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http://dx.doi.org/10.15681/KSWE.2017.34.1.96

Main-stream Partial Nitritation - Anammox (PN/A) Processes for Energy-efficient Short-cut Nitrogen Removal  

Park, Hongkeun (Tomorrow Water dba BKT United (Anaheim CA))
Rhu, Daehwan (Tomorrow Water dba BKT United (Anaheim CA))
Publication Information
Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment / v.34, no.1, 2018 , pp. 96-108 More about this Journal
Abstract
Large efforts have recently been made on research and development of sustainable and energy-efficient short-cut nitrogen removal processes owing to strong attention to the energy neutral/positive wastewater treatment system. Anaerobic ammonium oxidizing bacteria (anammox bacteria) have been highlighted since 1990's due to their unique advantages including 60% less energy consumption, nearly 100% reduction for carbon source requirement, and 80% less sludge production. Side-stream short-cut nitrogen removal using anammox bacteria and partial nitritation anammox (PN/A) has been well established, whereas substantial challenges remain to be addressed mainly due to undesired main-stream conditions for anammox bacteria. These include low temperature, low concentrations of ammonia, nitrite, free ammonia, free nitrous acid or a combination of those. In addition, an anammox side-stream nitrogen management is insufficient to reduce overall energy consumption for energy-neutral or energy positive water resource recovery facility (WRRF) and at the same time to comply with nitrogen discharge regulation. This implies the development of the successful main-stream anammox based technology will accelerate a conversion of current wastewater treatment plants to sustainable water and energy recovery facility. This study discusses the status of the research, key mechanisms & interactions of the protagonists in the main-stream PN/A, and control parameters and major challenges in process development.
Keywords
Main-stream Partial Nitritation - Anammox (PN/A); Short-cut Nitrogen Removal;
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