Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2015.16.7.2857

Differences in Incidence, Mortality and Survival of Breast Cancer by Regions and Countries in Asia and Contributing Factors  

Kim, Yeonju (Independent Researcher)
Yoo, Keun-Young (Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine)
Goodman, Marc T (Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center)
Publication Information
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention / v.16, no.7, 2015 , pp. 2857-2870 More about this Journal
Abstract
Although the incidence of breast cancer in Asia remains lower than in North America, Western Europe, and Oceania, rates have been increasing rapidly during the past few decades, and Asian countries now account for 40% of breast cancer cases diagnosed worldwide. Breast cancer mortality has also increased among Asian women, in contrast to decreased mortality in Northern America, Western Europe, and Oceania. These increased rates are associated with higher prevalence of breast cancer risk factors (e.g., reduced parity, delayed childbirth, increased obesity) that have accompanied economic development throughout the region. However, Asian regions (western, south-central, south-eastern, and eastern) and countries differ in the types and magnitude of changes in breast cancer risk factors, and cannot be viewed as a single homogeneous group. The objective of this paper was to contrast the heterogeneous epidemiology of breast cancer by Asian regions and countries, and to suggest potential avenues for future research.
Keywords
Breast cancer; incidence; mortality; survival; epidemiology; risk factor; Asia;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 15  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Khokhar A (2012). Breast cancer in India: where do we stand and where do we go? Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 13, 4861-6.   DOI
2 Kilfoy BA, Zhang Y, Shu XO, et al (2008). Family history of malignancies and risk of breast cancer: prospective data from the Shanghai women's health study. Cancer Causes Control, 19, 1139-45.   DOI
3 Kim HC, Lee JY, Sung H, et al (2012). A genome-wide association study identifies a breast cancer risk variant in ERBB4 at 2q34: results from the Seoul Breast Cancer Study. Breast Cancer Res, 14, 56.
4 Kim J, Shin A, Lee JS, et al (2009). Dietary factors and breast cancer in Korea: an ecological study. Breast J, 15, 683-6.   DOI
5 Kim Y, Choi JY, Lee KM, et al (2007). Dose-dependent protective effect of breast-feeding against breast cancer among ever-lactated women in Korea. Eur J Cancer Prev, 16, 124-9.   DOI
6 Kim Y, Jun JK, Choi KS, et al (2011). Overview of the national cancer screening programme and the cancer screening status in Korea. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 12, 725-30.
7 Koo LC, Mang OW, Ho JH (1997). An ecological study of trends in cancer incidence and dietary changes in Hong Kong. Nutr Cancer, 28, 289-301.   DOI
8 Kooshyar MM, Nassiri M, Mahdavi M, et al (2013). Identification of germline BRCA1 mutations among breast cancer families in Northeastern Iran. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 14, 4339-45.   DOI   ScienceOn
9 Korpraphong P, Limsuwarn P, Tangcharoensathien W, et al (2013). Improving breast cancer detection using ultrasonography in asymptomatic women with non-fatty breast density. Acta Radiol.
10 Kotepui M, Chupeerach C (2013). Age distribution of breast cancer from a Thailand population- based cancer registry. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 14, 3815-7.   DOI   ScienceOn
11 Kwong A, Mang OW, Wong CH, et al (2011). Breast cancer in Hong Kong, Southern China: the first population-based analysis of epidemiological characteristics, stage-specific, cancer-specific, and disease-free survival in breast cancer patients: 1997-2001. Ann Surg Oncol, 18, 3072-8.   DOI
12 Laudico A, Redaniel MT, Mirasol-Lumague MR, et al (2009). Epidemiology and clinicopathology of breast cancer in metro Manila and Rizal Province, Philippines. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 10, 167-72.
13 Lee KM, Choi JY, Park SK, et al (2005). Genetic polymorphisms of ataxia telangiectasia mutated and breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 14, 821-5.   DOI
14 Lee SA, Shu XO, Li H, et al (2009). Adolescent and adult soy food intake and breast cancer risk: results from the Shanghai women's health study. Am J Clin Nutr, 89, 1920-6.   DOI
15 Leong LC, Gogna A, Pant R, et al (2012). Supplementary breast ultrasound screening in Asian women with negative but dense mammograms-a pilot study. Ann Acad Med Singapore, 41, 432-9.
