Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2016.17.S3.167

Study of Relationship Between Illness Perception and Delay in Seeking Help for Breast Cancer Patients Based on Leventhal's Self-Regulation Model  

Attari, Seyedeh Maryam (Student Research Committee, School of Nursing and Midwifery, The International Branch of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences)
Ozgoli, Giti (Department of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, The International Branch of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences)
Solhi, Mahnaz (Health Education and Health Promotion Department, School of Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences)
Majd, Hamid Alavi (Department of Biostatistics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences)
Publication Information
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention / v.17, no.sup3, 2016 , pp. 167-174 More about this Journal
Abstract
One of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in breast cancer patients is delay in seeking help. Leventhal's self-regulation model provides an appropriate framework to assess delay in seeking help. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between "illness perception" and "help seeking delay" in breast cancer patients based on Leventhal's self-regulation model. In this correlational descriptive study with convenience sampling conducted in 2013, participants were 120 women with breast cancer who were diagnosed in the last year and referred to chemotherapy and radiotherapy centers in Rasht, Iran. Data collection scales included demographic data, Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ-R)and a researcher made questionnaire to measure the delay in seeking help. Pre-hospital delay (help seeking delay) was evaluated in 3 phases (assessment, disease, behavior). The data were analyzed using SPSS-19. The mean (SD) age calculated for the patients was $47.3{\pm}10.2$. Some 43% of the patients had a high school or higher education level and 82% were married. The "pre-hospital delay" was reported ${\geq}3months$. Logistic regression analysis showed that none of the illness perception components were correlated with appraisal and behavioral delay phases. In the illness delay phase, "time line" (p-value =0.04) and "risk factors"(p-value=0.03) had significant effects on reducing and "psychological attributions" had significant effects on increasing the delay (p-value =0.01). "Illness coherence" was correlated with decreased pre-hospital patient delay (p-value<0.01). Women's perceptions of breast cancer influences delay in seeking help. In addition to verifying the validity of Leventhal's self-regulation model in explaining delay in seeking help, the results signify the importance of the "illness delay phase" (decision to seek help) and educational interventions-counseling for women in the community.
Keywords
Breast cancer; illness perceptions; delay in seeking help; self-regulation; Leventhal's model;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 15  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Mohaghegh P, Yavari P, Akbari ME, et al (2015). Associations of demographic and socioeconomic factors with stage at diagnosis of breast cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 16, 1627-31.   DOI
2 Mohebbi P, Naghizadeh S, Mohammadalizadeh S (2013). Screening programs about breast with clinical and para clinical examination on women who were referred to Behbood hospital in Tabriz 2010. J Kermanshah Univ Med Sci, 17, 172-80.
3 Monfared A, Pakseresht S, Ghanbari A, et al (2013). Health-related quality of life and its related factors among women with Breast Cancer. Int J Nurs Midwifery, 23, 52-62.
4 Montazeri A (2009). Quality of life data as prognostic indicators of survival in cancer patients: an overview of the literature from 1982 to 2008. Health Qual Life Outcomes, 7, 102.   DOI
5 Montazeri A, Jarvandi S, Ebrahimi M, et al (2004). The role of depression in the development of breast cancer: analysis of registry data from a single institute. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 5, 316-9.
6 Moss-Morris R, Weinman J, Petrie K, et al (2002). The revised illness perception questionnaire (IPQ-R). Psychol Health, 17, 1-16.   DOI
7 Nielsen NR, Zhang Z-F, Kristensen TS, et al (2005). Self reported stress and risk of breast cancer: prospective cohort study. BMJ, 331, 548.   DOI
8 Noreen M, Murad S, Furqan M, et al (2015). Knowledge and awareness about breast cancer and its early symptoms among medical and non-medical students of southern Punjab, Pakistan. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 16, 979-84.   DOI
9 Norsa'adah B, Rahmah MA, Rampal KG, et al (2012). Understanding barriers to Malaysian women with breast cancer seeking help. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 13, 3723-30.   DOI
10 Pearman T (2003). Quality of life and psychosocial adjustment in gynecologic cancer survivors. Health Qual Life Outcomes, 1, 33.   DOI
11 Peltzer K, Pengpid S (2014). Awareness of Breast Cancer Risk among female university students from 24 low, middle iIncome and emerging economy countries. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 15, 7875.   DOI
12 Petralia SA, Dosemeci M, Adams EE, et al (1999). Cancer mortality among women employed in health care occupations in 24 US states, 1984-1993. Am J Indus Med, 36, 159-65.   DOI
13 Petrie KJ, Jago LA, Devcich DA (2007). The role of illness perceptions in patients with medical conditions. Curr Opin Psychiatry, 20, 163-7.   DOI
