Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.5762/KAIS.2012.13.4.1751

Comparative analysis of blood glucose test results on the forearm, finger, and vein  

Kim, Kyung-Ah (Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University)
Lee, In-Kwang (Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University)
Shin, Eun-Young (Dept. of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University)
Kim, Yang-Mi (Dept. of Physiology, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University)
Kim, Kyoung-Oak (Seoul Asan Medical Center)
Cha, Eun-Jong (Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University)
Park, Kyung-Soon (Dept. of Nursing, Chungcheong University)
Publication Information
Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society / v.13, no.4, 2012 , pp. 1751-1758 More about this Journal
Abstract
Capillary blood sampling on the forearm reduces pain caused by skin puncture. The present study compared the blood glucose test results performed at different sampling sites of the forearm, finger, and vein to evaluate clinical validity of this alternative site blood sampling technique. Subjects numbered 555 including 61 diabetic patients participated to measure the glucose concentration on the finger ($G_F$) and the forearm ($G_A$) with a portable glucometer under overnight fasting state. Then, the venous glucose concentration ($G_V$) was measured in 514 subjects in less than 1 hour. The test results were analyzed by simple linear regression, intraclass correlation, and Passing-Bablok regression techniques. $G_A$ was highly correlated with $G_F$ or $G_V$ showing the correlation coefficients (r) of approximately 0.97 (P<0.0001) in the normal group. The patient group also resulted similarly high correlation with only slightly lower r value. The mean differences in glucose concentration were less than ${\pm}10mg/dL$ regardless of the sampling sites. Intraclass correlation coefficients were slightly smaller than r but very much similar in value in both groups. The 95% confidence intervals of the slope as well as the intercept in the Passing-Bablok regression analysis were < ${\pm}20%$ and < ${\pm}20mg/dL$, respectively, which were within the clinically acceptable ranges. These three statistical techniques introduced in the present study well demonstrated the consistency of $G_A$ with $G_F$ and $G_V$. Therefore, the forearm blood glucose test could be considered as clinically valid under fasting condition.
Keywords
Blood glucose test; Alternative blood sampling; Comparative analysis;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 S. W. Park, D. J. Kim, H. Y. Kim, K. W. Min, S. H. Baek, "Current status of diabetes management in Korea using national insurance database", Korean Diabetes Association 19th Spring Meeting, pp. 227-228, 2006.
2 R. M. Cowett, L. D'Amico, "Capillary (Heelstick) versus venous blood sampling for the determination of glucose concentration in the neonate", Biol Neonate, Vol. 62, pp. 32-36, 1992.   DOI
3 D. P. Barker, N. Rutter, "Exposure to invasive procedures in neonatal intensive care unit admissions", Arch Dis Childhood, Vol. 72, pp. 48-49, 1995.   DOI   ScienceOn
4 N. McIntosh, Veen van L, H. Brameyer, "Alleviation of the pain of heel prick in preterm infants", Arch Dis Childhood, Vol. 70, pp. 177-181, 1994.   DOI
5 D. D. Cunningham, T. P. Henning, E. B. Shain, D. F. Young, T. A. Elstrom, E. J. Tayler, et al. "Vacuum-assisted lancing of the forearm: an effective and less painful approach to blood glucose monitoring", Diabetes Techno Ther, Vol. 2, pp. 541-548, 2000.   DOI   ScienceOn
6 M. S. Park, K. S. Park, K. A. Kim, M. H. Jun, T. I. Kim, T. S. Lee, et al., "Vacuum assisted auto-lancing technique for capillary blood sampling on the forearm with minimized pain", J. Biomed Eng Res, Vol. 25, No. 6, pp. 557-563, 2004.
7 J. P. Lock, E. A. Szuts, K. J. Malomo, A. Anagnostopoulos, "Whole-blood glucose testing at alternate sites", Diabetes Care, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 337-341, 2002.   DOI   ScienceOn
8 P. Zimmet, KG Alberti, J. Shaw, "Global and societal implications of the diabetes epidemic", Nature, Vol.414, pp. 782-787, 2001.   DOI   ScienceOn
9 M. H. Kim, M. K. Kim, B. Y. Choi, Y. J. Shin, "Educational disparities in the metabolic syndrome in a rapidly changing society-the case of South Korea", Int J Epidemiol, Vol. 34, pp. 1266-1273, 2005.   DOI   ScienceOn
10 Ministry of Health & Welfare, Korea Health Statistics 2010 :Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2010.
11 Korea National Statistical Office, "Annual report on the cause of death statistics", 2006.
12 E. J. Kim, H. K. Min, et al., "Diabetics". 3rd ed., Korea Medical Book Company, 2005.
13 International Organization for Standardization: ISO 15197, Geneva 2003.
14 R. W. Waynant, and V. M. Chenault, "Overview of non-invasive fluid glucose measurement using techniques to maintain glucose control in diabetes mellitus", LEOS newsletter, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 3-6, 1998.
15 C. Matthew, B. Erin, D. Carol, S. Jonathan, "A comparison of blood glucose meters in Australia", Diabetes Res Clin 500, Vol. 71, pp. 113-118, 2006.   DOI   ScienceOn
16 H. Reinauer, R. D. Home, A. S. Kanagasabapathy, C. Heuck, "Laboratory diagnosis and monitoring of diabetes mellitus", World Health Organization Publication, pp. 11-12, 2002.
17 U. S. Food and Drug Administration. "Review criteria for assessment of portable blood glucose monitoring in-vitro diagnostic devices using glucose oxidase, dehydrogenase, or hexokinase methodology. Guidance Document (Medical Devices)", U. S. Department of Health and Human Service, No. 5, 1997.
18 G. G. Koch, "Intraclass correlation coefficient", In: Kotz S and Johnson NL, ed. Encyclopedia of statistical sciences, John Wiley & Sons, pp. 213-217, 1982.
19 H. Passing and W. Bablok, "A new biometrical procedure for testing the equality of measurements from two different analytical methods. Application of linear regression procedures for method comparison studies in clinical chemistry, Part I", J Clin Chem Clin Biochem, Vol. 21, No. 11, pp. 709-720, 1983.
20 Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute, "Point-of-Care blood glucose testing in acute and chronic care facilities; Approved Guideline-2nd ed. Document C30-A2", Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 22, 2002.
21 W. L. Clarke, D. Cox, L. A. Gonder-Frederick, W. Carte, S. L. Pohl, "Evaluating clinical accuracy of systems for self-monitoring of blood glucose", Diabetes Care, Vol. 10, No. 5, pp. 622-628, 1987.   DOI   ScienceOn
22 D. K. Kim, J. H. Won, N. P. Sergey, V. M. Viacheslav, E. C. Evgenii, "Basic investigation for the non-invasive measurement of blood glucose concentrations by millimeter waves", IEEK Journal (SC), Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 3-6, 1998.
23 M. L. Parchman, J. A. Pugh, P. H. Noel, A. C. Larme, "Continuity of care, self-management behaviors, and glucose control in patients with type 2 diabetes", Med Care, Vol. 40, pp. 137-144, 2002.   DOI   ScienceOn
24 Korean Diabetes Association, "Diabetics" 2nd ed., Korea Medical Book Company, pp. 303-308, 2006
25 J. D. Skyler, "Self-monitoring of blood glucose", Med Clin North Am, Vol. 66, No. 4, pp. 1227-1250, 1993.
26 J. Y. Choi, "A comparison on the degree of pain according to methods of blood sugar test between DM Patients and healthy group", J Korean Acad Nurs, Vol. 33, No. 7, pp. 928-935, 2003.   DOI