Browse > Article

Unexpected Estrogenicity of Endocrine Disruptors may Evoke a Failure of Pregnancy Derived from Uterine Function: Overview of Their Possible Mechanism(s) through Steroid Receptors  

Dang, V.H. (Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University)
Nguyen, T.H. (Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University)
Choi, K.C. (Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia)
Jeung, E.B. (Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University)
Publication Information
Journal of Embryo Transfer / v.22, no.4, 2007 , pp. 199-208 More about this Journal
Abstract
Although many studies have focused on the biological and toxicological effects of phenol products, in particular, in reproductive tracts, the data about their effects in this estrogenic responsive tissue are much less clear. In addition, the in vitro and in vivo data concerning ED-adverse impacts in other endocrine organs, i.e. pituitary gland, are not understood well either. Thus, a further study is needed for providing a new insight into possible impacts of estrogenic EDs including phenol products in humans and wildlife. A combination of in vitro and in vivo system for examining EDs may bring better understanding into the regulatory mechanisms underlying EDs-induced events. In addition, this information may support for developing optimal screening methods of estrogenic EDs, in particular, phenol products.
Keywords
endocrine disruptors; estrogenicity; cDNA microarray; uterotrophic;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Dang VH, Choi KC, Hyun SH and Jeung EB. 2007a. Analysis of gene expression profiles in the offspring of rats following maternal exposure to xenoestrogens. Reprod. Toxicol., 23:42-54   DOI   ScienceOn
2 Gorski J, Stormshak F, Harris J and Wertz N. 1977. Hormone regulation of growth: stimulatory and inhibitory influences of estrogens on DNA synthesis. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health., 3:271-279   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
3 Ren L, Marquardt MA and Lech JJ. 1997. Estrogenic effects of nonylphenol on pS2, ER and MUCI gene expression in human breast cancer cells-MCF-7. Chem. Biol. Interact., 104:55-64   DOI   ScienceOn
4 Watanabe H, Suzuki A, Kobayashi M, Takahashi E, Itamoto M, Lubahn DB, Handa H and Iguchi T. 2003. Analysis of temporal changes in the expression of estrogen-regulated genes in the uterus. J. Mol. Endocrinol., 30: 347-358   DOI   ScienceOn
5 Wenger CR, Beardslee S, Owens MA, Pounds G, Oldaker T, Vendely P, Pandian MR, Harrington D, Clark GM and McGuire WL. 1993. DNA ploidy, S-phase, and steroid receptors in more than 127,000 breast cancer patients. Breast. Cancer. Res. Treat., 28:9-20   DOI
6 Arnold SF, Robinson MK, Notides AC, Guillette LJ and McLachlan JA. 1996. A yeast estrogen screen for examining the relative exposure of cells to natural and xenoestrogens. Environ. Health. Perspect., 104:544-548   DOI
7 Baker ME. 1997. Steroid receptor phylogeny and vertebrate origins. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol., 135:101-107   DOI   ScienceOn
8 Bulayeva NN, Gametchu B and Watson CS. 2004. Quantitative measurement of estrogen-induced ERK I and 2 activation via multiple membrane-initiated signaling pathways. Steroids., 69:181-192   DOI   ScienceOn
9 Dang VH, Choi KC and Jeung EB. 2007c. Tetrabromodiphenyl Ether (BDE 47) evokes estrogenicity and calbindin-D9k expression through an estrogen receptor-mediated pathway in the uterus of immature rats. Toxicol. Sci., 97: 504-511   DOI   ScienceOn