16 Leong SP, Shen ZZ, Liu TJ, et al (2010). Is breast cancer the same disease in asian and western countries? World J Surg, 34, 2308-24.   DOI
17 Lertkhachonsuk AA, Yip CH, Khuhaprema T, et al (2013). Cancer prevention in Asia: resource-stratified guidelines from the asian oncology summit 2013. Lancet Oncol, 14, 497-507.   DOI
18 Li H, Beeghly-Fadiel A, Wen W, et al (2013). Gene-environment interactions for breast cancer risk among Chinese women: a report from the Shanghai Breast Cancer Genetics Study. Am J Epidemiol, 177, 161-70.   DOI   ScienceOn
19 Lodha R, Joshi A, Paul D, et al (2011). Association between reproductive factors and breast cancer in an urban set up at central India: a case-control study. Indian J Cancer, 48, 303-7.   DOI
20 Li HL, Gao YT, Li Q, et al (2006). [Anthropometry and female breast cancer: a prospective cohort study in urban Shanghai]. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi, 27, 488-93.
21 Long J, Cai Q, Shu XO, et al (2010a). Identification of a functional genetic variant at 16q12.1 for breast cancer risk: results from the Asia Breast Cancer Consortium. PLoS Genet, 6, 1001002.   DOI
22 Long J, Cai Q, Sung H, et al (2012). Genome-wide association study in east Asians identifies novel susceptibility loci for breast cancer. PLoS Genet, 8, 1002532.   DOI
23 Long N, Moore MA, Chen W, et al (2010b). Cancer epidemiology and control in north-East Asia - past, present and future. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 11 Suppl 2, 107-48.
24 Matalqah L, Radaideh K, Yusoff ZM, et al (2011). Predictors of breast cancer among women in a northern state of Malaysia: a matched case-control study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 12, 1549-53.
25 Matthews CE, Shu XO, Jin F, et al (2001). Lifetime physical activity and breast cancer risk in the Shanghai breast cancer study. Br J Cancer, 84, 994-1001.   DOI
26 Minami Y, Tsubono Y, Nishino Y, et al (2004). The increase of female breast cancer incidence in Japan: emergence of birth cohort effect. Int J Cancer, 108, 901-6.   DOI
27 Miyagawa Y, Miyake T, Yanai A, et al (2013). Association of body mass index with risk of luminal A but not luminal B estrogen receptor-positive and HER2-negative breast cancer for postmenopausal Japanese women. Breast Cancer.
28 Moore MA, Attasara P, Khuhaprema T, et al (2010b). Cancer epidemiology in mainland South-East Asia - past, present and future. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 11, 67-80.
29 Mizota Y, Yamamoto S (2012). Prevalence of breast cancer risk factors in Japan. Jpn J Clin Oncol, 42, 1008-12.   DOI   ScienceOn
30 Moore MA, Ariyaratne Y, Badar F, et al (2010a). Cancer epidemiology in South Asia - past, present and future. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 11, 49-66.
31 Moore MA, Eser S, Igisinov N, et al (2010c). Cancer epidemiology and control in north-western and central asia - past, present and future. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 11, 17-32.
32 Mousavi-Jarrrahi SH, Kasaeian A, Mansori K, et al (2013). Addressing the younger age at onset in breast cancer patients in Asia: an age-period-cohort analysis of fifty years of quality data from the international agency for research on cancer. ISRN Oncol, 2013, 429862.
33 Muir CS, Waterhouse J, Mack T, et al (1987). Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol. V.
34 Najjar H, Easson A (2010). Age at diagnosis of breast cancer in Arab nations. Int J Surg, 8, 448-52.   DOI   ScienceOn
35 Ng CH, Pathy NB, Taib NA, et al (2011). Comparison of breast cancer in Indonesia and Malaysia--a clinico-pathological study between dharmais cancer centre Jakarta and university Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 12, 2943-6.
36 Ng EH, Gao F, Ji CY, et al (1997). Risk factors for breast carcinoma in Singaporean Chinese women: the role of central obesity. Cancer, 80, 725-31.   DOI
37 Okonkwo QL, Draisma G, der Kinderen A, et al (2008). Breast Cancer Screening Policies in Developing Countries: A Cost-effectiveness Analysis for India. J National Cancer Institute, 100, 1290-300.   DOI
38 Ng EH, Ng FC, Tan PH, et al (1998). Results of intermediate measures from a population-based, randomized trial of mammographic screening prevalence and detection of breast carcinoma among Asian women: the Singapore Breast Screening Project. Cancer, 82, 1521-8.   DOI
39 Nishio K, Niwa Y, Toyoshima H, et al (2007). Consumption of soy foods and the risk of breast cancer: findings from the Japan Collaborative Cohort (JACC) Study. Cancer Causes Control, 18, 801-8.   DOI
40 OECD 2011. "Screening, survival and mortality for breast cancer", in Health at a Glance 2011: OECD Indicators, OECD Publishing.
