva and M. Fiscer. 2006. How general are positive relationships between plant population size, fitness and genetic variation? J. Ecol. 94: 942-952.   DOI   ScienceOn
85 Li, G., S. -W. Kwon, Y. M. Choi and Y. -J. Park. 2011. Genetic diversity analysis of mungbean accessions from east and central Asia using SSR markers. Korean J. Intl. Agri. 23: 185-191.
86 Li, X., L. Shangguan, C. Song, C. Wang, Z. Gao, H. Yu and J. Fang. 2010. Analysis of expressed sequence tags from Prunus mume flower and fruit and development of simple sequence repeat markers. BMC Genet. 11: 66.
87 Lindqvist, C., A. -C. Scheen, M. -J. Yoo, P. Grey, D. G. Oppenheimer, J. H. Leebens-Mack, D. E. Soltis, P. S. Soltis and V. A. Albert. 2006. An expressed sequence tag (EST) library from developing fruits of an Hawaiian endemic mint (Stenogyne rugosa, Lamiaceae): characterization and microsatellite markers. BMC Plant Biol. 6: 16.   DOI
88 Ma, K. -H., A. Dixit, Y. -C. Kim, D. -Y. Lee, T. -S. Kim, E. -G. Cho and Y. -J. Park. 2007. Development and characterization of new microsatellite markers for ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer). Conserv. Genet. 8: 1507-1509.   DOI   ScienceOn
89 Magnuson, V. L., D. S. Ally, S. J. Nylund, Z. E. Karanjawala, J. B. Rayman, J. I. Knapp, A. L. Lowe, S. Ghosh and F. S. Collins. 1996. Substrate nucleotide-determined non-templated addition of adenine by Taq DNA polymerase: implications for PCR-based genotyping and cloning. BioTechniques 21: 700-709.
90 Mandel, J. R. 2010. Clonal diversity, spatial dynamics, and small genetic population size in the rare sunflower, Helianthus verticillatus. Conserv. Genet. 11: 2055-2059.   DOI   ScienceOn
91 Matsumoto, T., W. Yukawa, Y. Nozaki, R. Nakashige, M. Shinya, S. Makino, M. Yagura, T. Ikuta, T. Imanishi, H. Inoko, G. Tamiya and T. Gogobori. 2004. Novel algorithm for automated genotyping of microsatellites. Nucl. Acids Res. 32: 6069-6077.   DOI
92 Matsuoka, Y., Y. Vigouroux, M. M. Goodman, G. J. Sanchez, E. Buckler and J. Doebley. 2002. A single domestication for maize shown by multilocus microsatellite genotyping. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 99: 6080-6084.   DOI   ScienceOn
93 Metzker, M. L. 2010. Sequencing technologies - the next generation. Genetics 11: 31-46.
94 Moore, G., K. M. Devos, Z. Wang and M. D. Gale. 1995. Cereal genome evolution. Grasses, line up and form a circle. Curr. Biol. 5: 737-739.   DOI   ScienceOn
95 Morgante, M. and A. M. Olivieri. 1993. PCR-amplified microsatellites as markers in plant genetics. Plant J. 3: 175-182.   DOI   ScienceOn
96 Mudunuri, S. B., A. A. Rao, S. Pallamsetty, P. Mishra and H. A. Nagarajaram. 2009. VMD: viral microsatellite database-A comprehensive resource for all viral microsatellites. J. Comput. Sci. Syst. Biol. 2: 283-286.   DOI
97 Murray, V., C. Monchawin and P. R. England. 1993. The determination of the sequences present in the shadow bands of a dinucleotide repeat PCR. Nucl. Acids Res. 21: 2395-2398.   DOI   ScienceOn
98 Nauta, M. J. and F. J. Weissing. 1996. Constraints on allele size at microsatellite loci: implications for genetic differentiation. Genetics 143: 1021-1032.
