Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.15681/KSWE.2021.37.5.381

Pseudanabaena Species Diversity and Off-flavor Material (2-MIB) Production by Cyanobacteria in Korea  

Kim, Keonhee (Human and Eco-Care Center, Sanghur College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University)
Park, Chaehongk (Human and Eco-Care Center, Sanghur College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University)
Shim, Yeonbo (Department of Environmental Health Science, Sanghur College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University)
Kim, Nan-young (Human and Eco-Care Center, Sanghur College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University)
Lee, Soogone (Department of Hangang River Basin Head Office, River Basin Management, K-Water)
Jang, Jaeyoung (Department of Hangang River Basin Head Office, River Basin Management, K-Water)
Lee, Karam (Department of Hangang River Basin Head Office, River Basin Management, K-Water)
Hwang, Soon-Jin (Department of Environmental Health Science, Sanghur College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University)
Publication Information
Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment / v.37, no.5, 2021 , pp. 381-397 More about this Journal
Abstract
Off-flavor materials (geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB)) produced by microorganisms, such as, cyanobacteria and actinomycetes, cause freshwater use problems worldwide. Due to unpleasant taste and odor, these microorganisms have raised issues especially in drinking water resources. Recently, there has been increasing concern about 2-MIB and causal cyanobacteria, namely, Pseudanabaena, in Korea. However, material production and ecological dynamics remain largely unexplored. This study reviewed the distribution of Pseudanabaena, its species diversity, and the research trend of molecular ecology related to 2-MIB production in Korea. Based on published literature, we found that seven species of Pseudanabaena which include P. mucicola, P. limnetica, P. redekei, P. catenata, P. galeata, P. yagii, and P. cinerea appeared to occur in a variety of Korean water systems. All of these Pseudanabaena species were found in the North-Han River system (Lakes Soyang, Chuncheon, Uiam, and Paldang). Some of these species were also detected in other watersheds, but the precise species diversity was not identified. Species belonging to the Pseudanabaena genus are hard to classify through general microscopic alpha taxonomy, due to their very small cell size and similar morphological characters. Moreover, the potential of 2-MIB production cannot be detected by microscopic observation. Combining molecular ecological techniques, such as, environmental genomic materials (eDNA, eRNA) analyses to conventional methods could be useful to better understand the off-flavor material production and dynamics, thereby providing more efficient management strategies of freshwater systems.
Keywords
Cyanobacteria; Environmental genomic materials (eDNA, eRNA); Off-flavor material; Pseudanabaena; 2-MIB;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 8  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Byun, J. H., Cho, I. H., Hwang, S. J., Park, M. H., Byeon, M. S., and Kim, B. H. (2014). Relationship between a dense bloom of cyanobacterium anabaena spp. and rainfalls in the North Han river system of South Korea, Korea Journal of Ecology and Environment, 47, 116-126. [Korean Literature]   DOI
2 Catarina, C., Semedo-Aguiar, A. P., Silva, A. D., Pereira-Leal, J. B., and Leite, R. B. (2020). A novel cyanobacterial geosmin producer, revising GeoA distribution and dispersion patterns in bacteria, Scientific Reports, 10(1), 8679.   DOI
3 Chiu, Y. T., Yen, H. K., and Lin, T. F. (2016). An alternative method to quantify 2-MIB producing cyanobacteria in drinking water reservoirs: Method development and field applications, Environmental Research, 151, 618-627.   DOI