14 Petrie KJ, Weinman J (2003). More focus needed on symptom appraisal. J Psychosom Res, 54, 401-3.   DOI
15 Qhasemzadeh IPQ-R(Persian). available at: http://www.uib.no/ipq/pdf/IPQ-R-Persian.pdf.
16 Rastad H, Khanjani N, Khandani BK (2012). Causes of delay in seeking treatment in patients with breast cancer in Iran: a qualitative content analysis study. Asia Pac J Cancer Prev, 13, 4511-5.   DOI
17 Rezagholi T, Yavari P, Abolhasani F, et al (2015). Estimating the burden of breast cancer in Iranian women in 2009. Iran J Epidemiol, 10, 32-40.
18 Richards M, Westcombe A, Love S, et al (1999). Influence of delay on survival in patients with breast cancer: a systematic review. The Lancet, 353, 1119-26.   DOI
19 Sajadi Hezaveh M, Khademi M (2009). Breast Cancer: A phenomenological study. J Arak Univ Med Sci, 12, 29-39.
20 Shabahang H, Panahi G, Noferesti G, et al (2011). Illness perception of breast cancer in affected women undergoing chemotherapy. Med J I.R. Iran, 25, 76-81.
21 Yip C, Bhoo PN, Teo S (2014). A review of breast cancer research in malaysia. Med J Malaysia, 69, 8-22.
22 Shields CG, Rousseau SJ (2004). A pilot study of an intervention for breast cancer survivors and their spouses. Fam Process, 43, 95-107.   DOI
23 Taib NA, Akmal M, Mohamed I, et al (2011). Improvement in survival of breast cancer patients-trends in survival over two time periods in a single institution in an Asia Pacific Country, Malaysia. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev, 12, 345-9.
24 Taleghani F, Yekta ZP, Nasrabadi AN (2006). Coping with breast cancer in newly diagnosed Iranian women. J Adv Nurs, 54, 265-72.   DOI
25 Yip CH, Taib N, Mohamed I (2006). Epidemiology of breast cancer in Malaysia. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev, 7, 369-74.
26 Yu FQ, Murugiah MK, Khan AH, et al (2015). Meta-synthesis exploring barriers to health seeking behaviour among Malaysian breast cancer patients. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 16, 145-52.   DOI
27 Yusoff N, Taib N, Ahmad A (2011). The health seeking trajectories of Malaysian women and their husbands in delay cases of breast cancer: a qualitative study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 12, 2563-70.
28 Yusuf A, Ab Hadi IS, Mahamood Z, et al (2013). Understanding the breast cancer experience: a qualitative study of Malaysian women. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 14, 3689-98.   DOI
29 Akhtari-Zavare M, Juni MH, Said SM, et al (2013). Beliefs and behavior of Malaysia undergraduate female students in a public university toward breast self-examination practice. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 14, 57-61.   DOI
30 Afsharfard A, Mozaffar M, Orang E, et al (2013). Trends in epidemiology, clinical and histopathological characteristics of breast cancer in Iran: results of a 17 year study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 14, 6905-11.   DOI
31 Andersen BL, Cacioppo JT, Roberts DC (1995). Delay in seeking a cancer diagnosis: delay stages and psychophysiological comparison processes. BrJ Soc Psychol, 34, 33-52.   DOI
32 Asadi M, Shiralipur A, Ghanad F, et al (2012). Meta-analysis of effective factors in life quality of special patients. Hormozgan Med J, 16, 25-33.
33 Aspinwall LG, MacNamara A (2005). Taking positive changes seriously. Cancer, 104, 2549-56.   DOI
34 Behjati F, Atri M, Najmabadi H, et al (2005). Prognostic value of chromosome 1 and 8 copy number in invasive ductal breast carcinoma among Iranian women: an interphase FISH analysis. Pathol Oncol Res, 11, 157-63.   DOI
35 Bhosai SJ, Sinthusake T, Miwa S, et al (2011). Factors affecting patient access in Thailand: Understanding delay in care seeking for patients with cancer. Glob Public Health, 6, 385-97.   DOI
36 Bish A, Ramirez A, Burgess C, et al (2005). Understanding why women delay in seeking help for breast cancer symptoms. J Psychosom Res, 58, 321-6.   DOI
37 Burgess C, Hunter MS, Ramirez AJ (2001). A qualitative study of delay among women reporting symptoms of breast cancer. Br J Gen Pract, 51, 967-71.