99 Navascues, M. and B. C. Emerson. 2005. Chloroplast microsatellites: measures of genetic diversity and the effect of homoplasy. Mol. Ecol. 14: 1333-1341.   DOI   ScienceOn
100 Nishizawa, T., Y. Watano, E. Kinoshita and K. Ueda. 2005. Pollen movement in a natural population of Arisaema Serratum (Araceae), a plant with a pitfall-trap flower pollination system. Am. J. Bot. 92: 1114-1123.   DOI   ScienceOn
101 Ohta, T. and M. Kimura. 1973. A model of mutation appropriate to estimate the number of electrophoretically detectable alleles in a finite population. Genet. Res. 22: 201-204.   DOI
102 Nunome, T., S. Negoro, K. Miyatake, H. Yamaguchi and H. Fukuoka. 2006. A protocol for the construction of microsatellite enriched genomic library. Plant Mol. Biol. Rep. 24: 305-312.   DOI   ScienceOn
103 Nybom, H. 2004. Comparison of different nuclear DNA markers for estimating intraspecific genetic diversity in plants. Mol. Ecol. 13: 1143-1155.   DOI   ScienceOn
104 O'Connell, L. M. and K. Ritland. 2004. Somatic mutations at microsatellite loci in western redcedar (Thuja plicata: Cupressaceae) J. Hered. 95: 172-176.   DOI
105 Park, S. W., Y. S. Hyun and K. W. Chung. 2009. Genetic polymorphism of microsatellite markers in Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. J. Ginseng Res. 33: 199-205.   DOI
106 Parker, P. G., A. A. Snow, M. D. Schug, G. C. Booton and P. A. Fuerst. 1998. What molecules can tell us about populations: choosing and using a molecular marker. Ecology 79: 361-382.
107 Peakall, R., S. Gilmore, W. Keys, M. Morgante and A. Rafalski. 1998. Cross-species amplification of soybean (Glycine max) simple sequence repeats (SSRs) within the genus and other legume genera: implications for the transferability of SSRs in plants. Mol. Biol. Evol. 15: 1275-1287.   DOI   ScienceOn
108 Pfosser, M. F., J. Guzy-Wrobelska, B. -Y. Sun, T. F. Stuessy, T. Sugawara and N. Fujii. 2002. The origin of species of Acer (Sapindaceae) endemic to Ullung Island, Korea. Syst. Bot. 27: 351-367.
109 Pollock, D. D., A. Bergman, M. W. Feldman and D. B. Goldstein. 1998. Microsatellite behavior with range constraints: parameter estimation and improved distances for use in phylogenetic reconstruction. Theor. Popul. Biol. 53: 256-271.   DOI   ScienceOn
110 Roa, A. C., P. Chavarriaga-Aguirre, M. C. Duque, M. M. Maya, M. W. Bonierbale, C. Iglesias and J. Tohme. 2000. Cross-species amplification of cassava (Manihot esculenta) (Euphorbiaceae) microsatellites: allelic polymorphism and degree of relationship. Am. J. Bot. 87: 1647-1655.   DOI   ScienceOn
111 Schotter, C. 2004. The evolution of molecular markers - just a matter of fashion? Nat. Rev. Genet. 5: 63-69.   DOI
112 Saha, S., M. Karaca, J. N. Jenkins, A. E. Zipf, O. U. K. Reddy and R. V. Kantety. 2003. Simple sequence repeats as useful resources to study transcribed genes of cotton. Euphytica 130: 355-364.   DOI   ScienceOn
113 Sakaguchi, S., Y. Takeuchi, M. Yamasaki, S. Sakurai and Y. Isagi. 2011. Lineage admixture during postglacial range expansion is responsible for the increased gene diversity of Kalopanax septemlobus in a recently colonised territory. Heredity 107: 338-348.   DOI   ScienceOn
114 Schlotterer, C. 2000. Evolutionary dynamics of microsatellite DNA. Chromosoma 109: 365-371.   DOI   ScienceOn
115 Schotter, C. and D. Tautz. 1992. Slippage synthesis of simple sequence DNA. Nucl. Acids Res. 20: 211-215.   DOI   ScienceOn
116 Schuelke, M. 2000. An economic method for the fluorescent labeling of PCR fragments. Nat. Biotechnol. 18: 233-234.   DOI   ScienceOn
117 Schug, M. D., T. F. C. Mackay and C. F. Aquadro. 1997. Low mutation rates of microsatellite loci in Drosophila melanogaster. Nat. Genet. 15: 99-102.   DOI   ScienceOn
118 Scott, K. D., P. Eggler, G. Seaton, M. Rossetto, E. M. Ablett, L. S. Lee and R. J. Henry. 2000. Analysis of SSRs derived from grape ESTs. Theor. Appl. Genet. 100: 723-726.   DOI   ScienceOn
119 Shokeen, B., S. Choudhary, N. K. Sethy and S. Bhatia. 2011. Development of SSR and gene-targeted markers for construction of a framework linkage map of Catharanthus roseus. Ann. Bot. 108: 321-336.   DOI   ScienceOn
120 Shriver, M. D., L. Jin, R. Chakraborty and E. Boerwinkle. 1993. VNTR allele frequency distribution under the stepwise mutation model: a computer simulation approach. Genetics 134: 983-993.
121 Siragusa, M. and F. Carini. 2009. Development of specific primers for cpSSR analysis in caper, olive and grapevine using consensus chloroplast primer pairs. Sci. Hortic. 120: 14-21.   DOI   ScienceOn