4 Choi, B. G. (2017). Effects of meteoro-hydrological fluctuation on water quality change and occurrence of cyanobacterial off-flavors in Euiam reservoir, Korea, Master, Konkuk University. [Korean Literature]
5 Gagne, F., Ridal, J., Blaise, C., and Brownlee, B. (1999). Toxicological effects of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol on rainbow trout hepatocytes, Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology, 63(2), 174-180.   DOI
6 Gyeonggi-do Institute of Health environmental Research (GIHE). (2019) Report on phytoplankton survey of major reservoirs in Gyeonggi-do in 2018, 71-6410578-000050-01, Department of Water environmental research, 24-62. [Korean Literature]
7 Hangang River Water Environment Research Center (HRWEMD). (2009). Survey on the environment and ecosystem of lakes in the Han river system, Hangang River Water Environment Research Center, 0-320. [Korean Literature]
8 Zhang, R., Qi, F., Liu, C., Zhang, Y., Wang, Y., Song, Z., Kumirska, J., and Sun, D. (2019). Cyanobacteria derived taste and odor characteristics in various lakes in China: Songhua Lake, Chaohu Lake and Taihu Lake, Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 181, 499-507.   DOI
9 Zuo, Y., Li, L., Wu, Z., and Song, L. (2009). Isolation, identification and odour-producing abilities of geosmin/2-MIB in actinomycetes from sediments in Lake Lotus, China, Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-AQUA, 58(8), 552-561.   DOI
10 Otten, T. G., Graham, J. L., Harris, T. D., and Dreher, T. W. (2016). Elucidation of taste-and odor-producing bacteria and toxigenic cyanobacteria in a midwestern drinking water supply reservoir by shotgun metagenomic analysis, Applied and environmental microbiology, 82(17), 5410-5420.   DOI
11 Park, H. K., Shin, R. Y., Lee, H. J., Lee, K. L., and Cheon, S. U. (2015). Spatio-temporal characteristics of cyanobacterial dommunities in the middle-downstream of Nakdong river and lake Dukdong, Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment, 31(3), 286-294. [Korean Literature]   DOI
12 Park, J. H., Moon, B. R., and Lee, O. M. (2006). The phytoplankton compositions and trophic states at several lakes of Suwon-si, Korea, Algae, 21, 217-228.   DOI
13 Pham, T., Bui, M. H., Driscoll, M., Shimizu, K., and Motoo, U. (2020). First report of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) in Dolichospermum and oscillatoria from Vietnam, Limnology, 1-14.
14 Sayers, E. W., Beck, J., Brister, J. R., Bolton, E. E., Canese, K., Comeau, D. C., Funk, K., Ketter, A. and Kim, S. (2020). Database resources of the national center for biotechnology information, Nucleic acids research, 48(D1), D7-19.
15 Vezie, C., Brient, L., Sivonen, K., Bertru, G., Lefeuvre, J. C., and Salkinoja-Salonen, M. (1998). Variation of microcystin content of cyanobacterial blooms and isolated strains in lake Grand-Lieu (France), Microbial ecology, 35(2), 126-135.   DOI
16 Schoch, C. L., Ciufo, S., Domrachev, M., Hotton, C. L., Kannan, S., Khovanskaya, R., Leipe, D., Mcveigh, R., O'Neill, K., and Robbertse, B. (2020). Database resources of the national center for biotechnology information, Nucleic Acids Research , 4;46( D1), D8-D13.
17 Tsao, H. W., Michinaka, A., Yen, H. K., Giglio, S., Hobson, P., Monis, P., and Lin, T. F. (2014). Monitoring of geosmin producing Anabaena circinalis using quantitative PCR, Water research, 49, 416-425.   DOI
18 Tuji, A. and Niiyama, Y. (2018). Two new Pseudanabaena (Cyanobacteria, Synechococcales) species from Japan, Pseudanabaena cinerea and Pseudanabaena yagii, which produce 2-methylisoborneol, Phycological Research, 66(4), 291-299.   DOI
19 Uk, B. B., Kim, Y. I., Lim, B. S., Ahn, C. J., and Lee, T. Y. (1996). Natural decay of algae - related odor in Daechung dam, Journal of Environmental Engineers, 20, 1161-1170.
