Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.5762/KAIS.2018.19.8.524

The Moderating Effect of Coping Stress between Middle-aged Women's Stress and Defense Mechanism  

Kim, Seon-Hee (Jeju Special Self-Goveming Province Support Center for Childcare Teacher Counselor)
Kim, Jin-Seon (Department of Social Welfare, Cheju Halla University)
Ko, Sun-Young (Department of Social Welfare, Cheju Halla University)
Publication Information
Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society / v.19, no.8, 2018 , pp. 524-534 More about this Journal
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to find out the correlations between the stress that middle-aged women experience and their coping methods and to present intervening variables to promote active coping methods. The subjects of this study are 400 middle-aged women from 35 to 59 years old living in S area and the results are as follows. The relationship between middle-aged women's stress, self-defense mechanism, and stress-coping method shows as follows: the role stress is positively correlated with immature defense mechanism, self-restraint defense mechanism and conflict-avoiding defense mechanism. Among stress-coping methods, the problem-centered coping method was found to be negatively correlated with role stress and daily stress. the immature defense mechanism shows negative correlations with the problem-centered coping, but shows positive correlations with the emotion-centered coping and the wishful thinking. Among the self-defense mechanism types not effective in the social-support coping method.
Keywords
child education; middle-aged women; middle-aged women stress; self defense mechanism; stress copying style;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 S. D. Nam, The prediction model of mid-life women's family stress and mental health. Unpublished Doctoral thesis, Chung-ang University, Seoul, Korea, 2008.
2 Y. K. Lee, An examination of the structural relationships among stress of middle-aged women, mindfulness, self-compassion, and emotional well-being, and effectiveness of a mindfulnes enhancement program. Unpublished Doctoral thesis, Ewha women's University, Seoul Korea, 2008.
3 K. M. Hong, "Understanding of middle-Aged women's crisis and christian counseling", The Gospel and Praxis, 25(spring), pp.217-244, 2012.
4 N.J.Lee, A Study of Participation Needs in Social Activities to Cope with Mid-Aged-Women's Crisis. Unpublished Doctoral thesis, Wonkwang University, Lksan Korea, 2005.
5 S. Y. Lee, The effect of preparation and crisis on the satisfaction of married life of middle-aged married women. Korea Family Resource Management Association, 1981, pp.29-46, 2014.
6 C. R. Jeon, Research on Life-structure Change and Neurosis of Mid-life Transition Women in the View of Christian Counseling. Unpublished Doctoral thesis, Keimyung University, Dae-gu Korea, 2012.
7 Y. S. Song, Path model analysis of stress, coping method, quality of life and spiritual maturity of middle age christian women. Unpublished Dodtoral thesis, Baekseok University, Cheonan orea. 2009.
8 G. E. Vaillant, Ego mechanisms of defenxe: A guide for clinicians and reserchers. (Ed.), Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1992.
9 J, W. Kim, Defense mechanism maturity study. Unpublished Doctoralthesis, Seoul University, Seoul, Korea, 2003.
10 J. C. Perry, Logitudinal studies of Presonality disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders, (suppl. Spring)63-85, 1993.
11 S. Willick, The defense. In B. Moore & B. Fine(Eds.), Psychoanalysis the major concepts. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1995.
12 J. H. Kim, Perceived Stress Factors and Coping Style Depression. Unpublished Dctoralthesis, Seoul University, Seoul, Korea, 1987.
13 J. H. Lee, E, H. Lee, The Moderating effectof coping strategies upon multiple role conflicts and depression within dual employed couples. Korean Journal of Psychology: Health, 5(2), 287-303, 2000.
14 B. A. Lim, Study on the Difference of Stress Perception and Coping Methods among Junior High School Students and Flight Students. Unpublished Master's thesis, Hankuk University of foreign studies, Seoul Korea, 1997.
15 S, J. Song, The relationship between the coping patterns of middle of one's life and an emotional crisis. Unpublished Master's thesis, Sogang University, Seoul Korea, 2002.