10 Choi SM and Lee BM. 2004. An alternative mode of action of endocrine-disrupting chemicals and chemoprevention. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health. B. Crit. Rev., 7:451-463   DOI   ScienceOn
11 Dhar DK, Wang TC, Maruyama R, Udagawa J, Kubota H, Fuji T, Tachibana M, Ono T, Otani Hand Nagasue N. 2003. Expression of cytoplasmic TFF2 is a marker of tu-mor metastasis and negative prognostic factor m gastric cancer. Lab. Invest., 83:1343-1352   DOI   ScienceOn
12 Escriva H, Safi R, Hanni C, Langlois MC, Saumitou-Laprade P, Stehelin D, Capron A, Pierce R and Laudet V. 1997. Ligand binding was acquired during evolution of nuclear receptors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 94:6803-6808
13 Galand P, Leroy F and Chretien J. 1971. Effect of oestradiol on cell proliferation and histological changes in the uterus and vagina of mice. J. Endocrinol., 49:243-252   DOI   ScienceOn
14 Gray LE and Ostby J. 1998. Effects of pesticides and toxic substances on behavioral and morphological reproductive development: endocrine versus nonendocrine mechanisms. Toxicol. Ind. Health., 14:159-184   DOI   PUBMED
15 Hong EJ, Choi KC and Jeung EB. 2005. Maternal exposure to bisphenol a during late pregnancy resulted in an increase of Calbindin-D9k mRNA and protein in maternal and postnatal rat uteri. J. Reprod. Dev., 51 :499-508   DOI   ScienceOn
16 Korach KS, Chae K, Gibson M and Curtis S. 1991. Estrogen receptor stereochemistry: ligand binding and hormonal responsiveness. Steroids., 56:263-270   DOI   ScienceOn
17 Hong EJ, Park SH, Choi KC, Leung PC and Jeung EB. 2006. Identification of estrogen-regulated genes by microarray analysis of the uterus of immature rats exposed to endocrine disrupting chemicals. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol., 4:49   DOI   ScienceOn
18 Jensen Y, Ladekarl M, Holm-Nielsen P, Melsen F and Soerensen FB. 1995. The prognostic value of oncogenic antigen 519 (OA-519) expression and proliferative activity detected by antibody MIB-1 in node-negative breast cancer. J. Pathol., 176:343-352   DOI   ScienceOn
19 Jones RC and Edgren RA. 1973. The effects of various steroids on the vaginal histology in the rat. Fertil. Steril., 24: 284-291   DOI   PUBMED
20 Kuiper GG, Enmark E, Pelto-Huikko M, Nilsson Sand Gustafsson JA. 1996. Cloning of a novel receptor expressed in rat prostate and ovary. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 93: 5925-5930
21 Mathieu CL, Mills SE, Burnett SH, Cloney DL, Bruns DE and Bruns ME. 1989. The presence and estrogen control of immunoreactive calbindin-D9k in the fallopian tube of the rat. Endocrinology., 125:2745-2750   DOI   ScienceOn
22 Miller S, Kennedy D, Thomson J, Han F, Smith R, Ing N, Piedrahita J and Busbee D. 2000. A rapid and sensitive reporter gene that uses green fluorescent protein expression to detect chemicals with estrogenic activity. Toxicol. Sci., 55:69-77   DOI   ScienceOn
23 Naciff JM, Jump ML, Torontali SM, Carr GJ, Tiesman JP, Overmann GJ and Daston GP. 2002. Gene expression profile induced by 17 alpha-ethynyl estradiol, bisphenol A, and genistein in the developing female reproductive system of the rat. Toxicol. Sci., 68:184-199   DOI   ScienceOn
24 Roche C, Bellaton C, Pansu D, Miller A and Bronner F. 1986. Localization of vitamin D-dependent active $CA^{2+}$ transport in rat duodenum and relation to CaBP. Am. J. Physiol., 251: 0314-320
25 Nagel SC, vom Saal, FS, Thayer KA, Dhar MG, Boechler M and Welshons WV. 1997. Relative binding affinity-serum modified access (RBA-SMA) assay predicts the relative in vivo bioactivity of the xenoestrogens bisphenol A and octylphenol. Environ. Health. Perspect., 105 :70-76   DOI
