Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.4094/chnr.2014.20.3.142

Effects of Topical Anesthetic Cream on Pain at Venipuncture in Children  

Kim, Yunsoo (Seoul Women's College of Nursing)
Park, Ho Ran (College of Nursing, The Catholic University of Korea)
Publication Information
Child Health Nursing Research / v.20, no.3, 2014 , pp. 142-148 More about this Journal
Abstract
Purpose: This study was done to evaluate the effectiveness of EMLA cream on pain related to venipuncture among children. Methods: In this study, 48 children were evaluated using a sequential measurement for level of pain by Skin Conductance Level (SCL) based on Galvanic Skin Response (GSR), heart rate, and the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) at four times. Results: The maximum and mean of the SCL were each significantly different between the experimental and control groups and furthermore, the two were also significantly different among observed times. In addition there was a significant interaction between group and time. The children's perceived pain using VAS was not significantly different between the experimental and control groups. There was no significant difference in the heart rate between the experimental and control groups; however, the interaction between group and time was significant. Conclusion: In conclusion, applying topical anesthetic cream to the venipuncture site to reduce pain was effective among the children and therefore it is highly recommended that topical anesthetic cream be applied at the venipuncture site as a nursing intervention to reduce pain when a child has to undergo a venipuncture.
Keywords
Galvanic skin response; Pain; Analgesics; Child;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 2  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Fitzgerald, M., & Anand, K. J. S. (1993). Developmental neuroanatomy and neurophysiology of pain. In N. L. Schechter, C. B. Berde, & M. Yaster (Ed.), Pain in infants, children, and adolescents (pp. 11-31). Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.
2 Davidson, A., & McKenzie, I. (2011). Distress at induction: Prevention and consequences. Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology, 24(3), 301-306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ACO.0b013e3283466b27   DOI   ScienceOn
3 Drendel, A. L., Kelly, B. T., & Ali, S. (2011). Pain assessment for children: Overcoming challenges and optimizing care. Pediatric Emergency Care, 27(8), 773-781. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e31822877f7   DOI   ScienceOn
4 Eichenfield, L. F., Funk, A., Fallon-Friedlander, S., & Cunningham, B. B. (2002). A clinical study to evaluate the efficacy of ELA-Max (4% liposomal lidocaine) as compared with eutectic mixture of local anesthetics cream for pain reduction of venipuncture in children. Pediatrics, 109(6), 1093-1099. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.109.6.1093   DOI   ScienceOn
5 Harrison, D., Boyce, S., Loughnan, P., Dargaville, P., Storm, H., & Johnston, L. (2006). Skin conductance as a measure of pain and stress in hospitalised infants. Early Human Development, 82(9), 603-608.   DOI
6 Hopkins, C., Buckley, C., & Bush, G. (1988). Pain-free injection in infants. Anaesthesia, 43, 198-201.
7 Kim, H. J., Ko, S. B., Hong, S. S., Lee, C. S., & Lee, S. H. (2002). The topical anesthesia with EMLA cream in children. The Korean Academy of Pediatric Dentistry, 29(1), 69-75.
8 Koo, H. Y. (2003). Uncertainty and anxiety in families of hospitalized children. Korean Journal of Child Health Nursing, 8(1), 67-76.
9 Marco, C. A., Plewa, M. C., Buderer, N., Hymel, G., & Cooper, J. (2006). Self-reported pain scores in the emergency department: Lack of association with vital signs. Academic Emergency Medicine, 13(9), 974-979.   DOI
10 Mathew, P. J., & Mathew, J. L. (2003). Assessment and management of pain in infants. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 79(934), 438-443. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1136/pmj.79.934.438   DOI
11 Merskey, H., & Bogduk, N. (1994). Classification of chronic pain (2nd ed.). IASP Press, Seattle.
12 McMurtry, C. M., Noel, M., Chambers, C. T., & McGrath, P. J. (2011). Children' fear during procedural pain: Preliminary investigation of the children' fear scale. Health Psychology, 30(6), 780-788. http://dx.doi. org/10.1037/a0024817   DOI   ScienceOn
13 Sung, M. H. (2000). A study on Health/Illness concepts in hospitalized preschoolers. Korean Journal of Child Health Nursing, 6(3), 291-304.
14 Pereira-da-Silva, L., Virella, D., Monteiro, I., Gomes, S., Rodrigues, P., Serelha, M., et al. (2012). Skin conductance indices discriminate nociceptive responses to acute stimuli from different heel prick procedures in infants. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, 25(6), 796-801. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.3109/14767058.2011.587919
15 Rogers, T. L., & Ostrow, C. L. (2004). The Use of EMLA cream to decrease venipuncture pain in children. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 19(1), 33- 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2003.09.005   DOI   ScienceOn
16 Song, J. H., Cho, K. J., Park, E. S., Park, I. S., Kim, M. W., Park, H. R., et al. (2011). Nursing Care of Children (3rd ed.). Hyunmoonsa, Seoul.
17 Taddio, A., Shah, V., Stephens, D., Parvez, E., Hogan, M. E., Kikuta, A., et al. (2011). Effect of liposomal lidocaine and sucrose alone and in combination for venipuncture pain in newborns. Pediatrics, 127(4), e940- 947. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2010-2914   DOI
18 von Baeyer, C. L., Marche, T. A., Rocha, E. M., & Salmonn, K. (2004). Children' memory for pain: Overview and implications for practice. Journal of Pain, 5(5), 241-249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2004. 05.001   DOI   ScienceOn
19 Yoon, Y. H., Roh, Y. I., Kim, E. Y., & Park, S. K. (2004). Pain reduction at venipuncture in preterm infants: Oral glucose solution compared with EMLA cream and pacifiers. The Medical Journal of Chosun University, 29(2), 1-7.
20 Young, S. S., Schwartz, R., & Sheridan, M. J. (1996). EMLA cream as a topical anesthetic before office phlebotomy in children. Southern Medical Journal, 89(12), 1184-1187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007611- 199612000-00010   DOI   ScienceOn
21 Anand, K. J. S., & Hickey, P. R. (1987). Pain and its effects in the human neonate and fetus. The New England Journal of Medicine, 317, 1321- 1329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198711193172105   DOI   ScienceOn
22 Borland, M. L., Jacobs, I., & Geelhoed, G. (2002) Intranasal fentanyl reduces acute pain in children in the emergency department: A safety and efficacy study. Emergency Medicine, 14(3), 275-280.   DOI
23 Bush, J. P. (1990). Understanding pediatric pain: A developmental perspective. In T. W. Miller & C. T. Madison (Ed.), Chronic pain: Clinical issues in health care management (pp. 757-786). International Universities Press.
24 Chung, Y. S., Park, K. W., & Kim, J. S. (2006). Effect of EMLA cream to decrease venipuncture related pain and anxiety in children. Journal of Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing, 12(2), 253-259.
25 Zempsky, W. T., Sullivan, J., Paulson, D. M., & Hoath, S. B. (2004). Evaluation of a low-dose lidocaine iontophoresis system for topical anesthesia in adults and children: A randomized, controlled trial. Clinical Therapeutics, 26(7), 1110-1119.   DOI   ScienceOn
26 Zempsky, W. T., & Cravero, J. P. (2004). Relief of pain and anxiety in pediatric patients in emergency medical systems. Pediatrics, 114(5), 1348- 1356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2004-1752   DOI   ScienceOn