20 Vaitomaa, J., Rantala, A., Halinen, K., Rouhiainen, L., Tallberg, P., Mokelke, L., and Sivonen, K. (2003). Quantitative real-time PCR for determination of microcystin synthetase E copy numbers for microcystis and anabaena in lakes, Applied and environmental microbiology, 69(12), 7289-7297.   DOI
21 Wang, Z., Song, G., Li, Y., Yu, G., Hou, X., Gan, Z., and Li, R. (2019). The diversity, origin, and evolutionary analysis of geosmin synthase gene in cyanobacteria, Science of The Total Environment, 689, 789-796.   DOI
22 Wang, Z., Song, G., Shao, J., Tan, W., Li, Y., and Li, R. (2016). Establishment and field applications of real-time PCR methods for the quantification of potential MIB-producing cyanobacteria in aquatic systems, Journal of Applied Phycology, 28(1), 325-333.   DOI
23 Seoul Research Institute of Public Health and Environment (SRIPH). (2014). Tap water supply: Safe and tasty tap water for Seoul cities, Seoul Research Institute of Public Health and Environment. [Korean Literature]
24 Komatsu, M., Tsuda, M., Omura, S., Oikawa, H., and Ikeda, H. (2008). Identification and functional analysis of genes controlling biosynthesis of 2-methylisoborneol, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(21), 7422-7427.   DOI
25 Song, K. G., Lee, B. K., Shin, J., and Chae, A. (2015). Development and demonstration of control platform through alternative adsorbent and unit process development for algal T&O matters induced from algal bloom, Korea Institute of Science and Technology. [Korean Literature]
26 You, K. A., Byeon, M. S., Youn, S. J., Hwang, S., and Rhew, D. H. (2013). Growth characteristics of blue-green algae (Anabaena spiroides) causing tastes and odors in the North-Han river, Korea, Korea Journal of Ecology and Environment, 46, 135-144.   DOI
27 Byun, J. H., Hwang, S. J., Kim, B. H., Park, J. R., Lee, J. K., and Lim, B. J. (2015). Relationship between a dense population of cyanobacteria and odorous compounds in the North Han river system in 2014 and 2015, Korea Journal of Ecology and Environment, 48(4), 263-271. [Korean Literature]   DOI
28 Kim, J., Lim, J., and Lee, C. (2013). Quantitative real-time PCR approaches for microbial community studies in wastewater treatment systems: Applications and considerations, Biotechnology advances, 31(8), 1358-1373. [Korean Literature]   DOI
29 Kim, K., Lee, S., Seo, K., and Hwang, S. J. (2020a). Molecular identification of Pseudanabaena strains and analysis of 2-MIB production potential in the North Han river system, Korea Journal of Ecology and Environment, 53(4), 344-354. [Korean Literature]   DOI
30 Kim, K. H., Lim, B. J., You, K. A., Park, M. H., Park, J. H., Kim, B. H., and Hwang, S. J. (2014). Note: Identification and analysis of geosmin production potential of anabaena stain isolated from North Han river using genetic methods, Environment and Ecology, 47, 342-349. [Korean Literature]
31 Lee, O. M., Yoo, M. S., Lee, B. I., and Lim, A. S. (2008). The distribution and standing crop of phytoplankton at the estuaries of Galgok stream and Incheon river in Jeollanam-do, Algae, 23(4), 257-268.   DOI
32 Lee, S. T., Choi, I. H., Choi, J. W., Lee, G. C., Kim, H. C., Kim, Y. S., Bum, M. S., Jung, A. S., Kim, S. H., Hwang, S. O., and Jo, C. D. (2009). Identification and analysis of unknown odor compounds in Paldang Reservoir (1st year), KIWE-WARC-09-04, K-water, 145. [Korean Literature]
33 Al-Tebrineh, J., Mihali, T. K., Pomati, F., and Neilan, B. A. (2010). Detection of saxitoxin-producing cyanobacteria and Anabaena circinalis in environmental water blooms by quantitative PCR, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 76(23), 7836-7842.   DOI
34 Baik, K. H. (2000). Occurrence and treatment of taste, odor and toxic material from algae in drinking water, Ph.D, Seoul City University. [Korean Literature]
35 Berglind, L., Holtan, H., and Skulberg, O. (1983). Case studies on off-flavours in some Norwegian lakes, Water Science and Technology, 15(6-7), 199-209.   DOI