26 Nephew KP, Tang M and Khan SA. 1994. Estrogen differentially affects c-jun expression in uterine tissue compartments. Endocrinology, 134:1827-1834   DOI   ScienceOn
27 Nguyen TH, Lee GS, Ji YK, Choi KC, Lee CK and Jeung EB. 2005. A calcium binding protein, calbindin-D9k, is mainly regulated by estrogen in the pituitary gland of rats during estrous cycle. Brain. Res. Mol. Brain. Res., 141:166-173   DOI   ScienceOn
28 Roy D, Palangat M, Chen CW, Thomas RD, Colerangle J, Atkinson A and Van ZJ. 1997. Biochemical and molecular changes at the cellular level in response to exposure to environmental estrogen-like chemicals. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health., 50:1-29   DOI   ScienceOn
29 Tinwell H, Joiner R, Pate I, Soames A, Foster J and Ashby J. 2000. Uterotrophic activity of bisphenol A in the immature mouse. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 32:118-126   DOI   ScienceOn
30 Wang X, Jones TD, Maclennan GT, Yang XJ, Lopez-Beltran A, Eble JN, Koch MO, Lin H, Baldridge LA, Tretiakova M and Cheng L. 2005. P53 expression in small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder: biological and prognostic implications. Anticancer. Res., 25:2001-2004   PUBMED
31 Dupret JM, L'Horset F, Perret C, Bernaudin JF and Thomasset M. 1992. Calbindin-D9K gene expression in the lung of the rat. Absence of regulation by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and estrogen. Endocrinology, 131 :2643-2648   DOI   ScienceOn
32 Watanabe H, Suzuki A, Goto M, Lubahn DB, Handa Hand Iguchi T. 2004. Tissue-specific estrogenic and non-estrogenic effects ofaxenoestrogen, nonylphenol. J. Mol. Endocrinol., 33:243-252   DOI   ScienceOn
33 Watanabe H, Suzuki A, Mizutani T, Khono S, Lubahn DB, Handa H and Iguchi T. 2002. Genome-wide analysis of changes in early gene expression induced by oestrogen. Genes. Cells., 7:497-507   DOI   ScienceOn
34 Jeung EB, Krisinger J, Dann JL and Leung PC. 1992. Molecular cloning of the full-length cDNA encoding the human calbindin-D9k. FEBS. Lett., 307:224-228   DOI   ScienceOn
35 Soto AM, Sonnenschein C, Chung KL, Fernandez MF, Olea N and Serrano FO. 1995. The E-SCREEN assay as a tool to identify estrogens: an update on estrogenic environmental pollutants. Environ. Health. Perspect., 103: Suppl. 7, 113-122   DOI   PUBMED
36 Steinmetz R, Brown NG, Allen DL, Bigsby RM and BenJonathan N. 1997. The environmental estrogen bisphenol A stimulates prolactin release in vitro and in vivo. Endocrinology., 138: 1780-1786   DOI   ScienceOn
37 Williams K, McKinnell C, Saunders PT, Walker M, Fisher JS, Turner KJ, Atanassova N and Sharpe M. 2001. Neonatal exposure to potent and environmental oestrogens and abnormalities of the male reproductive system in the rat: Evidence for importance of the androgen-oestrogen balance and assessment of the relevance to man. Hum. Reprod. Update., 7:236-247   DOI   ScienceOn
38 Byrne JA, Mattei MG and Basset P. 1996. Definition of the tumor protein D52 (TPD52) gene family through cloning of D52 homologues in human (hD53) and mouse (mD52). Genomics., 35:523-532   DOI   ScienceOn
39 Choi KC and Jeung EB. 2003. The biomarker and endocrine disruptors in mammals. In J. Reprod. Dev., 49:337-345   DOI   ScienceOn
40 Delorme AC, Danan JL and Mathieu H. 1983. Biochemical evidence for the presence of two vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding proteins in mouse kidney. J. Biol. Chem., 258:1878-1884   PUBMED
41 Elsby R, Maggs JL, Ashby J, Paton D, Sumpter JP and Park BK. 2001b. Assessment of the effects of metabolism on the estrogenic activity of xenoestrogens: A two-stage approach coupling human liver microsomes and a yeast estrogenicity assay. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 296:329-337   PUBMED