16 R. S.Lazarus, & S. Folkman. Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer, 1984.
17 A. G. Billings, R. H. Moos, Coping, stress, and social resources among adults with unipolar depression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46(4), pp.877-891, 1984. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.46.4.877   DOI
18 G. Caplan, Mastery of stress: psychosocial aspects. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 138(4), pp. 413-420, 1981.   DOI
19 J.W. Son, Social Support and Life Stress in Middle-aged Women Have Impact on the Psychological Well-being. Unpublished Master's thesis, Dae-gu University, Dae-gu Korea. 2015.
20 J.H.Jeong, Perceived equity, role stress and life satisfaction of married working-mother salesclerks. Unpublished Master's thesis, Sookmyung women's University, Seoul Korea. 2003.
21 Y. J. Cho, The Effect of middle-aged women's stress of life events and social support on their perceived crisis. Unpublished Master's thesis, Korea national University of education, Cheongju, Korea. 2006.
22 N. H. Kim, The relationship between spiritual well-being, stress coping, and depression among youth. Unpublished Master's thesis, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea. 2009.
23 R. S. Lazarus, S. Folkman, Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer. 1984.
24 A.G.Billings, R.H.Moos, The role of coping responses and social resources in attenuating the stress of life events. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 4(2), 1, pp.39-157, 1981. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00844267   DOI
25 K. H. Kim, G, G. Chun, Development of a life stress and coping scale for junior high school students.1. Korean journal of clinical sychology, 12(2.), pp197-217, 1993.
26 J. H. Lee, E, H. Lee, The Moderating effect of coping strategies upon multiple role conflicts and depression within dual employed couples. Korean Journal of Psychology: Health, 5(2), pp. 287-303, 2000.
27 W.L. Jeong, A Study on the Application of Bibliotherapy for Middle-Aged Women to Overcome the Empty Nest Syndrome. Unpublished Doctoral thesis, Kyonggi University, Seoul Korea. 2013.
28 C. S. Carver, C. Pozo, S. D. Harris, V. Noriega, M, F. Scheier, D. S. Robinson, & K. C. Clark, How coping mediates the effect of optimism on distress: a study of women with early stage breast cancer. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(2), pp. 375-390, 1993. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.65.2.375   DOI
29 A. T. Ebata, & R. H. Moos, Coping and adjustment in distressed and healthy adolescents. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 12(1), pp. 33-54, 1991. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0193-3973(91)90029-4   DOI
30 B, A. Fleming, J. E. Singer, Toward an Integrative approach to the study of stress. Jouranl of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, pp.404-421, 1984. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.46.4.939   DOI
31 M. P. Leiter, Coping pattern as predictors of burnout : The function of control and escapist coping patterns. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 12, 123-144, 1991. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/job.4030120205   DOI
32 D. Osowiecki, B. ECompas, Psychological adjustment to cancer: Control beliefs and coping in adult cancer patients. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 22(5,. pp. 483-499, 1998.   DOI
33 J. Suls, B. Fletcher, The relative efficacy of avoidant and non-avoidant coping strategies: A meta-analysis. Health Psychology, 4, pp. 249-388, 1985.   DOI
34 C. Brenner, Defense and defense mechanisms. Pschoanalytic Quarterly, 50, 557-569, 1981   DOI
35 S. Erickson, S. S. Feldman, H. Steiner, Defense reactions and coping strategies in normal adolescents. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 28, 45-56, 1997.   DOI
36 S. Soldz, & G. E. Vaillant, A 50-year longitudinal study of defense use among inner city men: A validation of the DSM-IV defense axis. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 186, 104-111, 1998. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005053-199802000-00006   DOI
37 G. E. Vaillant, heoretical hierarchy of adaptive ego mechanisms. Archives of General Psychiatry, 24, 107-118, 1971.   DOI
38 B, K. Byun, Perceived mothers' parenting styles and the children's defense styles. Unpublished Master's thesis, Dankook University, Seoul, Korea, 2004.