36 Whangchai, N., Pimpimon, T., Sompong, U., Suwanpakdee, S., Gutierrez, R., and Itayama, T. (2017). Study of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) producers in Phayao lake, Thailand, International Journal of Bioscience, Biochemistry and Bioinformatics, 7(3), 177-184.   DOI
37 Kim, K., Park, C., Yoon, Y., and Hwang, S. J. (2018). Harmful cyanobacterial material production in the North Han river (South Korea): Genetic potential and temperature-dependent properties, International journal of environmental research and public health, 15(3), 444.   DOI
38 Kim, K., Yoon, Y., Cho, H., and Hwang, S. J. (2020b). Molecular probes to evaluate the synthesis and production potential of an odorous compound (2-methylisoborneol) in cyanobacteria, International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(6), 1933.   DOI
39 Kim, M. K., Moon, B. R., Kim, T. K., and Zoh, K. D. (2015). A study on production & removal of microcystin, taste & odor compounds from algal bloom in the water treatment processes, Korean Journal of Public Health, 52(1), 33-42. [Korean Literature]
40 Bae, B. U., Kim, Y. I., Kim, H. Y., and Kim, G. N. (1999). Analysis of taste and odor compounds in drinking water supplies using CLSA (closed - loop stripping apparatus) and GC / MS, Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment, 15, 479-487. [Korean Literature]
41 Baker, L., Sendall, B. C., Gasser, R. B., Menjivar, T., Neilan, B. A., and Jex, A. R. (2013). Rapid, multiplex-tandem PCR assay for automated detection and differentiation of toxigenic cyanobacterial blooms, Molecular and Cellular Probes, 27(5-6), 208-214.   DOI
42 Barnes, M. A. and Turner, C. R. (2016). The ecology of environmental DNA and implications for conservation genetics, Conservation Genetics, 17(1), 1-17.   DOI
43 Boopathi, T. and Ki, J. S. (2014). Impact of environmental factors on the regulation of cyanotoxin production, Toxins, 6(7), 1951-1978.   DOI
44 Byeon, M. S., Byun J. H., Im, J. K., Jin, Y. H., Noh, H. R., Kim, G. S., Yu, M. N., Baek, J. S., Youn, S. J., Kim, H. N., Shim, Y. B., Ham, S. N., Jeon, G. H., Lee, S. H., Kim, G. H., Lee. H. J., and Yu, S. J. (2018). Molecular biological characteristics of cyanobacteria originated off-flavor in water (I), 11-1480523-003620-01, Han-River Water Environment Research Center. [Korean Literature]
45 Martins, A. and Vasconcelos, V. (2011). Use of qPCR for the study of hepatotoxic cyanobacteria population dynamics, Archives of microbiology, 193(9), 615.   DOI
46 Li, Z., Hobson, P., An, W., Burch, M. D., House, J., and Yang, M. (2012). Earthy odor compounds production and loss in three cyanobacterial cultures, Water research, 46(16), 5165-5173.   DOI
47 Lee, E. J. and Choi, I. H. (2012). Community shift of phytoplankton from the Han river watershed and analysis of taste and taste substances, Joint conference of Korean society of water environment and Korean society of water and wastewater, Korean society of water environment and Korean society of water and wastewater, 766-767. [Korean Literature]
48 Zhang, T., Zheng, L., Li, L., and Song, L. (2016). 2-Methylisoborneol production characteristics of Pseudanabaena sp. FACHB 1277 isolated from Xionghe reservoir, China, Journal of Applied Phycology, 28(6), 3353-3362.   DOI
49 Hangang River Water Environment Research Center (HRWEMD). (2015a). Investigation of causes of off-flavor material production by harmful algae and management strategy (3), Han River Watershed and Environment Management District. 0-348. [Korean Literature]
50 Kim, Y. J. and Lee, O. M. (2011). The phytoplankton community of Namdae-stream, Yeongok-stream and of Sacheon-stream in Gangwon-do, Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment, 20(3), 281-297. [Korean Literature]   DOI
51 Lee, J. H. (1999). Dynamics of phytoplankton community in lake Daechung, Korea, Journal of Ecology and Environment, 32(4), 358-366. [Korean Literature]