42 Hong EJ, Choi KC and Jeung EB. 2003. Maternal-fetal transfer of endocrine disruptors in the induction of Calbindin-D9k mRNA and protein during pregnancy in rat model. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol., 212:63-72   DOI   ScienceOn
43 Laudet V. 1997. Evolution of the nuclear receptor superfamily: early diversification from an ancestral orphan receptor. J. Mol. Endocrinol., 19:207-226   DOI   ScienceOn
44 Gardner RM, Verner G, Kirkland JL and Stance! GM. 1989. Regulation of uterine epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors by estrogen in the mature rat and during the estrous cycle. J. Steroid. Biochem., 32:339-343   DOI   ScienceOn
45 Hong EJ, Choi KC, Jung YW, Leung PC and Jeung EB. 2004b. Transfer of maternally injected endocrine disruptors through breast milk during lactation induces neonatal Calbindin-D9k in the rat model. Reprod. Toxicol., 18:661-668   DOI   ScienceOn
46 Kirkland JL, LaPointe L, Justin E and Stancel GM. 1979. Effects of estrogen on mitosis in individual cell types of the immature rat uterus. BioI. Reprod., 21 :269-272   DOI   ScienceOn
47 Lee GS, Kim HJ, Jung YW, Choi KC and Jeung EB. 2005. Estrogen receptor a pathway is involved in the regulation of Calbindin-D9k in the uterus of immature rats. Toxicol. Sci., 84:270-277   DOI   ScienceOn
48 Gould JC, Leonard LS, Maness SC, Wagner BL, Conner K, Zacharewski T, Safe S, McDonnell DP and Gaido KW. 1998. Bisphenol A interacts with the estrogen receptor a in a distinct manner from estradiol. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol., 142:203-214   DOI   ScienceOn
49 Gray LE, Kelce WR, Wiese T, Tyl R, Gaido K, Cook J, Klinefelter G, Desaulniers D, Wilson E, Zacharewski T, Waller C, Foster P, Laskey J, Reel J, Giesy J, Laws S, McLachlan J, Breslin W, Cooper R, Di Giulio R, Jolmson R, Purdy R, Mihaich E, Safe S and Colborn T. 1997. Endocrine screening methods workshop report: detection of estrogenic and androgenic hormonal and antihormonal activity for chemicals that act via receptor or steroidogenic enzyme mechanisms. Reprod. Toxicol., 11:719-750   DOI   ScienceOn
50 Francois E, Wang DY, Fulthorpe R, Liss SN and Edwards EA. 2003. DNA microarrays for detecting endocrine-disrupting compounds. Biotechnol. Adv., 22:17-26   DOI   ScienceOn
51 Gaido KW, Leonard LS, Lovell S, Gould JC, Babai D, Portier CJ and McDonnell DP. 1997. Evaluation of chemicals with endocrine modulating activity in a yeast-based steroid hormone receptor gene transcription assay. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 143:205-212   DOI   ScienceOn
52 Bolger R, Wiese TE, Ervin K, Nestich Sand Checovich W. 1998. Rapid screening of environmental chemicals for estrogen receptor binding capacity. Environ. Health. Perspect., 106:551-557   DOI
53 Charpentier AH, Bednarek AK, Daniel RL, Hawkins KA, Laflin KJ, Gaddis S, MacLeod MC and Aldaz CM. 2000. Effects of estrogen on global gene expression: identification of novel targets of estrogen action. Cancer. Res., 60: 5977-5983   PUBMED
54 Darwish HM and DeLuca HF. 1992. Identification of a 1,25dihydroxyvitamin D3-response element in the 5'-flanking region of the rat calbindin D-9k gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 89:603-607
55 Owens JW and Ashby J. 2002. Critical review and evaluation of the uterotrophic bioassay for the identification of possible estrogen agonists and antagonists: in support of the validation of the OECD uterotrophic protocols for the laboratory rodent. Organisation for economic co-operation and development. Crit. Rev. Toxicol., 32:445-520   DOI   ScienceOn