41 Ou J, Wu T, Sijmons R, et al (2013). Prevalence of BRCA1 and BRCA2 germline mutations in breast cancer women of multiple ethnic region in northwest China. J Breast Cancer, 16, 50-4.   DOI
42 Park B, Ma SH, Shin A, et al (2013). Korean risk assessment model for breast cancer risk prediction. PLoS One, 8, 76736.   DOI
43 Park SK, Kang D, Noh DY, et al (2003). Reproductive factors, glutathione S-transferase M1 and T1 genetic polymorphism and breast cancer risk. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 78, 89-96.   DOI
44 Parkin DM, Ferlay J, Curado MP, et al (2010). Fifty years of cancer incidence: CI5 I-IX. Int J Cancer, 127, 2918-27.   DOI
45 Parkin DM, Muir CS, Whelan SL, et al (1992). Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol. VI.
46 Parkin DM, Whelan SL, Ferlay J, et al (1997). Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol. VII
47 Purnomosari D, Pals G, Wahyono A, et al (2007). BRCA1 and BRCA2 germline mutation analysis in the Indonesian population. Breast Cancer Res Treatment, 106, 297-304.   DOI   ScienceOn
48 Parkin DM, Whelan SL, Ferlay J, et al (2002). Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol. VIII.
49 Poum A, Promthet S, Duffy SW, et al (2014). Factors associated with delayed diagnosis of breast cancer in northeast Thailand. J Epidemiol, 24, 102-8.   DOI
50 Pronk A, Ji BT, Shu XO, et al (2011). Physical activity and breast cancer risk in Chinese women. Br J Cancer, 105, 1443-50.   DOI   ScienceOn
51 Ratanawichitrasin A, Reansuwan W, Ratanawichitrasin S, et al (2002). Risk of breast cancer in post-menopausal women using hormone replacement therapy. J Med Assoc Thai, 85, 583-9.
52 Rennert G, Bisland-Naggan S, Barnett-Griness O, et al (2007). Clinical outcomes of breast cancer in carriers of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. N Engl J Med, 357, 115-23.   DOI
53 Saeki T, Sano M, Komoike Y, et al (2008). No increase of breast cancer incidence in Japanese women who received hormone replacement therapy: overview of a case-control study of breast cancer risk in Japan. Int J Clin Oncol, 13, 8-11.   DOI
54 Saleh F, Abdeen S (2007). Pathobiological features of breast tumours in the State of Kuwait: a comprehensive analysis. J Carcinogenesis, 6, 12.   DOI
55 Salim EI, Moore MA, Bener A, et al (2010). Cancer epidemiology in South-West Asia - past, present and future. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 11, 33-48.
56 Sangrajrang S, Chaiwerawattana A, Ploysawang P, et al (2013). Obesity, diet and physical inactivity and risk of breast cancer in thai women. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 14, 7023-7.   DOI   ScienceOn
57 Shaheen R, Slanetz PJ, Raza S, et al (2011). Barriers and opportunities for early detection of breast cancer in Gaza women. Breast, 20, 30-4.
58 Sankaranarayanan R, Ramadas K, Thara S, et al (2011a). Clinical breast examination: preliminary results from a cluster randomized controlled trial in India. J Natl Cancer Inst, 103, 1476-80.   DOI   ScienceOn
59 Sankaranarayanan R, Swaminathan R, Lucas E (2011b). Cancer survival in Africa, Asia, the Caribbean and Central America (SurvCan), Lyon, International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC Scientific Publications volume 162.