52 Lee, J. H., Park, J. G., and Kim, E. J. (2002). Trophic states and phytoplankton compositions of dam lakes in Korea, Algae, 17(4), 275-281.   DOI
53 Wang, Z., Xu, Y., Shao, J., Wang, J., and Li, R. (2011). Genes associated with 2-methylisoborneol biosynthesis in cyanobacteria: isolation, characterization, and expression in response to light, PloS one, 6(4), e18665.   DOI
54 Wu, D. and Duirk, S. E. (2013). Quantitative analysis of earthy and musty odors in drinking water sources impacted by wastewater and algal derived contaminants, Chemosphere, 91(11), 1495-1501.   DOI
55 Yoccoz, N. G. (2012). The future of environmental DNA in ecology, Molecular Ecology, 21(8), 2031-2038.   DOI
56 Yeong-San River Watershed Environmental Management District (YSRWEMD). (2014). Aquatic ecosystem monitoring in weirs of the Yeongsan river, Yeongsan River Water Environment Research Center, 0-303. [Korean Literature]
57 Hangang River Water Environment Research Center (HRWEMD). (2013b). Survey on the environment and ecosystem of lakes in the Han river system, Hangang River Water Environment Research Center, 0-450. [Korean Literature]
58 Hangang River Water Environment Research Center (HRWEMD). (2010). Survey on the environment and ecosystem of lakes in the Han river system, Hangang River Water Environment Research Center, 0-481. [Korean Literature]
59 Hangang River Water Environment Research Center (HRWEMD). (2012a). Distribution and eco-physiological characteristics of harmful algae in the North Han river, Hangang River Water Environment Research Center, 0-255. [Korean Literature]
60 Hangang River Water Environment Research Center (HRWEMD). (2012b). Survey on the environment and ecosystem of lakes in the Han river system, Hangang River Water Environment Research Center, 0-533. [Korean Literature]
61 Hangang River Water Environment Research Center (HRWEMD). (2014a). Investigation of causes of off-flavor material production by harmful algae and management strategy (2), Han River Watershed and Environment Management District, 0-620. [Korean Literature]
62 Hangang River Water Environment Research Center (HRWEMD). (2015b). Survey on the environment and ecosystem of lakes in the Han river system, Hangang River Water Environment Research Center, 0-600. [Korean Literature]
63 Hangang River Water Environment Research Center (HRWEMD). (2017). Survey on the environment and ecosystem of lakes in the Han river system, Hangang River Water Environment Research Center, 0-662. [Korean Literature]
64 Cho, Y. K. (1996). Removal countermeasures of cyanobacteria that producing odor material in the drinking water source, Symphosium of Korean Society for Environmental Sanitary Engineers, Korean Society for Environmental Sanitary Engineers. [Korean Literature]
65 Lee, J., Rai, P. K., Jeon, Y. J., Kim, K. H., and Kwon, E. E. (2017). The role of algae and cyanobacteria in the production and release of odorants in water, Environmental Pollution, 227, 252-262.   DOI
66 Ludwig, F., Medger, A., Bornick, H., Opitz, M., Lang, K., Gottfert, M., and Roske, I. (2007). Identification and expression analyses of putative sesquiterpene synthase genes in phormidium sp. and prevalence of geoA-like genes in a drinking water reservoir, Applied and environmental microbiology, 73(21), 6988-6993.   DOI
67 Wang, Z., Shao, J., Xu, Y., Yan, B., and Li, R. (2015). Genetic basis for geosmin production by the water bloom-forming cyanobacterium, Anabaena ucrainica, Water, 7(1), 175-187.   DOI
68 Watson, S. B., Monis, P., Baker, P., and Giglio, S. (2016). Biochemistry and genetics of taste-and odor-producing cyanobacteria, Harmful Algae, 54, 112-127.   DOI
69 Shizuka, K., Ikenaga, M., Murase, J., Nakayama, N., Matsuya, N., Kakino, W., Taruya, H., and Maie, N. (2020). Diversity of 2-MIB-Producing cyanobacteria in lake Ogawara: microscopic and molecular ecological approaches, Aquatic culture Science, 68(1), 9-23.