56 Yang HX, Jin GL, Meng L, Zhang JZ, Liu WB and Shou CC. 2005. Screening and identification of proteins interacting with nucleostemin. World. J. Gastroenterol., 11 :4812-4814   DOI   PUBMED
57 Odum J, Lefevre PA, Tittensor S, Paton D, Routledge EJ, Beresford NA, Sumpter JP and Ashby J. 1997. The rodent uterotrophic assay: critical protocol features, studies with nonyl phenols, and comparison with a yeast estrogenicity assay. Regul. Toxicol, Pharmacol., 25:176-188   DOI   ScienceOn
58 Armbrecht HJ, Boltz M, Strong R, Richardson A, Bruns ME and Christakos S. 1989. Expression of calbindin-D decreases with age in intestine and kidney. Endocrinology, 125: 2950-2956   DOI   ScienceOn
59 Elsby R, Maggs JL, Ashby J and Park BK. 2001a. Comparison of the modulatory effects of human and rat liver microsomal metabolism on the estrogenicity of bisphenol A: implications for extrapolation to humans. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 297:103-113   PUBMED
60 Frasor J, Barnett DH, Danes JM, Hess R, Parlow AF and Katzenellenbogen BS. 2003. Response-specific and ligand dose-dependent modulation of estrogen receptor (ER) $\alpha$ in the uterus. Endocrinology, 144:3159-3166   DOI   ScienceOn
61 Ham KN, Hurley N, Lopata A and Ryan GB 1970. A combined isotopic and electron microscopic study of the response of the rat uterus to exogenous oestradiol. J. Endocrinol., 46:71-8l   DOI   ScienceOn
62 White R, Jobling S, Hoare SA, Sumpter JP and Parker MG. 1994. Environmentally persistent alkylphenolic compounds are estrogenic. Endocrinology, 135: 175-182   DOI   ScienceOn
63 Howe RS, Lee YH, Fischkoff SA, Teuscher C and Lyttle CR. 1990. Glucocorticoid and progestin regulation of eosinophil chemotactic factor and complement C3 in the estrogen-treated rat uterus. Endocrinology., 126:3193-3199   DOI   ScienceOn
64 Bigsby RM and Young PC. 1994. Estrogenic effects of the antiprogestin onapristone (ZK98.299) in the rodent uterus. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 171:188-194   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
65 Clark BF. 1971. The effects of oestrogen and progesterone on uterine cell division and epithelial morphology in spayed, adrenalectomized rats. J. Endocrinol., 50:527-528   DOI   ScienceOn
66 Danzo BJ. 1997. Environmental xenobiotics may disrupt normal endocrine function by interfering with the binding of physiological ligands to steroid receptors and binding proteins. Environ. Health. Perspect., 105:294-301   DOI
67 Jeung EB, Leung PC and Krisinger J. 1994. The human calbindin-D9k gene. Complete structure and implications on steroid hormone regulation. J. Mol. Biol., 235: 1231-1238   DOI   ScienceOn
68 Heppell SA, Denslow ND, Folmar LC and Sullivan CV. 1995. Universal assay of vitellogenin as a biomarker for environmental estrogens. Environ. Health. Perspect, 103: Suppl. 7: 9-15   DOI   PUBMED
69 Kuiper GG, Carlsson B, Grandien K, Enmark E, Haggblad J, Nilsson S and Gustafsson JA. 1997. Comparison of the ligand binding specificity and transcript tissue distribution of estrogen receptors $\alpha$ and .$\beta$ Endocrinology., 138: 863-870   DOI   ScienceOn
70 Nephew KP, Peters GA and Khan SA. 1995. Cellular localization of estradiol-induced c-fos messenger ribonucleic acid in the rat uterus: c-fos expression and uterine cell proliferation do not correlate strictly. Endocrinology, 136:3007-3015   DOI   ScienceOn
71 Martin L and Finn CA. 1970. Interactions of oestradiol and progestins in the mouse uterus. J. Endocrinol., 48: 109-115   DOI   ScienceOn
72 Leiva MC, Lyttle CR and Jellinck PH. 1991. Complement C3 synthesis, peroxidase activity and eosinophil chemotaxis in the rat uterus: effect of estradiol and testosterone. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol., 81: 105-111   DOI   ScienceOn