60 Seow A, Straughan PT, Ng EH, et al (1997). Factors determining acceptability of mammography in an Asian population: a study among women in Singapore. Cancer Causes Control, 8, 771-9.   DOI
61 Shamsi U, Khan S, Usman S, et al (2013). A multicenter matched case control study of breast cancer risk factors among women in Karachi, Pakistan. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 14, 183-8.   DOI   ScienceOn
62 Shema L, Ore L, Ben-Shachar M, et al (2007). The association between breastfeeding and breast cancer occurrence among Israeli Jewish women: a case control study. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol, 133, 539-46.   DOI
63 Shen YC, Chang CJ, Hsu C, et al (2005). Significant difference in the trends of female breast cancer incidence between Taiwanese and Caucasian Americans: implications from age-period-cohort analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 14, 1986-90.   DOI
64 Shetty P (2012). India faces growing breast cancer epidemic. The Lancet, 379, 992-3.   DOI   ScienceOn
65 Shi J, Sung H, Zhang B, et al (2013). New breast cancer risk variant discovered at 10q25 in East Asian women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 22, 1297-303.   DOI
66 Shin HR, Joubert C, Boniol M, et al (2010b). Recent trends and patterns in breast cancer incidence among eastern and southeastern asian women. Cancer Causes Control, 21, 1777-85.   DOI
67 Shi J, Zhang M, Li L, et al (2010). Body mass index and its change in adulthood and breast cancer risk in China. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 11, 1213-8.
68 Shin A, Matthews CE, Shu XO, et al (2009). Joint effects of body size, energy intake, and physical activity on breast cancer risk. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 113, 153-61.   DOI
69 Shin HR, Boniol M, Joubert C, et al (2010a). Secular trends in breast cancer mortality in five East Asian populations: Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, Singapore and Taiwan. Cancer Sci, 101, 1241-6.   DOI   ScienceOn
70 Shu XO, Jin F, Dai Q, et al (2001). Association of body size and fat distribution with risk of breast cancer among Chinese women. Int J Cancer, 94, 449-55.   DOI
71 Shu XO, Zheng Y, Cai H, et al (2009). Soy food intake and breast cancer survival. Jama, 302, 2437-43.   DOI
72 Son BH, Ahn SH, Kim SW, et al (2012). Prevalence of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in non-familial breast cancer patients with high risks in Korea: the Korean hereditary breast cancer (KOHBRA) Study. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 133, 1143-52.   DOI
73 Sonoo H, Noguchi S (2008). Results of questionnaire survey on breast cancer surgery in Japan 2004-2006 [additional tables available at: http://www.jbcs.gr.jp/english_new/REPORT/REPORT.pdf ]. Breast Cancer, 15, 3-4.   DOI
74 Sueta A, Ito H, Islam T, et al (2012). Differential impact of body mass index and its change on the risk of breast cancer by molecular subtype: A case-control study in Japanese women. Springerplus, 1, 39.   DOI
75 Suter NM, Ray RM, Hu YW, et al (2004). BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in women from Shanghai China. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 13, 181-9.   DOI   ScienceOn
76 Sugano K, Nakamura S, Ando J, et al (2008). Cross-sectional analysis of germline BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in Japanese patients suspected to have hereditary breast/ovarian cancer. Cancer Sci, 99, 1967-76.   DOI   ScienceOn
77 Sugawara Y, Kakizaki M, Nagai M, et al (2013). Lactation pattern and the risk for hormone-related female cancer in Japan: the Ohsaki Cohort Study. Eur J Cancer Prev, 22, 187-92.   DOI
78 Sulaiman S, Shahril MR, Shaharudin SH, et al (2011). Fat intake and its relationship with pre- and post-menopausal breast cancer risk: a case-control study in Malaysia. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 12, 2167-78.
79 Suzuki R, Iwasaki M, Yamamoto S, et al (2011). Leisure-time physical activity and breast cancer risk defined by estrogen and progesterone receptor status--the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study. Prev Med, 52, 227-33.
80 Suzuki S, Kojima M, Tokudome S, et al (2008). Effect of physical activity on breast cancer risk: findings of the Japan collaborative cohort study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 17, 3396-401.   DOI
81 Suzuki S, Kojima M, Tokudome S, et al (2013). Obesity/weight gain and breast cancer risk: findings from the Japan collaborative cohort study for the evaluation of cancer risk. J Epidemiol, 23, 139-45.   DOI
82 Tamakoshi K, Yatsuya H, Wakai K, et al (2005). Impact of menstrual and reproductive factors on breast cancer risk in Japan: results of the JACC study. Cancer Sci, 96, 57-62.   DOI
83 Anderson BO, Cazap E, El Saghir NS, et al (2011). Optimisation of breast cancer management in low-resource and middle-resource countries: executive summary of the Breast Health Global Initiative consensus, 2010. Lancet Oncol, 12, 387-98.   DOI
84 Adams SA, Matthews CE, Hebert JR, et al (2006). Association of physical activity with hormone receptor status: the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 15, 1170-8.   DOI
85 Ahn SH, Hwang UK, Kwak BS, et al (2004). Prevalence of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in Korean breast cancer patients. J Korean Med Sci, 19, 269-74.   DOI
86 Al Mutairi FM, Alanazi M, Shalaby M, et al (2013). Association of XRCC1 gene polymorphisms with breast cancer susceptibility in Saudi patients. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 14, 3809-13.   DOI   ScienceOn
87 Arkoob K, Al-Nsour M, Al-Nemry O, et al (2010). Epidemiology of breast cancer in women in Jordan: patient characteristics and survival analysis. East Mediterr Health J, 16, 1032-8.