70 Hangang River Water Environment Research Center (HRWEMD). (2014b). Survey on the environment and ecosystem of lakes in the Han river system, Hangang River Water Environment Research Center, 0-510. [Korean Literature]
71 Hotto, A., Satchwell, M., and Boyer, G. (2007). Molecular characterization of potential microcystin-producing cyanobacteria in lake Ontario embayments and nearshore waters, Applied and environmental microbiology, 73(14), 4570-4578.   DOI
72 Taberlet, P., Bonin, A., Zinger, L., and Coissac, E. (2018). Environmental DNA: For biodiversity research and monitoring, Oxford University Press.
73 Yu, G., Zhu, M., Chen, Y., Pan, Q., Chai, W., and Li, R. (2015). Polyphasic characterization of four species of Pseudanabaena (Oscillatoriales, Cyanobacteria) from China and insights into polyphyletic divergence within the Pseudanabaena genus, Phytotaxa, 192(1), 1-12.   DOI
74 Yu, J. J., Lee, H. J., Lee, K. L., Lyu, H. S., Whang, J. W., Shin, L. Y., and Chen, S. U. (2014). relationship between distribution of the dominant phytoplankton species and water temperature in the Nakdong river, Korea, Korea Journal of Ecology and Environment, 47(4), 247-257.   DOI
75 Hangang River Water Environment Research Center (HRWEMD). (2019). Investigation of the outbreak causes and management measures of the taste and odor compound (2-Methylisoborneol) in the North Han River water system(1), Han River Watershed and Environment Management District, 0-381 [Korean Literature]
76 Byun, J. H., Yu, M., Lee, E., Yoo, S. J., Kim, B. H., and Byun, M. S. (2018). Temporal and spatial distribution of microbial community and odor compounds in the Bukhan river system, Korea Journal of Ecology and Environment, 51(4), 299-310. [Korean Literature]   DOI
77 Zhao, Q. (2012). Treatment of taste and odor compounds in Oklahoma surface water, Bachelor, Oklahoma State University.
78 Yeong-San River Watershed Environmental Management District (YSRWEMD). (2018). Aquatic ecosystem monitoring in weirs of the Yeongsan river, Yeongsan River Water Environment Research Center, 0-359. [Korean Literature]
79 Sun, D., Yu, J., An, W., Yang, M., Chen, G., and Zhang, S. (2013). Identification of causative compounds and microorganisms for musty odor occurrence in the Huangpu River, China, Journal of Environmental Sciences, 25(3), 460-465.   DOI
80 Te, S. H., Tan, B. F., Boo, C. Y., Thompson, J. R., and Gin, K. Y. H. (2017). Genomics insights into production of 2-methylisoborneol and a putative cyanobactin by Planktothricoides sp. SR001, Standards in genomic sciences, 12(1), 35.   DOI
81 Thomsen, P. F. and Willerslev, E. (2015). Environmental DNA-An emerging tool in conservation for monitoring past and present biodiversity, Biological conservation, 183, 4-18.   DOI
82 Huang, H., Xu, X., Shi, C., Liu, X., and Wang, G. (2018). Response of taste and odor compounds to elevated cyanobacteria biomass and temperature, Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology, 101(2), 272-278.   DOI
83 Jin, B. S., Cho, Y. G., Lee, J. J., and Lee, J. J. (1998). Studies on algae causing tastes and odors in the Dongbok reservoir - Detection of taste and odor substances in culture fluids and natural waters -, Journal of Environmental Engineers, 14, 229-236
84 Tawong, W. (2017). Diversity of the potential 2-Methylisoborneol-producing genotypes in Thai strains of Planktothricoides (Cyanobacteria), Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 60, e17160567.   DOI
85 Saker, M. L., Vale, M., Kramer, D., and Vasconcelos, V. M. (2007). Molecular techniques for the early warning of toxic cyanobacteria blooms in freshwater lakes and rivers, Applied microbiology and biotechnology, 75(2), 441-449.   DOI
86 Izaguirre, G. and Taylor, W. (2004). A guide to geosmin-and MIB-producing cyanobacteria in the United States, Water Science and Technology, 49(9), 19-24.   DOI
87 Izaguirre, G. and Taylor, W. D. (1998). A Pseudanabaena species from Castaic lake, California, that produces 2-methylisoborneol, Water research, 32(5), 1673-1677.   DOI
88 Jeong, J. Y., Lee, S. H., Yun, M. R., Oh, S. E., Kim, T. H., Yoon, M. H. and Park, H. D. (2020b). Draft genome sequence of putative 2-methylisoborneol-producing Pseudanabaena yagii strain GIHE-NHR1, isolated from the North Han river in South Korea, Microbiology Resource Announcements, 9(27), e00431-00420.