73 Kumar R, Wieben E and Beecher SJ. 1989. The molecular cloning of the complementary deoxyribonucleic acid for bovine vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein: structure of the full-length protein and evidence for homologies with other calcium-binding proteins of the troponin-C superfamily of proteins. Mol. Endocrinol., 3: 427-432   DOI   ScienceOn
74 Balaguer P, Francois F, Comunale F, Fenet H, Boussioux AM, Pons M, Nicolas JC and Casellas C. 1999. Reporter cell lines to study the estrogenic effects of xenoestrogens. Sci. Total. Environ., 233:47-56   DOI   ScienceOn
75 Certa H, Fedtke N, Wiegand HJ, Muller AM and Bolt HM. 1996. Toxicokinetics of p-tert-octylphenol in male Wistar rats. Arch. Toxicol., 71:112-22   DOI
76 Bulger WH, Muccitelli RM and Kupfer D. 1978. Interactions of methoxychlor, methoxychlor base-soluble contaminant, and 2,2-bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)-1, 1, 1-trichloroethane with rat uterine estrogen receptor. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 4: 881-893   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
77 Christakos S, Gabrielides C and Rhoten WB. 1989. Vitamin D-dependent calcium binding proteins: chemistry, distribution, functional considerations, and molecular biology. Endoer. Rev., 10:3-26   DOI   ScienceOn
78 Krisinger J, Dann JL, Currie WD, Jeung EB and Leung PC. 1992. Calbindin-D9k mRNA is tightly regulated during the estrous cycle in the rat uterus. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol., 86: 119-123   DOI   ScienceOn
79 Nelson KG, Takahashi T, Bossert NL, Walmer DK and MeLachlan JA. 1991. Epidermal growth factor replaces estrogen in the stimulation of female genital-tract growth and differentiation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 88:21-25
80 Mangelsdorf DJ, Thummel C, Beato M, Herrlich P, Schutz G, Umesono K, Blumberg B, Kastner P, Mark M, Chambon P and Evans RM. 1995. The nuclear receptor superfamily: the second decade. Cell., 83:835-839   DOI   ScienceOn
81 Dang VH, Choi KC, Hyun SH and Jeung EB. 2007b. Induction of uterine calbindin-D9k through an estrogen receptor-dependent pathway following single injection with xenobiotic agents in immature rats. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health. A., 70:171-182   DOI   ScienceOn
82 Bardin A, Boulle N, Lazennec G, Vignon F and Pujol P. 2004. Loss of ERbeta expression as a common step in estrogendependent tumor progression. Endocr. Relat. Cancer., 11: 537-551   DOI
83 Laws SC, Carey SA, Ferrell JM, Bodman GJ and Cooper RL. 2000. Estrogenic activity of octylphenol, nonylphenol, bisphenol A and m;thoxychlor in rats. Toxicol. Sci., 54: 154-167   DOI   ScienceOn
84 An BS, Choi KC, Kang SK, Hwang WS and Jeung EB. 2003. Novel Ca1bindin-D(9k) protein as a useful biomarker for environmental estrogenic compounds in the uterus of immature rats. Reprod. Toxicol., 17:311-319   DOI   ScienceOn
85 An BS, Kang SK, Shin JH and Jeung EB. 2002. Stimulation of calbindin-D(9k) mRNA expression in the rat uterus by octyl-phenol, nonylphenol and bisphenol. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol., 191:177-186   DOI   ScienceOn
86 Brown EO, Sundstrom SA, Komm BS, Yi Z, Teuscher C and Lyttle CR. 1990. Progesterone regu1ation of estradiol-induced rat uterine secretory protein, complement C3. Biol. Reprod., 42:713-719   DOI   ScienceOn
87 Seifert MF, Gray RW and Bruns ME. 1988. Elevated levels of vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein (calbindinD9k) in the osteosclerotic (oc) mouse. Endocrinology., 122: 1067-1073   DOI   ScienceOn