88 Bag A, Jyala NS, Bag N (2012). Indian studies on genetic polymorphisms and cancer risk. Indian J Cancer, 49, 144-62.   DOI
89 Bao PP, Shu XO, Gao YT, et al (2011). Association of hormone-related characteristics and breast cancer risk by estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor status in the shanghai breast cancer study. Am J Epidemiol, 174, 661-71.   DOI   ScienceOn
90 Bhadoria AS, Kapil U, Sareen N, et al (2013). Reproductive factors and breast cancer: A case-control study in tertiary care hospital of North India. Indian J Cancer, 50, 316-21.   DOI
91 Thomas DB, Gao DL, Ray RM, et al (2002). Randomized Trial of Breast Self-Examination in Shanghai: Final Results. J National Cancer Institute, 94, 1445-57.   DOI
92 Tan B, Lim G, Czene K, et al (2009). Do Asian breast cancer patients have poorer survival than their western counterparts? A comparison between Singapore and Stockholm. Breast Cancer Research, 11, 1-10.
93 Tanaka H, Tanaka M, Chen W, et al (2009). Proposal for a cooperative study on population-based cancer survival in selected registries in East Asia. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 10, 1191-8.
94 Tang NL, Pang CP, Yeo W, et al (1999). Prevalence of mutations in the BRCA1 gene among Chinese patients with breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst, 91, 882-5.   DOI
95 Wada K, Nakamura K, Tamai Y, et al (2013). Soy isoflavone intake and breast cancer risk in Japan: from the Takayama study. Int J Cancer, 133, 952-60.   DOI
96 Wakai K, Tamakoshi K, Date C, et al (2005). Dietary intakes of fat and fatty acids and risk of breast cancer: a prospective study in Japan. Cancer Sci, 96, 590-9.   DOI
97 Wang B, He M, Wang L, et al (2013). Breast cancer screening among adult women in China, 2010. Prev Chronic Dis 10, 183.
98 Wang D, Zheng W, Wang SM, et al (2012a). Estimation of cancer incidence and mortality attributable to overweight, obesity, and physical inactivity in China. Nutr Cancer, 64, 48-56.   DOI
99 Wang Q, Li J, Zheng S, et al (2012b). Breast cancer stage at diagnosis and area-based socioeconomic status: a multicenter 10-year retrospective clinical epidemiological study in China. BMC Cancer, 12, 122.   DOI
100 Bhoo-Pathy N, Hartman M, Yip CH, et al (2012). Ethnic differences in survival after breast cancer in South East Asia. PLoS One, 7, 30995.   DOI
101 Bhoo-Pathy N, Yip CH, Hartman M, et al (2013). Breast cancer research in Asia: adopt or adapt Western knowledge? Eur J Cancer, 49, 703-9.   DOI   ScienceOn
102 Cai Q, Long J, Lu W, et al (2011). Genome-wide association study identifies breast cancer risk variant at 10q21.2: results from the Asia Breast Cancer Consortium. Hum Mol Genet, 20, 4991-9.   DOI
103 Chen X, Lu W, Zheng W, et al (2010). Obesity and weight change in relation to breast cancer survival. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 122, 823-33.   DOI
104 Chia KS, Reilly M, Tan CS, et al (2005). Profound changes in breast cancer incidence may reflect changes into a Westernized lifestyle: a comparative population-based study in Singapore and Sweden. Int J Cancer, 113, 302-6.   DOI
105 Chiang C-J, Chen Y-C, Chen C-J, et al (2010). Cancer Trends in Taiwan. Jpn J Clin Oncol, 40, 897-904.   DOI   ScienceOn
106 Chie W, Fu C, Lee W, et al (1997). Ages at different reproductive events, numbers of menstrual cycles in between and breast cancer risk. Oncol Rep, 4, 1039-43.