38 Bussing A, Fischer J (2009). Interpretation of illness in cancer survivors is associated with health-related variables and adaptive coping styles. BMC Womens Health, 9, 2.   DOI
39 Butow P, Coates A, Dunn S (2000). Psychosocial predictors of survival: metastatic breast cancer. Ann Oncol, 11, 469-74.   DOI
40 Che CC, Coomarasamy JD, Suppayah B (2014). Perception of breast health amongst Malaysian Female adolescents. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 15, 7175-80.   DOI
41 Ebrahimi M, Montazeri A, Akbari I, et al (2008). Delay in diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer and its risk factors: the role of physicians and health system. Iran J Breast Dis, 22, 181-200.
42 Ermiah E, Abdalla F, Buhmeida A, et al (2012). Diagnosis delay in Libyan female breast cancer. BMC Res Notes, 5, 452-8.   DOI
43 FathiNajafi T, Jabbarzadehganjeh S, Mojahedirezaeian S (2005). Assessment of certain breast cancer risk factors during reproductive age in women in Mashhad (2002-2003). Iran J Med Sci, 11, 577-86.
44 Ghazali SM, Othman Z, Cheong KC, et al (2013). Non-practice of breast self examination and marital status are associated with delayed presentation with breast cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 14, 1141-5.   DOI
45 Harirchi I, Ghaemmaghami F, Karbakhsh M, et al (2005). Patient delay in women presenting with advanced breast cancer: an Iranian study. Public Health, 119, 885-91.   DOI
46 Jemal A, Bray F, Center MM, et al (2011). Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin, 61, 69-90.   DOI
47 Khakbazan Z, Roudsari RL, Taghipour A, et al (2014a). Appraisal of breast cancer symptoms by Iranian women: entangled cognitive, emotional and socio-cultural responses. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 15, 8135-42.   DOI
48 Khakbazan Z, Taghipour A, Roudsari RL, et al (2014b). Delayed presentation of self-discovered breast cancer symptoms in Iranian women: A qualitative study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 15, 9427-32.   DOI
49 Leventhal H (1979). A perceptual-motor processing model of emotion. In 'Perception of emotion in self and others', Eds Springer, 1-46
50 Khan MA, Shafique S, Khan MT, et al (2015). Presentation delay in breast cancer patients, identifying the barriers in north pakistan. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 16, 377.   DOI
51 Leventhal, H, Benyamini, Y, Brownlee, S, Diefenbach, M, Leventhal, EA, Patrick-Miller, L, Rabitaille, C (1997). Illness representations: theoretical foundations. in: KJ Petrie, J Weinman (Eds.) Perceptions of health and illness. Harwood Academic Publishers, London, 19-45.
52 Leventhal H, Brissette I, Leventhal EA (2003). The commonsense model of self-regulation of health and illness. The self-regulation of health and illness behaviour, 1, 42-65.
53 Leventhal H, Leventhal EA, Cameron L (2001). Representations, procedures, and affect in illness self-regulation: A perceptual-cognitive model. Handbook of health psychology, 19-47.
54 Leventhal H, Nerenz DR, Steele DJ (1984). Illness representations and coping with health threats. in: A Baum, J Singer (Eds.) A handbook of psychology and health. Erlbaum, Hillsdale (NJ), 219-252.
55 Macleod U, Mitchell E, Burgess C, et al (2009). Risk factors for delayed presentation and referral of symptomatic cancer: evidence for common cancers. Br J Cancer, 101, 92-101.   DOI
56 Masoudnia E (2008). Illness perception and delay in seeking help in women with breast cancer symptoms: An appraisal of self-regulation model. Hisp J Behav Sci, 2, 271-82.
57 Mohadesi H, Ayatollahi H, HasanZadeh G, et al (2013). Quality of life in breast cancer patients: Study in the Omid cancer research center-Urmia. Iran J Breast Dis, 5, 35-43.