39 B. E. Compas, V. L. Malcarne, K. M. Fondacaro, Coping with stressful events in older children and young adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57(3), pp. 405-411, 1988. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.56.3.405   DOI
40 K. S. Hwang, A study on the influence of the ego defense mechanisms and parent's ostering attitude perceived by youth on personal relationship. Unpublished Master's thesis, Catholic University, Seoul, Korea, 2006.
41 S. Erickson, S. Feldman, H. Steiner, Defense reactions and coping strategies in normal adolescents. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 28, pp. 45-56, 1997.   DOI
42 W. S. Kim, Relationship between emotional expressiveness self-defense mechanism and coping style. Unpublished Master's thesis, Catholic University, Seoul, Korea. 2004.
43 C. Brenner, Defense and defense mechanisms. Pschoanalytic Quarterly, 50, pp. 557-569. 1981.   DOI
44 J, W. Kim, Defense mechanism maturity study. Unpublished Doctoralthesis, Seoul University, Seoul Korea, 2003.
45 G. E. Vaillant, M.,Bond, C. O. Vaillnt, An empirically validated Hierarchy of defense mechanisms. Archives of General Psychiatry, 43, 786-794, 1986. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1986.01800080072010   DOI
46 M. P.Leiter, Coping pattern as predictors of burnout : The function of control and escapist coping patterns. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 12, p. 123-144, 1991. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/job.4030120205   DOI
47 D. L Segal, F. LnCoolidge, H. Mizuno, Defense mechanism differences between younger and older adults: A cross-sectional investigation. Aging and Mental Health, 11(4), pp. 415-422, 2007. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13607860600963588   DOI
48 J. W. Kim, Defense mechanism maturity study. Unpublished Doctoralthesis, Seoul University, Seoul, Korea, 2003.
49 Y. H. Oh, A study on adaption of college students. Korean Psychologial Assocoaition Annual Conference, pp. 513-530. 1993.
50 S, J. Lee, The Effects of Positive Illusions and Defense Mechanisms on College Students' Stress Coping Style. Unpublished Master's thesis, Seoul women's University, Seoul Korea, 2012.
51 G. E., Ego mechanisms of defenxe: A guide for clinicians and reserchers. (Ed.), Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1992.
52 J.Y. Park, Study on the relationship among character type A & B ego-identity and stres coping.Unpublished Master's thesis, ookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea, 1995.
53 L. M. Martire, M. A. P. Stephens, A. Townsend, Centrality of women's multiple roles: beneficial and detrimental consepuences for psychological well-being. Psychology and Aging, 15, pp. 148-156, 2000.   DOI
54 A DeLongis,, J. C. Coybe, G Dakof, S. Folkman, R. S Lazarus, The relationship of daily hassles, uplifts, and major life events to health status. Health Psychology, 1(2), pp. 119-136, 1982.   DOI
55 C. H. Kim, Relationship of the daily hassles, stress appraisal and coping strategies with emotional experiences. The Korean Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy, 7, 1, pp. 44-69, 1995.
56 D. Ihilevich, G. C. Gleser, Defense mechanism: Their dassification corelate and measurement with the defense mechanism inventory. Owosso, M.I.: DMI Assoc, 1986.
57 M Bond, S. T.Gardner, J. Christian, & J. J. Sigal, Empirical study of self-rated defense styles. Archieves of Generak Psychiatry, 40, pp. 333-338, 1983. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1983.01790030103013   DOI
58 S. H. Cho. A validational study of korean version of defense style questionnaire. The Krean Journal of counselling and psychotherapy, 20(8), pp. 203-224, 1999.
59 I. A. Kim, The Moderated Mediation Effect of Cognitive Style to Adolescents' Psychological Mechanism: Focusing on the Relation Trait-Anxiety, Mother-Child Communication Style and Defense Mechanism. The Korea Journal of Youth Counseling, 16(1), 51-67, 2008
60 P. Cramer, Defense mechanisms in psychology today: Further processes for adaptation. American Psychologist, 55(6), 637-646, 2000. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.6.637   DOI