107 Chie WC, Hsieh C, Newcomb PA, et al (2000). Age at any full-term pregnancy and breast cancer risk. Am J Epidemiol, 151, 715-22.   DOI
108 Chie WC, Li CY, Huang CS, et al (1998). Oral contraceptives and breast cancer risk in Taiwan, a country of low incidence of breast cancer and low use of oral contraceptives. Int J Cancer, 77, 219-23.   DOI
109 Wee LE, Koh GC (2011). The effect of neighborhood, socioeconomic status and a community-based program on multi-disease health screening in an Asian population: a controlled intervention study. Prev Med, 53, 64-9.   DOI   ScienceOn
110 Wang SC (2003). The Singapore National Breast Screening Programme: principles and implementation. Ann Acad Med Singapore, 32, 466-76.
111 Wu GH, Chen LS, Chang KJ, et al (2006a). Evolution of breast cancer screening in countries with intermediate and increasing incidence of breast cancer. J Med Screen, 13, 23-7.
112 Wu MH, Chou YC, Yu JC, et al (2006b). Hormonal and body-size factors in relation to breast cancer risk: a prospective study of 11,889 women in a low-incidence area. Ann Epidemiol, 16, 223-9.
113 Wu TY, Chung S, Yeh MC, et al (2012). Understanding breast cancer screening practices in Taiwan: a country with universal health care. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 13, 4289-94.   DOI   ScienceOn
114 Yamamoto S, Sobue T, Kobayashi M, et al (2003). Soy, isoflavones, and breast cancer risk in Japan. J Natl Cancer Inst, 95, 906-13.   DOI
115 Yang PS, Yang TL, Liu CL, et al (1997). A case-control study of breast cancer in Taiwan--a low-incidence area. Br J Cancer, 75, 752-6.   DOI
116 Yi M, Liu P, Li X, et al (2012). Comparative analysis of clinicopathologic features, treatment, and survival of Asian women with a breast cancer diagnosis residing in the United States. Cancer, 118, 4117-25.   DOI
117 Yoo K, Tajima K, Park S, et al (2001). Postmenopausal obesity as a breast cancer risk factor according to estrogen and progesterone receptor status (Japan). Cancer Lett, 167, 57-63.   DOI
118 Curado MP, Edwards B, Shin HR, et al 2007. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol. IX, Lyon, IARC.
119 Chlebowski RT, Manson JE, Anderson GL, et al (2013). Estrogen Plus Progestin and Breast Cancer Incidence and Mortality in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. J National Cancer Institute, 105, 526-35.   DOI
120 Cho YA, Kim J, Park KS, et al (2010). Effect of dietary soy intake on breast cancer risk according to menopause and hormone receptor status. Eur J Clin Nutr, 64, 924-32.   DOI
121 Dai Q, Shu XO, Li H, et al (2010). Is green tea drinking associated with a later onset of breast cancer? Ann Epidemiol, 20, 74-81.   DOI   ScienceOn
122 DeSantis C, Ma J, Bryan L, et al (2014). Breast cancer statistics, 2013. CA Cancer J Clin, 64, 52-62.   DOI   ScienceOn
123 Devi B, Tang T, Corbex M (2007). Reducing by half the percentage of late-stage presentation for breast and cervix cancer over 4 years: a pilot study of clinical downstaging in Sarawak, Malaysia. Ann Oncol, 18, 1172-6.   DOI   ScienceOn
124 Dhillon PK, Yeole BB, Dikshit R, et al (2011). Trends in breast, ovarian and cervical cancer incidence in Mumbai, India over a 30-year period, 1976-2005: an age-period-cohort analysis. Br J Cancer, 105, 723-30.   DOI
125 Do MH, Lee SS, Kim JY, et al (2007). Fruits, vegetables, soy foods and breast cancer in pre- and postmenopausal Korean women: a case-control study. Int J Vitam Nutr Res, 77, 130-41.   DOI
126 El Saghir NS, Khalil MK, Eid T, et al (2007). Trends in epidemiology and management of breast cancer in developing Arab countries: a literature and registry analysis. Int J Surg, 5, 225-33.   DOI
127 Zhang Q, Liu LY, Wang F, et al (2012). The changes in female physical and childbearing characteristics in China and potential association with risk of breast cancer. BMC Public Health, 12, 368.   DOI
128 Yoo KY, Kim Y, Park SK, et al (2006). Lifestyle, genetic susceptibility and future trends of breast cancer in Korea. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 7, 679-82.