89 Juttner, F. and Watson, S. B. (2007). Biochemical and ecological control of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol in source waters, Appliezd and environmental microbiology, 73(14), 4395-4406.   DOI
90 Kim, J. H., Kim, M. C., Kim, H. S., and Oh, G. S. (2006). Depth distribution and degradation of geosmin and 2-MIB in water supply reservoirs in the summer season, Joint conference of Korean society of water environment and Korean society of water and wastewater, Korean society of water environment and Korean society of water and wastewater. [Korean Literature]
91 Kim, K. (2018). Molecular genetic analysis of cyanobacterial harmful material production potential in the North Han River, Korea, Ph.D, Konkuk University. [Korean Literature]
92 Giglio, S., Chou, W., Ikeda, H., Cane, D., and Monis, P. (2011). Biosynthesis of 2-methylisoborneol in cyanobacteria, Environmental Science & Technology, 45(3), 992-998.   DOI
93 Jeong, J. Y., Lee, S. H., Yun, M. R., Oh, S. E., Hwang, S. M., Park, J. S., Hwang, C. W., Kim, T. H., Yun, M. H., and Park, H. D. (2020a). Molecular evidence for the cause of 2-Methylisoborneol (2-MIB) odor in North-Han River, South Korea, Annual Meeting of the Microbiological society of Korea, Korea society of Microbiology, 44.
94 Nakdong River Watershed Environmental Management District (NRWEMD). (2013). Freshwater ecosystem monitoring of weir section in Nakdong river, MONO1201520629 Nakdong River Environment Research Center, 1-349. [Korean Literature]
95 K-water. (2016). Development of the predictive model and analysis of occurrence characteristics for T & Os in Nam gang reservoir Water-intake gate, KIWE-WRRC-16-15, K-water. [Korean Literature]
96 Jun, H. B., Lee, T. Y., Lee, S. W., and Lee, K. S. (1994). Management and improvement for the reservoir water quality by using air lift circulation, Conference of Korean society of environmental engineering, Korean Society of Environmental Engineers 55-60. [Korean Literature]
97 Oikawa, T., Tsunoda, T., Nakahigashi, H., Shimoriku, M., Kanami, T., and Kimura, S. (2015). Musty odor producing benthic cyanobacteria in the Tama River (Japan) and identification of species by genetic analysis, Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-AQUA, 64(7), 839-846.   DOI
98 Tokuko, T., Hirokazu, N., Taku, K., and Tomo, O. (2014). Genetic analysis of 2-methylisoborneol - Producing cyanobacterium Sampled from the upper reaches of the Tama river, Journal of Japan Society on Water Environment, 37(1), 9-13.   DOI
99 Moustafa, A., Loram, J. E., Hackett, J. D., Anderson, D. M., Plumley, F. G., and Bhattacharya, D. (2009). Origin of saxitoxin biosynthetic genes in cyanobacteria, PloS one, 4(6), e5758.   DOI
100 Munoz-Martin, M. A., Gomez, E. B., Perona, E., and Mateo, P. (2020). Analysis of molecular diversity within single cyanobacterial colonies from environmental samples, Scientific Reports, 10(1), 1-18.   DOI
101 Yeong-San River Watershed Environmental Management District (YSRWEMD). (2015). Aquatic ecosystem monitoring in weirs of the Yeongsan river, Yeongsan River Water Environment Research Center, 0-400. [Korean Literature]
102 Nakdong River Watershed Environmental Management District (NRWEMD). (2015b). Survey of lake environment and ecosystem in the Nakdong river system, MONO1201520629, 1-378. [Korean Literature]
103 Niiyama, Y. and Tuji, A. (2019). Microcoleus pseudautumnalis sp. nov.(Cyanobacteria, Oscillatoriales) producing 2-methylisoborneol, Bulletin of the National Museum of Nature and Science, Series B (Botany), 45(3), 93-101.