88 Strunck E, Stemmann N, Hopert A, Wunsche W, Frank K and Vollmer G. 2000. Relative binding affinity does not predict biological response to xenoestrogens in rat endometrial adenocarcinoma cells. J. Steroid. Biochem. Mol. Biol., 74: 73-81   DOI   ScienceOn
89 Tsai RY and McKay RD. 2002. A nucleolar mechanism controlling cell proliferation in stem cells and cancer cells. Genes. Dev., 16:2991-3003   DOI   ScienceOn
90 Velardo JT. 1959. Steroid hormones and uterine growth. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 75:441-462
91 Fujimoto N, Igarashi K, Kanno J, Honda H and Inoue T. 2004. Identification of estrogen-responsive genes in the GH3 cell line by cDNA microarray analysis. J. Steroid. Biochem. Mol. Biol., 91:121-129   DOI   ScienceOn
92 Watson CS, Bulayeva NN, Wozniak AL and Alyea RA. 2007. Xenoestrogens are potent activators of non genomic estrogenic responses. Steroids, 72:124-134   DOI   ScienceOn
93 Kos M, O'Brien S, Flouriot G and Gannon F. 2000. Tissuespecific expression of multiple mRNA variants of the mouse estrogen receptor alpha gene. FEBS. Lett., 477:15-20   DOI   ScienceOn
94 Papaconstantinou AD, Fisher BR, Umbreit TH, Goering PL, Lappas NT and Brown KM. 2001. Effects of beta-estradiol and bisphenol A on heat shock protein levels and localization in the mouse uterus are antagonized by the antiestrogen ICI 182,780. Toxicol, Sci., 63:173-180   DOI   ScienceOn
95 Upmeier A, Degen GH, Schuhmacher US, Certa H and Bolt HM. 1999. Toxicokinetics of p-tert-octylphenol in female DA/Han rats after single i.v. and oral application. Arch. Toxicol., 73:217-222   DOI
96 Angel P and Karin M. 1991. The role of Jun, Fos and the AP-1 complex in cell-proliferation and transformation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 1072:129-157   PUBMED
97 Dang VH, Nguyen TH, Choi KC and Jeung EB. 2007d. A calcium-binding protein, calbindin-D9k, is regulated through an estrogen-receptor-mediated mechanism following xenoestrogen exposure in the GH3 cell line. Toxicol. Sci. In press
98 Hasty LA and Lyttle CR. 1992. Progesterone and RU486 regulation of uterine complement C3 after prior induction with estradiol. Biol, Reprod., 47:285-290   DOI   ScienceOn
99 Sundstrom SA, Komm BS, Ponce-de-Leon H, Yi Z, Teuscher C and Lyttle CR. 1989. Estrogen regulation of tissue-specific expression of complement C3. J. Biol. Chem., 264: 16941-16947   PUBMED
100 Waring RH and Harris RM. 2005. Endocrine disrupters: a human risk? Mol. Cell. Endocrinol., 244:2-9   DOI   ScienceOn
101 Mukku VR and Stancel GM. 1985. Regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor by estrogen. J. Biol, Chem., 260: 9820-9824
102 Hopert AC, Beyer A, Frank K, Strunck E, Wunsche Wand Vollmer G. 1998. Characterization of estrogenicity of phytoestrogens in an endometrial-derived experimental model. Environ. Health. Perspect., 106:581-586   DOI
103 Hong EJ, Choi KC and Jeung EB. 2004a. Induction of calbindin-D9k messenger RNA and protein by maternal exposure to alkylphenols during late pregnancy in maternal and neonatal uteri of rats. Biol. Reprod., 71 :669-675   DOI   ScienceOn
104 Thornton JW. 2001. Evolution of vertebrate steroid receptors from an ancestral estrogen receptor by ligand exploitation and serial genome expansions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A., 98:5671-5676
105 Wasserman RH and Fullmer CS. 1989. On the molecular mechanism of intestinal calcium transport. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 249:45-65   PUBMED
106 Jefferson WN, Padilla-Banks E and Newbold RR. 2000. Lactoferrin is an estrogen responsive protein in the uterus of mice and rats. Reprod. Toxicol., 14:103-110   DOI   ScienceOn