129 Yoo KY, Tajima K, Kuroishi T, et al (1992). Independent protective effect of lactation against breast cancer: a case-control study in Japan. Am J Epidemiol, 135, 726-33.
130 Yuan JM, Koh WP, Sun CL, et al (2005). Green tea intake, ACE gene polymorphism and breast cancer risk among Chinese women in Singapore. Carcinogenesis, 26, 1389-94.   DOI
131 Zheng T, Duan L, Liu Y, et al (2000). Lactation reduces breast cancer risk in Shandong Province, China. Am J Epidemiol, 152, 1129-35.   DOI
132 Zheng W, Long J, Gao YT, et al (2009). Genome-wide association study identifies a new breast cancer susceptibility locus at 6q25.1. Nat Genet, 41, 324-8.   DOI
133 Zheng W, Wen W, Gao YT, et al (2010). Genetic and clinical predictors for breast cancer risk assessment and stratification among Chinese women. J Natl Cancer Inst, 102, 972-81.   DOI
134 Zheng W, Zhang B, Cai Q, et al (2013). Common genetic determinants of breast-cancer risk in East Asian women: a collaborative study of 23 637 breast cancer cases and 25 579 controls. Hum Mol Genet, 22, 2539-50.   DOI
135 Faheem M, Khurram M, Jafri IA, et al (2007). Risk factors for breast cancer in patients treated at NORI Hospital, Islamabad. J Pak Med Assoc, 57, 242-5.
136 El-Basmy A, Al-Mohannadi S, Al-Awadi A (2012). Some epidemiological measures of cancer in Kuwait: national cancer registry data from 2000-2009. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 13, 3113-8.   DOI
137 Erwin DP, Erwin DO, Ciupak G, et al (2011). Challenges and implementation of a women's breast health initiative in rural Kashmir. Breast, 20, S46-50.
138 Faghani M, Ghasemi FM, Nikhbakht M, et al (2011). TP53 PIN3 polymorphism associated with breast cancer risk in Iranian women. Indian J Cancer, 48, 298-302.   DOI   ScienceOn
139 Ferlay J, Shin HR, Bray F, et al (2010). Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008. Int J Cancer, 127, 2893-917.   DOI
140 Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Dikshit R, et al (2015). Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: Sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012. Int J Cancer, 136, 359-86.   DOI
141 Forouzanfar MH, Foreman KJ, Delossantos AM, et al (2011). Breast and cervical cancer in 187 countries between 1980 and 2010: a systematic analysis. Lancet, 378, 1461-84.   DOI
142 Fournier A, Berrino F, Riboli E, et al (2005). Breast cancer risk in relation to different types of hormone replacement therapy in the E3N-EPIC cohort. International J Cancer, 114, 448-54.   DOI
143 Gajalakshmi V, Mathew A, Brennan P, et al (2009). Breastfeeding and breast cancer risk in India: a multicenter case-control study. Int J Cancer, 125, 662-5.   DOI   ScienceOn
144 Ghosh J, Gupta S, Desai S, et al (2011). Estrogen, progesterone and HER2 receptor expression in breast tumors of patients, and their usage of HER2-targeted therapy, in a tertiary care centre in India. Indian J Cancer, 48, 391-6.   DOI
145 Gao CM, Tajima K, Ding JH, et al (2009). Body size, physical activity and risk of breast cancer - a case control study in Jangsu Province of China. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 10, 877-81.
146 Gao F, Machin D, Chow KY, et al (2012). Assessing risk of breast cancer in an ethnically South-East Asia population (results of a multiple ethnic groups study). BMC Cancer, 12, 529.   DOI
147 Gao YT, Shu XO, Dai Q, et al (2000). Association of menstrual and reproductive factors with breast cancer risk: results from the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study. Int J Cancer, 87, 295-300.   DOI
148 Ha M, Sung J, Song YM (2009). Serum total cholesterol and the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal Korean women. Cancer Causes Control, 20, 1055-60.   DOI   ScienceOn
149 Han W, Kim KY, Yang SJ, et al (2012). SNP-SNP interactions between DNA repair genes were associated with breast cancer risk in a Korean population. Cancer, 118, 594-602.   DOI
150 Hirose K, Matsuo K, Toyama T, et al (2004). The CYP19 gene codon 39 Trp/Arg polymorphism increases breast cancer risk in subsets of premenopausal Japanese. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 13, 1407-11.