104 Niiyama, Y., Tuji, A., Takemoto, K., and Ichise, S. (2016). Pseudanabaena foetida sp. nov. and P. subfoetida sp. nov.(Cyanophyta/Cyanobacteria) producing 2-methylisoborneol from Japan, Fottea, 16(1), 1-11.   DOI
105 Nakdong River Watershed Environmental Management District (NRWEMD). (2015a). Status of the Nakdong river in first weeks June, 2015, 20150626, Nakdong River Watershed and Environment Management District, 1. [Korean Literature]
106 Oh, H. J., Choi, Y. J., Hwang, T. M., and Nam, S. H. (2005). The water characterization of 2-MIB, geosmin and algae in Han river's raw water, Joint conference of Korean society of water environment and Korean society of water and wastewater, Korean society of water environment and Korean society of water and wastewater.
107 Hangang River Water Environment Research Center (HRWEMD). (2011). Survey on the environment and ecosystem of lakes in the Han river system, Hangang River Water Environment Research Center, 0-500. [Korean Literature]
108 National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER). (2012). Occurrence and management of odor compounds produced by algae in the Geum river, National Institute of Environmental Research, 0-55. [Korean Literature]
109 Gerber, N. and Lechevalier, H. (1965). Geosmin, an earthy-smelling substance isolated from actinomycetes, Applied microbiology, 13(6), 935-938.   DOI
110 Hangang River Water Environment Research Center (HRWEMD). (2008). Survey on the environment and ecosystem of lakes in the Han river system, Hangang River Water Environment Research Center, 0-414. [Korean Literature]
111 Hangang River Water Environment Research Center (HRWEMD). (2013a). Investigation of causes of off-flavor material production by harmful algae and management strategy (1), Han River Watershed and Environment Management District, 0-330. [Korean Literature]
112 Hangang River Water Environment Research Center (HRWEMD). (2016). Survey on the environment and ecosystem of lakes in the Han river system, Hangang River Water Environment Research Center, 0-643. [Korean Literature]
113 Hangang River Water Environment Research Center (HRWEMD). (2020). Investigation of the outbreak causes and management measures of the taste and odor compound (2-Methylisoborneol) in the North Han River water system(2), Han River Watershed and Environment Management District, 0-327. [Korean Literature]
114 Hur, M., Lee, I., Tak, B. M., Lee, H. J., Yu, J. J., Cheon, S. U., and Kim, B. S. (2013). Temporal shifts in cyanobacterial communities at different sites on the Nakdong river in Korea, Water research, 47(19), 6973-6982.   DOI
115 Boopathi, T. and Wang, H. (2018). Seasonal changes in cyanobacterial diversity of a temperate freshwater Paldang reservoir (Korea) explored by using pyrosequencing, Korean Journal of Evironmental Biology, 36(3), 424-437.   DOI
116 Jorgensen, N. O., Podduturi, R., and Burford, M. A. (2016). Relations between abundance of potential geosmin-and 2-MIB-producing organisms and concentrations of these compounds in water from three Australian reservoirs, Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-AQUA, 65(6), 504-513.   DOI