151 Hoel DG, Wakabayashi T, Pike MC (1983). Secular trends in the distributions of the breast cancer risk factors--menarche, first birth, menopause, and weight--in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan. Am J Epidemiol, 118, 78-89.
152 Hong YS, Deming SL, Gao YT, et al (2009). A two-stage case-control study of EGFR polymorphisms and breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 18, 680-3.   DOI
153 Iwasaki M, Inoue M, Otani T, et al (2008). Plasma isoflavone level and subsequent risk of breast cancer among Japanese women: a nested case-control study from the Japan Public Health Center-based prospective study group. J Clin Oncol, 26, 1677-83.   DOI
154 Hou MF, Chuang HY, Ou-Yang F, et al (2002). Comparison of breast mammography, sonography and physical examination for screening women at high risk of breast cancer in taiwan. Ultrasound Med Biol, 28, 415-20.   DOI
155 Huang Y, Zhou K, Li H, et al (2011). Knowledge, attitudes, and behaviour regarding breast cancer screening among women from different socio-economic regions in southwest China: a cross-sectional study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 12, 203-9.
156 Huang Z, Beeghly-Fadiel A, Gao YT, et al (2013). Associations of reproductive time events and intervals with breast cancer risk: A report from the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study. Int J Cancer.
157 Iwasaki M, Inoue M, Sasazuki S, et al (2010a). Plasma tea polyphenol levels and subsequent risk of breast cancer among Japanese women: a nested case-control study. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 124, 827-34.   DOI
158 Iwasaki M, Inoue M, Sasazuki S, et al (2010b). Green tea drinking and subsequent risk of breast cancer in a population-based cohort of Japanese women. Breast Cancer Res, 12, 88.   DOI
159 Iwasaki M, Mizusawa J, Kasuga Y, et al (2014). Green tea consumption and breast cancer risk in Japanese women: a case-control study. Nutr Cancer, 66, 57-67.   DOI
160 Jee SH, Yun JE, Park EJ, et al (2008). Body mass index and cancer risk in Korean men and women. Int J Cancer, 123, 1892-6.   DOI
161 Jemal A, Bray F, Center MM, et al (2011). Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin, 61, 69-90.   DOI
162 Kato I, Miura S, Kasumi F, et al (1992). A case-control study of breast cancer among Japanese women: with special reference to family history and reproductive and dietary factors. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 24, 51-9.   DOI
163 Jung KW, Won YJ, Kong H-J, et al (2013). Cancer Statistics in Korea: Incidence, Mortality, Survival and Prevalence in 2010. Cancer Res Treat, 45, 1-14.   DOI   ScienceOn
164 Jung YS, Na KY, Kim KS, et al (2011). Nation-wide Korean breast cancer data from 2008 using the breast cancer registration program. J Breast Cancer, 14, 229-36.   DOI   ScienceOn
165 Kallianpur AR, Lee SA, Gao YT, et al (2008). Dietary animalderived iron and fat intake and breast cancer risk in the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 107, 123-32.
166 Kawai M, Kakugawa Y, Nishino Y, et al (2012). Reproductive factors and breast cancer risk in relation to hormone receptor and menopausal status in Japanese women. Cancer Sci, 103, 1861-70.   DOI
167 Kawai M, Kakugawa Y, Nishino Y, et al (2013). Anthropometric factors, physical activity, and breast cancer risk in relation to hormone receptor and menopausal status in Japanese women: a case-control study. Cancer Causes Control, 24, 1033-44.   DOI
168 Kawai M, Minami Y, Kuriyama S, et al (2010). Reproductive factors, exogenous female hormone use and breast cancer risk in Japanese: the Miyagi Cohort Study. Cancer Causes Control, 21, 135-45.   DOI
169 Keinan-Boker L, Baron-Epel O, Fishler Y, et al (2013). Breast cancer trends in Israeli Jewish and Arab women, 1996-2007. Eur J Cancer Prev, 22, 112-20.   DOI
170 Key TJ, Sharp GB, Appleby PN, et al (1999). Soya foods and breast cancer risk: a prospective study in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan. Br J Cancer, 81, 1248-56.   DOI   ScienceOn